SOCIOLOGY - Émile Durkheim

emile durkheim is the philosopher who can best help us to understand why capitalism makes us richer and yet frequently more miserable he was born in 1858 in the little French town of apena near the German border before he was 40 Durkheim was appointed to a powerful and prestigious position as a professor at the Sorbonne in Paris dark Heim lived through the immense rapid transformation of France from a largely traditional agricultural society to an urban industrial economy he could see that his country was getting richer that capitalism was extraordinarily productive and in certain ways that it

was also liberating but what particularly struck him and became the focus of his entire scholarly career was that the economic system was doing something very peculiar to people's minds it was quite literally driving them to suicide in ever-increasing numbers this was the immense insight unveiled in durkheim's most important work suicide published in 1897 the book chronicled a remarkable and tragic discovery that suicide rates seemed to shoot up once a nation has become industrialized and consumer capitalism takes hold Durkheim observed that the suicide rate in the Britain of his day was double that of Italy but

in even richer and more advanced Denmark it was four times higher than in the UK Durkheim's focus on suicide was intended to shed light on a more general level of unhappiness and despair in society suicide was the horrific tip of the iceberg of mental distress created by modern capitalism across his career Durkheim tried to explain why people had become so unhappy in modern societies and he isolated five crucial factors in traditional societies people's identities are closely tied to belonging to a clan or a class few choices are involved a person might be a baker a

Lutheran or married to their second cousin without ever having made any self conscious decisions for themselves they can just step into a place created for them by their family and the existing fabric of society but under modern capitalism it's the individual that now begins to choose everything what job to take what religion to follow who to marry and where to belong if things go well the individual takes all the credit but if things go badly the individual is in a crueler place than ever before for its seemingly means that there is no one else to

blame but they themselves failure becomes a terrible judgment upon the individual this is the particular burden of life in modern capitalism capitalism raises hopes everyone with effort can become the boss advertising Stokes ambition by showing us limitless luxury that we could if we play our cards right secure very soon the opportunities are said to be enormous but so too are the possibilities for disappointment in modern capitalism envy grows rife it's easy to become deeply dissatisfied with one's lot not because it's objectively awful but because of tormenting thoughts about all that is almost but not quite

within reach the cheery booster ish side of capitalism attracted durkheim's particular annoyance in his view modern societies struggle to admit that life just is often quite painful and sad our tendencies to grief and sorrow and made to look like signs of failure rather than as should be the case a fair response to the arduous facts of the human condition one of the complaints against traditional societies strongly voiced in romantic literature is that people need more freedom rebellious types used to complain that there were far too many social norms norms telling you what to wear what

you're supposed to do on Sunday afternoons what parts of an arm it's respectable for a woman to reveal capitalism following the earlier efforts of romantic rebels has relentlessly undermined social norms countries have become more complex more anonymous and more diverse people don't have so much in common with one another anymore the collective answers to even very important questions like who should marry or how you should bring up your children have become weaker and less specific there's a lot of reliance on the phrase whatever works for you which sounds friendly but it also means that society

doesn't much care what you do and doesn't feel confident it has good answers to the big questions of your life in upbeat moments we like to think of ourselves as fully up to the task of reinventing life and working everything out for ourselves but in reality as Durkheim knew were often simply too tired too busy too uncertain and then there's nowhere to turn Durkheim was himself an atheist but he worried that religion had become implausible just as its best sides its communal side would have been most useful to repair the fraying social fabric despite its

factual errors in its fantastical dimensions Durkheim appreciated religion he knew that the sense of community and consolation that religion offer are highly important to people capitalism has as yet offered nothing to replace this with science certainly doesn't offer the same opportunities for powerful shared experiences the periodic table might well possess a transcendent beauty and be a marvel of intellectual elegance but it can't draw a society together around it in the 19th century it had looked at certain moments as if the idea of the nation might grow so powerful and intense that it could take up

the sense of belonging and shared devotion that had once been supplied by religion admittedly there were some heroic moments but they generally didn't work out very well family too seemed for a time to offer the experience of belonging that people seemed to need but today although we do indeed invest hugely in our families they're not as stable as we might hope and by adulthood children are hardly tied to their parents anymore they don't expect to work alongside them they don't expect their social circles to overlap and they don't feel that their parents honor is in

their hands today neither family nor the nation a well placed to take up the task of giving us a larger sense of belonging of giving us the feeling that were part of something more valuable than ourselves emile durkheim was a master diagnostician of our ills he shows us that modern economies put tremendous pressures on individuals and leave them dangerously bereft of authoritative guidance and communal solace we are all Durkheim's heirs and still have ahead of us the task that he grappled with how we can create new ways of belonging how we can take some of

the pressure off individuals and find a more correct balance between freedom and solidarity and how to generate ideologies that will allow us not to be so tough on ourselves for our failures and our setbacks you