What They Didn't Teach You in School About Mars | Our Solar System's Planets 4K

When I first started the Astrum channel, the first  planet I ever made a video on was Mars. It’s easy to see why. Mars has long held a place in our  collective hearts thanks to its position as one of our closest neighbours.

It’s a fascinating  world, and sci-fi writers and scientists alike have long pondered its potential as a home for  alien life. Our search for answers has caused us to explore Mars’ surface with rovers and orbiters,  which have taken incredible images in pristine, 4K resolution. Mars has a rugged beauty, a  reddish hue that captures our imagination, and awe-inspiring features and landmarks to  explore.

What would it be like to walk on Mars’ surface? What would we see? What  is there to know about the Red Planet?

I’m Alex McColgan, and you’re watching  Astrum. Come and see some of the captivating 4K images of the planet NASA, and plenty of space  agencies around the world, are racing to get to, as we explore some of the most incredible sides  of Mars that you may not have seen before. To begin with, for an alien planet, Mars is not  as foreign to us as you might think.

Earth and Mars share a lot of similarities – one being  the length of day. The solar day on Mars is only slightly longer than it is on Earth: 24  hours, 39 minutes and 35 seconds. Its year is slightly longer than ours – 1.

88 Earth years, or  one year, 320 days and 80. 2 hours – but that’s to be expected for a planet that’s further  from the Sun, and so has a larger orbit. Of all the planets in the solar system, the  seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, due to the similar tilts of the two planets' rotational  axes; 23.

5 degrees on Earth, and 25 degrees on Mars. So, what does that imply? It means Mars  has Summers and Winters, just like Earth does.

These temperatures in the different seasons can  vary quite a lot, and different locations can widen the range even further; temperatures can  be as low as -143°C at the polar winter caps, to as high as 35°C in the equatorial summer. It has polar caps, just like we do. During each poles’ winter, the pole lies in continuous  darkness just like on Earth.

However, unlike on Earth, the temperature gets so cold that the  atmosphere there freezes into slabs of CO2 ice, which collects on the surface of the  permanent polar caps there. These caps themselves are not primarily made of CO2,  but instead are made up of mostly water ice. The ice at the poles waxes and wanes.

In  this short video you can actually see the differences of the size of the polar cap; from  the cap’s winter, to the cap’s summer. One thing I love about Mars are these strange spiral  patterns in the ice. Both of the poles show signs of these beautiful spirals; which scientists  believe are a result of the Coriolis effect.

The CO2 at the poles does not remain there  forever. As the CO2 ice on the poles sublimes, it has a knock-on effect on another aspect  of the planet – its winds. Sublimation of dry ice can create enormous wind speeds of  up to 400 km/h, which can have a real impact on the dust strewn across Mars’ surface,  which we’ll explore in more detail later.

While Mars and Earth have their similarities,  there are plenty of differences too. Mars is smaller than Earth – 6,779km in diameter vs  12,742km – and is also much less dense. This means the gravitational pull at the surface is  much weaker than that on Earth.

To get a feel of the impact of this reduced gravity, allow me  to demonstrate with an example, using a rather handsome model. Watch as I drop a ball, with  the time adjusted between the two videos to mimic the gravitational conditions between the two  planets: Earth on the left, and Mars on the right. As you can see, the ball does fall slower on Mars  than it does on Earth.

This is because Mars’s gravitational pull is 62% lower than what we feel  here. If you weighed 100 kg on Earth, you’d only weigh 38 kg on Mars. Curiously, this is almost  the same gravity as you’d experience on Mercury, even though that planet is smaller than Mars,  with a diameter of only 4879km.

Mars’ gravity is only stronger by 1%, and which just goes to  show how much denser Mercury is by comparison. This allows for some truly amazing geological  features. Like this one; Olympus Mons, which is the tallest volcano and second tallest  mountain in the solar system, only being beaten out by Rheasilvia peak on the Vesta asteroid. 

The fact that it’s not the tallest mountain, to me, is a bit of a cheat, as Rheasilvia has the  added advantage of being in the centre of a large crater, and measurements of its height tend to  start from the bottom of that crater. Regardless, Olympus Mons stands three times as tall as Mount  Everest’s high point above sea level. Whereas Everest is very jagged and steep, the edifice  of Olympus Mons is over 600 kilometres wide.

It rises to the equivalent of 22 kilometres above  sea level, which would be impossible on Earth, as Earth’s gravity would pull it down. The only  reason a structure like this is standing on Mars is because its gravity is reasonably weak. Olympus  Mons is a shield volcano, and thus has a very low profile.

The average slope is only 5 degrees.  Which means if you were to stand on the top, you wouldn’t be able to see the entire  mountain, due to the curvature of the planet. Olympus Mons can easily be seen from space.

If we  look at the topographic map, you can see it quite clearly. To me, it really does look like a giant  pimple on the side of the planet. The centre of the volcano has some collapsed craters as you can  see, and the outline of the volcano is this giant cliff face, which is up to 8 kilometres high.

Another impressive feature of Mars stretches across the side of the planet like  a giant scar. It’s called Valles Marineris, and every time I look at it I can’t help  but be amazed by the sheer scale of it. This giant canyon is three times the length of  Earth’s Grand Canyon, and four times as deep.

But when you look at the planet Mars, one of its  most recognisable features is its colour. Why is the surface of Mars so red? It all comes down to  the large quantities of iron in Mars’ surface.

Over time, these minerals have reacted with oxygen  to create iron oxide; or to put it another way, the planet has slowly rusted, just as iron  does here on Earth in certain conditions. This explains the ground and rocks’ reddish-brown  hue, as you can see in these photos taken by the various NASA rovers on Mars over the years.  Images like these really help you feel like you’re there on the planet’s surface, in a level  of resolution and clarity that would have been an impossible pipe-dream for astronomers only a  century ago.

Thanks to missions like Viking 1&2, Spirit, Opportunity, and Perseverance, we can see  Mars’ arid vistas as if they were right before us. Now after looking at some of these pictures, you  might be tempted to think that the red planet is a dead planet, but actually that’s far from the  case. Mars is very active, and there’s lots of things happening on its surface.

For example,  have a look at this avalanche which happened in 2008 as an orbiter was going past. What was  caught on camera was very surprising. Scientists could see a lot of dust had been kicked up by the  fallen dirt.

What you’re looking at here are some dunes which are up to 700 metres tall, and this  picture is about 4 miles wide, so you can see that this dust cloud is not exactly small. And here, take a look at this. Did you know that there are “spider” colonies on Mars? 

Arachnophobes, don’t worry – these creepy crawly shapes might be 45m to 1km across, but they are  not truly spiders. Instead, they’re carbon dioxide ice that has been warmed up by spring sunshine.  Ice beneath the surface is warmed by sunlight and reverts back into its gaseous form, which then  bursts through ice up to 1 metre thick on its way back to the Martian atmosphere.

This eruption  of gas explodes upward in a large geyser and takes dark material with it, scattering the material  around in spider-like patterns. These images were taken by the ESA ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter just  recently, as it flew over Mars in early 2024. Another example is this dune, photographed  many times over the course of a year, and you can see that it does change quite a lot. 

There are ridges which become more apparent as the dust gets worn away. And I’ve shown a number  of pictures of fresh impact craters so far, where you can see the dust has been kicked up by  the impact. This one is particularly interesting, because after the impact, water ice in the ground  melted, and you can see the trail as it flowed away from the impact crater.

The colours there  are just to show depth, they’re not true colours. Mars’ surface is awe-inspiring to look at, but  this is sometimes harder to do than you might think, as Mars is home to huge dust storms. When  fast winds pass over the surface, they pick up a lot of the loose dust on the ground, creating  huge walls which can pass over the whole planet.

It’s sometimes hard to imagine the scale of the  phenomena. These storms can very easily be seen from space. Have a look at this dust storm which  was captured in 2012, and then only a week later you can see the difference since it died down. 

And on this photo, if you look at the North Pole, you’ll see the storm, which has passed  over the top. Global dust storms are unlike anything we ever experience here on Earth,  and they’re so fascinating I’ve done a whole video on them, which you can watch here. What do you think caused these patterns on the surface of Mars?

Amazingly, they’re  caused by dust devils. These mini-tornadoes are surprisingly common on Mars, and have  been photographed many times. Here we can see some from the orbiter’s point of view.

It’s  estimated that this plume is over 800 metres high, and about 30 metres thick. And the shadow of this  dust devil is about 2 kilometres across. And from the rover’s perspective, we’re actually fortunate  enough to have a film of dust devils going past.

You might think that with all the atmospheric  phenomena we’ve just discussed that Mars has an atmosphere that’s comparable to that  on Earth. This is not the case at all. We are 38,000 feet in the air right now above  ground level, and the air here is very, very thin.

If I was to go out of the bay right  now, not only would I fall to my death, but I would also struggle to breathe along  the way. Now Mars is a bit like this, except… even worse. If I were to actually get the  same sort of, um, atmosphere pressure as Mars, I’d need to go up 120,000 feet into the Earth’s  atmosphere to get a similar sort of level.

Breathing issue isn’t helped either by the fact  that 96% of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide. So if you did want to visit Mars, you’d have  to wear a pressure suit. Thankfully though, that doesn’t stop Mars from having some  absolutely beautiful sunsets, some of which have actually been captured by the Rovers on Mars.

The low atmospheric pressure on Mars wasn’t always that way. The presence of dry riverbeds proves  that Mars’ atmosphere was once thick enough to retain the heat and pressure necessary for liquid  water to flow. So, where did that atmosphere go?

Scientists believe that Mars’ magnetosphere,  or lack of one, is to blame. Scientists believe that Mars lost its magnetosphere 4 billion  years ago, which allowed solar winds to strip away atoms from the outer atmosphere for  all that time. Some orbiters of Mars have actually detected these ionised atmospheric  particles trailing off into space behind Mars.

One of the last things I want to focus on  today is Mars’ moons. Mars has two known moons; Phobos and Deimos, which are small and  irregularly shaped. Compared to our own Moon, they’re very small.

If you were to look  up in the sky on Mars, this is about how big they would be in comparison to  what the Moon looks like in our sky. While Phobos is the biggest of Mars’ moons, even  here its apparent size is a little misleading, as Phobos is actually a lot closer to Mars than  Earth’s Moon is to Earth. The Moon is 384,400 km from us.

Phobos is just 6000 km from Mars –  a little further away than London is from New York. It might be more surprising to you  that the Moon is so far away from us. You can fit several Earths between the Earth and the  Moon, but only one Mars between Mars and Phobos.

Deimos on the other hand is very small and also  very far away so while Phobos is relatively large in Mars’ night sky, Deimos looks like just a star  orbiting the planet. I think you’ll agree though, they’re very pretty moons even if they are tiny. And I’m not done with them just yet.

I want to show you something I found absolutely amazing  the first time I saw it. It’s a solar eclipse of Phobos, as taken from one of the rovers  on Mars. Now I’ve barely seen a solar eclipse while I’ve been on Earth, so to see one on  Mars… that’s just something else.

You can see Phobos in all of its irregular glory, as it  passes by the Sun. It’s interesting to see the effect it has on the lighting in the area too.  Everything goes a bit darker as it goes past.

Well, that’s about all we have time for today, in  our exploration of Mars. But let’s give ourselves one parting selfie for the road. Want to see Earth  from Mars?

Take a look at this picture. We’re a little hard to see – just a tiny dot in the  night sky, not really that different from a star. It gives you an interesting sense of perspective,  though.

Although Mars to us looks so tiny when we see it at night, we don’t often think about  how small the Earth must appear from the other planets’ perspectives. All the lives and  stories that play out all happen on this barely noticeable pinprick of light in the night sky. Here’s one in a little better detail.

This was taken at a distance of about 80 million  kilometres, so it looks quite small and a bit blurry, but that’s to be expected. But just  think, every single one of us was in this photo. Mars is a truly incredible planet, and the  one humanity is most likely to visit next in person.

It’s fascinating to take a look around  at the place that might one day be settled by us, or our descendants. It’s our closest neighbour,  and from its highest mountains to its deepest trenches, is filled with wonders to explore. What’s your favourite fact about Mars?

And which of my old videos about the solar systems’  planets would you like to see remastered next? Let me know in the comments below. For now,  thanks for watching, and I’ll see you next time.