Português X Espanhol - Semelhanças e Diferenças // com @Linguriosa

Hello Leo, how are you? Hello Elena, ready to prepare this video about Portuguese and Spanish? Yes, and the truth is that I already have some ideas about what we can talk about.

Wow excellent! So I'll just get a sheet… Fuck (folla)? Leo.

. . if you're busy now, we can do it another time.

No Elena, a sheet to write Sheet! I had thought of something else. .

. something else. .

. naughty! Hello good afternoon!

And welcome back to Portuguese With Leo! Portuguese and Spanish are the definition of sister languages! On the one hand, they are languages ​​that developed side by side, sharing a border both in the Iberian Peninsula and in South America; And on the other hand, of the 5 Romance languages ​​with the most speakers, they are the most similar to each other, with almost 90% of lexical similarities between them and a very similar grammar.

The main difference between these two languages ​​is phonetics. Portuguese has more complex phonetics than Spanish, which partly explains why Portuguese speakers usually understand Spanish better than the other way around. Another reason why Portuguese speakers understand Spanish better is because Spanish is a more dominant language than Portuguese.

This means that the average Portuguese speaker will encounter Spanish more throughout their lifetime than the other way around. In today's video I have as a guest the funniest Spanish girl on YouTube, Elena from the Linguriosa channel, and together we will explore the similarities and differences between Portuguese and Spanish from the point of view of phonetics, grammar and vocabulary. The aim is for this video to serve as a guide so that, if you already speak one of these languages, you can better learn the other.

And one important thing to clarify before we start is that although most native Portuguese and Spanish speakers are on the American continent, I'm Portuguese and Elena is Spanish, so we're going to be comparing mostly standard versions of Portuguese from Portugal and Spanish from Spain. And we start with what is the main difference between the two languages ​​and also my favorite subject: phonetics! What are the main phonetic differences between Portuguese and Spanish?

Well, for starters, the vowels! In Spanish we have 5. Well, in the Spanish of north-central Spain, for example, because in Andalusia there are many more… but that is another topic that I will talk about in a future video.

Here! I did some publicity there! Haha!

Look Elena, it's really good to talk about advertising, because this video was sponsored by. . Wait, wait, don't tell me!

I'll try to guess the sponsor, give me a clue. Okay… The sponsor of this video is a platform that allows you to find tutors in any language you can think of, from Albanian to Zulu. Hmm, and it's a platform that lets you choose the type of class you want to take, set the maximum price you're willing to pay and even the variety of languages ​​you want to learn?

Exactly! And it even allows you to have test lessons at half price so you can test several tutors and decide which one, or which ones, you want to take classes with. Well, with all that good stuff, it has to be italki!

No more! Not only has italki sponsored my channel for a long time, it is a platform that I personally use every week to improve my German and French, and the results speak for themselves: I now speak German fluently and understand German quickly, and my french is not bad either. What a need to show off, isn't it Leo?

Hey, don't blame me, blame italki and the amazing teachers who teach me. And for you watching the video, follow the link in the description to book your next italki class. Not only is it an investment you make in the language or languages ​​you are learning, but by using italki with my link you will be helping me and allowing me to continue making these types of videos.

And now, back to the Spanish 5 vowels! Each vocal, each phoneme, is represented by a letter. We have five phonemes: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/; for five letters, A, E, I, O, U.

The only exception is that the phoneme /i/ can sometimes also be represented by the Greek letter y, as for example in the word hay (there is). In Portuguese we have 9 vowels /a/, /ɐ/, /ɛ/ /e/, /ɨ/ /i/, /ɔ/, /o/, /u/, represented by the same 5 letters: A, E, I, O, U. That is, in addition to the open A /a/, which also exists in Spanish, we also have the closed A /ɐ/; In addition to the Spanish E /e/, which we call closed E, we still have the open E /ɛ/ and the silent E /ɨ/; and in addition to the Spanish O /o/, which we call the closed O, we still have the open O /ɔ/.

And as if that weren't enough, we still have 5 nasal vowels, /ɐ̃/, /ẽ/, /ĩ/, /õ/, / ũ/, and 4 nasal diphthongs: ÃO, ÃE, ÕE and UI, which only exist in word a lot. It's just that I can't understand the need for there to be so many vowels. Seriously, I don't get it!

Elena is true! In vowels, we're a little too complicated, but in consonants, it's more she for her. And still good.

The truth is that almost everyone reads the same way and follows more or less the same rules. The only ones that are a little different are the sibilants: C, S, Z; the G and the J, and the R. Exactly!

And starting with the letter C, this follows the same rules in both languages, that is, it always makes the sound /k/ except when it comes before an E or before an I. The difference is that in Portuguese, CE and CI it reads /se]/, /si/ and in Spanish in Spain it reads /θe/, /θi/. This sound, /θ/, is one of the few sounds that exists in Spanish and does not exist in Portuguese.

And that same sound is the difference between the Spanish Z, which is read /θ/, and the Portuguese Z, which is read /z/. In Spanish we can never have a Z in front of an E or an I because the sounds /θe/, /θi/ are written with C. Unless it's a foreign word or some cultism like 'enzyme'.

For example, in Spanish we have “cebra” with a C, while in Portuguese it is zebra with a Z… And we say zebra. As for the letter S, in Spanish it is always read /s/, but in Portuguese it can make four sounds /s/, /z/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, depending on the situation. Here the most important situation to remember is that the S between vowels makes the sound /z/, and to have the sound /s/ between vowels we write SS.

That's why there are so many words that are the same in Spanish and spelled with an S and in Portuguese with an SS: pasar (to pass); this (that); access (access). Moving now to G: as with C, this letter follows the same rules in both languages. That is, it makes the /g/ sound except when it comes before an E or an I.

And just like with C, the sound it makes before an E or an I is different in both languages. In Portuguese, GE and GI make the sounds /ʒe/ and /ʒi/, as in the words people and giant; and this is also the sound of the letter J, as in the word play. And in Spanish, GE and GI form the /x/ sound, which is also the J sound: people, giant, play.

And this /x/ sound is almost the same or may even be the same depending on the accent, to the strong Portuguese R, which makes the /ʁ/ sound. Here again the rules are the same for both languages: we make the strong R when it is the first letter of the word, as in rei; or when it comes in the middle of the word and we have RR, NR, SR or LR, as in war, Henrique, Israel or blackbird. Besides, the letter R always makes the soft sound /ɾ/, as in art and word.

And in Spanish the rules are exactly the same, but the strong R, which is often considered one of the hardest sounds when learning Spanish, sounds like /r/. We say: king, war, Enrique, Israel and 'alrededor'. And the soft R is pronounced exactly the same way as in Portuguese: art, word.

In fact, in some accents there are also those who pronounce the strong R with the sound /r/ and not /ʁ/ in Portugal. But it's less common, and it's a less intense /r/ than the Spanish /rrrrr/. Another very Spanish letter is Ñ, which produces this sound, as in the word España.

How is it in Portuguese? In Portuguese the /ɲ/ sound is made by the combination NH: We write Spain. Then there's also the CH combination, which makes the /ʃ/ sound, like in churro.

And in Spanish it makes the /tʃ/ sound: churro. And we also have the LH combination, which makes the /ʎ/ sound, as in the word island. This sound is perhaps the most difficult for foreigners learning Portuguese.

Yes, this one is very complicated! We have a very similar sound, which doesn't exist in Portuguese (come on, this one is new! ), this /ʝ/.

In zones with yeísmo, that is, in the majority, it can be represented with the Greek Y or with the LL, as in ja (ya), or as in rain (lluvia). In non-yeismo areas, it would rain. We've been talking about vowels and consonants, but one of the aspects that most differentiates Portuguese from Spanish is the way we put everything together in sentences, it is the cadence.

Spanish is a syllabic rhythm language, in which each syllable has more or less the same length, whether it is unstressed or stressed, and Portuguese is a stress rhythm language, in which the stressed syllables are said at more or less the same interval. and the unstressed syllables that are in the middle are compressed, which causes vowel reduction. In other words, you eat a lot of vowels, while we pronounce them all.

It's true, a good example is your favorite color Elena. The orange? No, your favorite color is Elena yellow.

Ah, yes, it's true… You say a-ma-ri-llo and we… “amrél”. Or the word cholesterol, which you say… “colstrol”. Exactly, “colstrol”.

But here it is important to mention that Brazilian Portuguese, like Spanish, is also a syllabic rhythm language, in which the vowels are all pronounced, and that is why many people, especially Spanish speakers, find Brazilian Portuguese easier to understand. And now we come to my favorite topic: grammar! Like yellow, which now feels like grammar is my favorite topic and yellow is my favorite color!

We start with the articles, where Spanish is more complicated than Portuguese. In Portuguese we have 4 definite articles that never change and that correspond to masculine and feminine and singular and plural: o, a, os, as And in Spanish we have the same 4 articles: el, la, los, las, but we also have a fifth article, the neutral article lo, which is used to turn an adjective or adverb into a noun. For example, if my favorite color right now is yellow, it means that I like everything yellow.

In other words, you are saying that you love everything that is yellow. And besides, in Spanish you still have a phenomenon that doesn't exist in Portuguese, which is that of using the masculine article form el instead of the feminine form la in words that start with a tonic A. For example, “el agua” and I think you have a video about that, right, Elena?

Well this is very interesting. We do this because our feminine article la comes from the Latin demonstrative illa, which first evolved into her. This initial "e-" was almost always lost.

ela casa → la casa. The final a was only lost when we had a word that started with a tonic A ela agua → el agua. That's why we have these two forms for the feminine article.

If you want to know more, watch my video. For other not-so-cool reasons, conjunctions y and o are also changed to e and u, respectively, when followed by a word beginning with /i/ or /o/. In other words, the phrases “Pedro and Inês” or “One or the other” in Spanish are… Pedro e Inés; One or the other.

Moving on to prepositions, here it is Portuguese that is more complicated because we have what we call contractions, which is when the 4 prepositions a, de, em and por merge with the 4 definite articles, o, a, os, creating them 16 combinations. In Spanish this also happens, but we only have 2 combinations: de + el = del; a + el = al And another very interesting grammatical difference is the adverb muy in Spanish and the pronoun tudo in Portuguese. In Spanish we have the adjectives mucho, mucha, muchos, muchas, muchas, and then the adverb muy.

We say "many people" but "very good". And in Portuguese we have these same 4 adjectives: very, very, many, many, but we use the masculine singular very much in the same way that you use muy. We say “a lot of people” and “very good”.

But with the word tudo this logic is inverted: in Portuguese we have the adjectives: todo, toda, todos, todas, but then we have the pronoun tudo. That is, we say “all of us” but “everything that happened”. And in Spanish we have the adjectives todo, toda, todos and todas, and then we use the masculine singular form just like you do with tudo.

That is, we say "todos nosotros" and "todo lo que pasó". Now let's move on to direct and indirect complement pronouns . That is, phrases such as I saw her, told her, etc.

There are quite a few differences here, starting with the position of the pronoun in relation to the verb. In Spanish, the pronoun always comes before the conjugated verb: lo vi; le di E in Portuguese comes after the verb with a hyphen: vi-o; I gave it. But, to complicate matters, there are some situations in which it comes before the verb, usually in negative sentences.

or after certain adverbs, such as already, also, yet, etc. Another difference is that in Spanish we change the indirect object pronoun le for the pronoun se when we already have a direct object pronoun. Instead of saying: "Le lo dije a María", we say: "Se lo dije a María".

In Portuguese we just say: “Disse-o à Maria” And another small thing related to pronouns is the fact that we use the preposition a a little more. When we have an indirect object, it is used in both languages: Le di un regalo a mi amigo. I gave a gift to my friend.

But when we have a direct object, in Spanish we also use a when the direct object is a person (or an animal, or an institution or anything that we can personify), and in Portuguese it is never used. Exactly! We say “I see the bus” and “I see João” And we say “Veo el bus” but “Veo a Juan”.

And to conclude the grammar part: verbs and conjugations. Here, luckily, almost 100% of Spanish and Portuguese verbs have the same meaning. For example, ser and estar are used in practically the same situations.

And I have a video explaining these two verbs and how to tell them apart, so go check it out, because it applies to both Portuguese and Spanish. How do you advertise! The only difference that comes to mind is with the word forbidden.

In Portuguese we say that something is prohibited and in Spanish we say that something is prohibited. Two other verbs that are practically the same are quedar in Spanish and estar in Portuguese. They are used in the same way in almost all situations, except when in Spanish we say that we are going to meet a person somewhere.

Yes, in these situations we say that we are going to meet a person in a certain place and not that we are going to stay with that person in that place. In Spanish we could also say that we met someone in a place, but generally we would be conveying the idea that it was by chance. Besides, dropping and staying are always the same and I have a video dedicated to the verb to stay, so you'll see.

And the last verb I wanted to talk about is the verb to like, just because it's a mistake that many Portuguese students make: In Spanish you say “esto me gusta” or “esto no me gusta”. But in Portuguese the verb to like works differently: we say “I like this” or “I don't like that”. It's the same logic as in English: “I like this, I don't like that”.

And well, moving on to verb conjugations: In Spanish, when we want to talk about a specific action in the past, we can use two verb tenses. 'He ido', to speak of a past that has some kind of connection with the present, "Esta Semana he ido al cine" or 'fui' to express that it has no connection with the present: "La Semana Pasada Fui al cine ". In Portuguese, however, we always use the simple form : “I went to the cinema this week”; “Last week I went to the movies”.

In most varieties of Spanish it is like in Portuguese. And another small but important difference is when we speak in the future using the verb ir in the present tense plus the action verb in the infinitive. In Spanish, ir a + verb is used: “Mañana voy a hacer un video”; And in Portuguese we use ir + verb, there is no such A: “Tomorrow I'm going to make a video”.

And the conjunctive? Did we talk about the subjunctive? Phew!

Let's just talk about the differences, shall we? Ah well, but then this is going to be very short. Is that this video is already “haciendo bolla” to me.

I'll try to summarize as much as possible! The subjunctive can only appear in subordinate clauses and there are 3 types of subordinate clauses: nouns, adjectives and adverbials; Nouns are those that can be replaced by "it". Here it is used in exactly the same way: "I want you to come" → "I want that".

Then we have the adjectives, that is, which can be replaced by an adjective: "I want a car that is red", "I want a car red". Within adverbials we have many different types: Conditionals: “If I were rich, I would have a bigger house”; concessions: “Even if it rains, I'll go for a walk”; or temporal, which is where we have a little difference… Because here, in Portuguese, we have the future subjunctive. In Spanish we also have it, but the present of the subjunctive absorbed all the tenses of the future.

Now we say, "When I'm rich, I'll stop talking to Leo. " And we say, "When I'm rich, I'll stop talking to Elena. " This was also said in Spanish in the old days, but it has been lost and we can only see it in legal language or in some fossilized expressions such as: "Donde fueres, haz lo que vieres" (Wherever you go, do what you see); And we still use the future subjunctive in conditional sentences with “if”.

For example: “If this video has many views, I will invite Elena to the channel again”. In this case, in Spanish, we would use the present tense: "If this video has many views, I'll invite Elena on the channel again. Okay, we've already seen the phonetic differences to take into account, we've seen the grammatical differences, now maybe let's go to that one which is the most useful part of this video, which is how to turn spanish words into portuguese and vice versa.

Let's start with the easiest one, the words ending in -ción, -sión, -zón like atención, confusión and razón In Portuguese a ending goes to -ção, ​​-são or -zão: attention, confusion and reason. And in the plural? atenciones, confusiones, razones?

Here it goes from ÃO to ÕES: Atenciones, confusions, reasons. And here I want to add that many of these words, like action, direction and exception, in Spanish they conserve 2 consonants that in Portuguese were lost: Acción, dirección, excepción. And the same applies to words like direct or recto, no?

Yes. Direct and straight. And then we have the words ending in -ien and -ín, like bien and quién or jardín and fin These usually end in nasal sounds -em and -im: bem e quem; garden and end.

Now I want to talk about 2 Spanish diphthongs that normally correspond to a single Portuguese vowel, and two Portuguese diphthongs that normally correspond to a single Spanish vowel. We start with Spanish diphthongs IE and UE. Normally, if we replace IE with E and UE with O, we are left with the Portuguese word.

Sure/Correct and I want? Door and account? And the same happens with the Portuguese diphthongs EI and OU, which we often simply replace with E and O and we have the Spanish word.

Exactly! Maneira and Madeira remain… Manera and Madera And Ouro and Touro remain… Oro and Toro And then there are also many words that often just need to replace a consonant to change from Portuguese to Spanish and vice versa. For example, many Spanish words with Z, which in Portuguese are spelled with Ç.

Sugar, chorizo. Or Spanish words with a B that are written with a V in Portuguese. Word, writing There are also words that in Portuguese and other Romance languages ​​are written with an F, and in Spanish they are written with an H.

I have another video where I talk about this. Exactly, words like iron, smoke, drown. Hierro, humo, ahogar.

. . And there are also many Spanish words that start with LL and that in Portuguese start with CH or Portuguese words with LH that in Spanish are written with J.

That is, words like lluvia , llamar, llave? Rain, call, key. And what about words like ajo, hoja y aguja?

Garlic, leaf and needle. Folha… And speaking of false friends… Speaking of false friends, our languages ​​are very similar and most of the time it is enough to apply everything we talked about today to transform Spanish into Portuguese or Portuguese into Spanish. However, there are some situations where the same words have very different meanings.

For example the word “embarazada”. That in Portuguese we say pregnant; and embarrassed in Portuguese means… Avergonzado. And chair?

Silla, in Spanish, but “cadera” in Portuguese is: Anca. Like “frog hips”… They are the paws of frogs. Then we have “exquisite” in Spanish.

Which in Portuguese can be something exquisite and we have the word esquisito, which in Spanish is: “Raro”. And the word rare in Portuguese means something that is not very common. In Spanish it can also have this meaning.

And when we are very tired we can say that we are tired. For us it has nothing to do with being tired or not, but with someone who has taken advantage of us and deceived us. Well this video is already getting long, let's stop here and I'm going to drink a glass of water.

A glass not Leo. A “cup” (flake) is oatmeal. This is a “vessel” (cup).

No Elena. A vase is where the plants go.