All ABOUT Ancient Egypt: Mythology, History and its Incredible Culture

the ancient Egyptians established one of the most amazing civilizations in history their Rich culture and remarkable works that have stood the test of time were only possible thanks to the blessings of one of the gods that shaped the world in the beginning of everything there was only a giant chaotic ocean called noon and nothing else but in these Waters a great pyramidal Mound emerged at the top of this mound was a lotus flower which when it blossomed unfurled a strong light that spread out and scared away the darkness the source of all this light was

raah the Sun God raah was alone and begat the first generation of gods Shu the god of air and te the goddess of rain were born the universe was still dominated by the immense mass of primordial Waters Shu and tefnut plunged into the waters to explore their immensity raah was distressed to find that his children were not returning fearing he would never see them again he sent hawthor to find them Shu and tefnut returned safe Ra's Joy was such that the tears from his eyes gave birth to human beings after returning the descendants of Rah

begot gbb god of the earth and nut goddess of the sky this is how Heaven and Earth were [Music] created the great God Rah ruled the universe sovereignly with the title of the first pharaoh the god offered Egypt several sacred animals such as the ox and the lion but his greatest gift was the creation of the River Nile around its banks man would build a civilization to please the Gods in his human form Rah was worshiped by the Egyptians as God and Pharaoh but as he grew older and His glory faded men began to worship

the serpent apus which angered raah Rah ordered the Lioness God sekmet to organize a great slau to punish the men many of those who survived se's attack drowned in the flood of blood that followed Ra's Earthly rain seemed to be nearing its end and he retired to his solar boat in it the god traversed the skies during the day but during the night he would enter the Underworld the realm of the Dead in the Underworld he faced the serpent apus each sunrise R meant a new victory for the god over Darkness the gods n and

gbb gave birth to a powerful Offspring Isis nephus Seth and Osiris they would take over the government of the world while Rah reigned in the heavens Osiris went on to Reign Over The World occupying the throne that was formerly rah's leading Humanity to civilization but the Throne of the new God was not secure for his brother Seth wanted to take all the power for himself this was the beginning of The Saga of the Gods of Egypt after replacing Rah the deity who gave birth to the Egyptian World Osiris became the new supreme god he chose

Isis as his wife and began a new and prosperous Reign Osiris show Ed civilization to Men Who until that moment lived in A Primitive way the god taught them agriculture weaving and how to make bread and also to use laws that would give order where before there was only chaos Egyptian civilization began to flourish under the reign of the kindly god Osiris but Osiris had a powerful and ambitious brother set his kingdom was situated in the Arid desert surrounding Egypt for this reason set envied his brother who had a fertile and prosperous kingdom Osiris had

an affair with nephus set's wife from this Union Anubis the god of the Dead was born enraged by his own brother's betrayal set set his revenge the god of dry Lance and the personification of evil invited Osiris to a great feast in his honor during the feast set presented the guests with a beautiful coffin showing himself available to gift it to whoever would fit into it perfectly Osiris was invited to test it soon after settling in set closed the coffin and locked the god inside the evil God ordered the coffin to be thrown into the

River Nile putting an end to the life of the Lord of Egypt Isis mourned the loss of her beloved husband the tears flowed into the Nile River giving rise to the traditional floods the goddess and her sister nephus searched for the body of Osiris after finding it Isis tried to hide it but SE found the body and quartered it into 14 pieces the cruel God scattered the pieces of Osiris all over Egypt Isis with the help of Anubis managed to recover all the pieces of her husband Anubis United these pieces of the god and embalmed

Osiris's body with her Divine Powers the goddess resurrected her beloved but Osiris went on to reign in the world of the dead after coming back to life Osiris had a son with Isis his name was Horus who vowed to overthrow set the usurper of the throne that was rightfully his set the God of destruction had murdered Osiris the reigning God of Egyptian mythology he took his brother's throne for himself and initiated his Reign of Terror Osiris however had begotten an heir together with the Goddess Isis his name was Horus he was a falcon God and

it had been prophesied that he would Reign Over the heavens and bring back the light over Egypt thereby ending the darkness brought by set as an adult Horus decided to reclaim his throne usurped by his uncle this Strife would bring even more chaos to Egypt and so it would be Tried by the gods it was decided in the Divine Court presided over by the solar God raah that the one who was worthy to sit on the throne would have to conquer several disputes and so the duels between set and Horus began set had the affection

of Rah since the usurper was protecting the solar God from the serpent apus while he was traing through the sky the Desert god proposed a challenge to Horus both of them were to become hippopotamuses and remain submerged for 3 months Horus expected that his mother the Goddess Isis would take advantage of se's vulnerability to kill him but the goddess did not have the nerve therefore she was powerless to attack her brother this treacherousness angered Horus who attacked his mother chopping off her head the god tot a deity of knowledge saved the goddess by putting a

cow's head instead of the old one the quarrel between set and Horus lasted for many years as they fought in the desert set managed to pluck out horus's eyes with the aid of haor the goddess of love Horus got his eyes back the Heavenly Court of the Gods required SE and Horus to reconcile the malignant God while feigning Goodwill invited Horus to a feast in his Palace but overnight set tried to abuse his nephew rendering him undignified for the throne yet Horus managed to fight back and prevented the god from spreading his poisonous seed Horus

then decided to take Vengeance with the assistance of the Goddess Isis the God placed his holy seed in lettuce leaves offered to set by the Goddess Isis the God of the barren deserts devoured the tainted lettuce unsuspectingly and venomed set started to wilt in plain sight and from his forehead a glowing disc burst out tot grabbed and fixed it on her own head set was embarrassed and finally after 80 years the court granted Horus his Birthright Throne Isis could not have been any prouder to see her son with Osiris assuming his father's Throne set was

bound to travel with raah in his solar barge and his rockus cries were audible through the noise of the thunder coming from the sky this is how horus's Reign Over Egypt started and among his descendants were all of the Pharaohs who once reigned over Egypt Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of the first great civilizations among them are the samans who created well organized Kingdoms At the beginning of the Bronze Age obviously ly at that time human beings did not only live in Mesopotamia they were in much of the globe and most lived as Nomads or

in small villages some tribes migrated to North Africa in about 5,500 BC where they created Villages and spread out along the Nile Valley more precisely in the regions now known as Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt the region was chosen for the existence of the famous Nile River besides being the most extensive river in the world world it was also responsible for the development of Egyptian culture the ancient Egyptians called the Nile River iteru meaning Great River they considered it a gift from the gods to all living beings every year the Nile River has periods of

high tide irrigating the soil around it the debris makes the land dark and fertile and makes it possible to farm and graze rural animals one of the names that the Egyptians used to refer to their land was Kat a term that can be translated as Black Earth underlining the importance of fertility in the soil the most prominent region is the Delta of the Nile where the river is divided into several branches flowing into the Mediterranean Sea where the largest number of sedins are as with the Mesopotamian peoples the dominance of Agriculture was the main stimulus

to boost trade and cultural development of the early Egyptians as time went by settlements became independent cities soon the first rulers began to emerge who declar themselves Sovereign Kings of their territories in 3,100 BC a king of Upper Egypt began a military campaign against the other cities the identity of this king is discussed among historians archaeological records indicate the existence of a semi-legendary king who according to the Bel at the time would be a descendant of Horus this mysterious King was probably known by the name of Nur or meis there are strong indications that Nur

would be the name used more complete studies indicate that meis was an honorary title which means he who perseveres Nur was successful in his campaign and unified the people of lower and upper Egypt under his command he was the first pharaoh of Egypt Nur began the first Egyptian dynasties this was followed by 30 dynasties over the centuries the city of Memphis was founded by narur for a long time it was the capital of ancient Egypt due to its geographical location which guaranteed a strategic control point in Egyptian territory the city had a port on the

banks of the Nile River where factories and workshops are built producing ceramic jars clothes or dyes that were transported to the neighboring cities by boats along the river even in this period of their history the Egyptians already had conflicts with the neighboring peoples for example some Nubian and Lebanese tribes who did not accept the the dominant power of the Egyptians in most fertile territories these tribes constantly rebelled against the Egyptians and attacked smaller Villages and cities provoking violent fighting and making it difficult to distribute Goods throughout the region it is possible that Pharaoh Nur marry

nyot a princess from North Africa the marriage would have political objectives to appease disputes on Egyptian territory nthp was the first queen of Egypt perhaps she was the first female pharaoh after nur's death if so she was the first woman in history to rule a dynasty nap's name was found in several places such as tombstones and sacred objects this underlines its importance as co-founder of the first dynasty she is the oldest queen of ancient Egypt whose name is known by historians during the great history of ancient Egypt the Pharaohs played a more important role than

traditional figure attributed to Kings and Emperors the Egyptians considered us sacred beings to the Egyptians according to the beliefs of the time the Pharaohs had inherited Divine blood they were descendants of Horus and for that reason only those who belonged to that same lineage were entitled to the throne this explains why some women have taken over throughout Egyptian history in contemporary peoples only men had the right to rule but the Egyptians always chose a woman with Divine blood over a man without that trait the Pharaohs were not only in charge of governing they were also

the Supreme commanders of the army the highest magistrates and the highest priests the Pharaoh was the human figure closest to the gods despite all the benefits available to the Pharaohs their lives were not particularly easy some took on the burden of governance of a Nation before the age of 12 the heir to the Royal Throne was prepared from childhood to fill the position he had to learn military tactics the history of Kingdoms and Military conquests he also had to learn to read WR and memorize religious rights despite the authority of the Pharaohs they rarely remained

in power for long their reign was often interrupted by Invaders or coups to prolong the reign of the Pharaohs every year ritualistic festivals took place the opit festivals the objective was to rejuvenate the Pharaoh and his bond with the gods when a pharaoh was able to remain in power for about 30 years a great party was organized to exalt his reign at death he was honored with parties songs and rituals of Passage to the other world around 20686 BC the phase known as the ancient empire also known as the pyramid age began in this period

Egypt was already established as an Empire having commercial relations with the Lebanese Palestinian and Mesopotamian peoples Egypt had become a land of great riches during the ancient empire there were great artistic and Architectural breakthroughs the paintings that adorned the temples and palaces were made with great skill whose proportions were calculated with high Precision the Dy came from the extract of plants and minerals insects and animal blood were even used to achieve more Vivid colors as a result many paintings maintain their colors and Splendor today the paintings could represent from everyday life to Great events such

as Bountiful Harvest the crowning of pharaohs or natural disasters the the gods and sacred rituals were prominent in the artistic representations many of the most famous stories of the Egyptian Pantheon were told through paintings and carvings of Palace walls and tombs in the economy all production was accounted for and recorded which enabled a more accurate allocation of resources government officials collected taxes recruited peasants to work on crops or in construction and headed the legal system commanding patrols of soldiers and Prosecuting crimes during the ancient empire the military area also progressed the soldiers already had breast

plates made of wool or leather shields made of wood and covered with leather and the iconic copes sword also of this period around 2,200 BC there was a great period of drought in Egypt which lasted 140 years it caused hunger in the population and a decline in economic and social power instability ravaged Egypt and the pharaoh's government lost Lo control of his territories some provinces further away from the capital revolted and declared independence the leaders of the Rebel provinces stopped paying taxes to the central government and began to enrich their own coffers in the end

a kind of Mafia leader was born as they hired criminals and deserters as personal protectors two groups stood out one commanded Lower Egypt from the city of herac compus and the other commanded Upper Egypt from the city of Thieves around 255 BC the forces of Thieves commanded by motep II defeated the rulers of herac compis unifying Egypt again and beginning the period of the middle Empire the Sands of Egypt hold secrets and stories that awaken our imagination and will to unravel the past of one of the greatest civilizations in history after the difficult times of

the ancient empire the Egyptians managed to recover their ancient territories and trade routes it was the beginning of a new era of prosperity this new phase in Egyptian history is known as the middle Empire between 25 BC and 1710 BC after reestablishing military control in Egypt the economy had to recover new irrigation systems were built besides new monuments to the gods Pharaoh Menat II began a military campaign to conquer Nubia a region rich in gold and precious jewelry and very lucrative for the debilitated Egyptian coffers the fight against the Nubians lasted many years and despite

their insistence the Egyptians were unable to totally subjugate their opponents proving the great military capability of the African tribes motep thei died after reigning for 51 years he was buried together with his Six Wives in a funeral complex in De Al Bahari after Egypt regained his financial power without facing great external threats the Empire entered an audite period during the middle Empire the concept of Life Beyond Death G notoriety dying something that was already seen as a write of Passage became even more important in the daily life of the Egyptians the rulers also recovered the

habit of erecting pyramids as tombs ordering the construction of ever larger monuments the construction of the pyramids began in the ancient empire jer's pyramid was the first built around 2630 BC c located northwest of the city of Memphis the joser pyramid and his tomb complex are considered the oldest Monumental structures in the world designed by architect Imhotep during his life Imhotep was probably one of the most important men in Egypt with knowledge in several areas such as medicine architecture religion and carpentry Imhotep belongs to a small group of plebs who received the status of deities

in Egypt this distinction was usually usually reserved for the most important members of the nobility otep's historical existence is proven through two contemporary inscriptions on the base or pedestal of one of jer's statues imotep was such an important figure that even after his death he continued to be revered his grave was hidden in complete secrecy and remains unknown to this day so far 123 pyramids have been found and accounted for in Egypt some of them already practically in Ruins the decision to build pyramidal tombs is Justified because this is the safest way to erect a

monument because the base is wider and heavier than the top even so some pyramids collapsed in Antiquity due to irregularities in their shape or the wrong choice of terrain when this happened the Builder responsible for the work was executed there was also the famous bent pyramid which remains to this day however its shape has changed during construction the construction of the p pyramids required great physical effort and complete Logistics each Granite Stone weighs approximately 2.5 tons having been extracted from quaries sometimes located 800 km away from the construction site they were then placed on barges

and transported along the NY River after being unloaded the stones were transported with ropes and sleds to the construction site there they were cut and sanded until they reached the necessary shape only then they were dragged on ramps to to the Final Destination the exact number of workers participating in construction is unknown It is believed that more than 30,000 men took part in the efforts to erect these monuments the majority were free men who received a salary and tax exemption many Slavs were also used entrusted with the most arduous and tiring tasks the pyramids were

built by order of the Pharaohs who wanted to use them as a tomb and symbol of power and authority the pyramids also had a symbolic character for the Egyptians who believe that the origin of the earth came from a primordial mount in pyramidal form the most famous pyramids are the pyramids of Giza and the necropolis of Giza near Cairo the necropolis has three pyramids the highest is chops the middle is kafra and the smallest is Menor there are still some smaller monuments near the pyramids known as the pyramids of Queens the Great Sphinx is also

part of the necropolis at their Peak the pyramids were finished with a cover of polished white Limestone which reflected the sunlight at Great distances and at the top were placed Stones adorned with hieroglyphic writing possibly some pyramids would have a top made of or coated in Gold it was a breathtaking Vision the Pyramid of chops was an oppressive 146.54 M left it is the oldest of the seven wonders of the the ancient world and the only one that still exists almost all the pyramids were plundered inside and out the Limestone cover and the granite Stones

were removed for use in other buildings over the centuries the justification for this enormous dedication to building gigantic funerary monuments lay in the religion of the ancient Egyptians which strongly influenced the people's view of life and death the Egyptians left no written sources that clearly explained their beliefs for this reason modern historians use the paintings and scriptures left in temples pyramids and tombs as their Source another source of This research are the three collections of hieroglyphic texts from different periods these texts are the book of pyramids the book of sarcophagi and the Book of the

Dead the ancient Egyptians believed that those who had Divine blood could be resurrected after a few hundred years recovering their place as rulers this concept of death and rebirth explains why the Pharaohs created environments where they could preserve their bodies and return to life mummification was intended to preserve the body that would be retrieved by The Sovereign in the pharaoh's tomb were also placed precious objects clothes and jewelry during the ancient empire his personal servants animals and Priests were also sacrificed in many cases his wife or wives were also buried together with the Pharaoh but

this practice has lost importance in the middle Empire the sarcophagi were also vital importance in the Incarnation of the Pharaoh the pharaoh's phase was carved into the sarcophagus with the greatest possible Precision thus when the spirit returned to the body he could remember what his physical appearance was like in life today Islam is the official religion of Egypt most of the population follow Sunni precepts even so there are neopagan groups that follow religion and the ancient god Gods this practice is known as chemism the last Pharaoh who ruled Egypt in the middle Empire was Amat

III during his Reign he allowed for tribes of Semitic Asiatic peoples to settle in the Delta of the Nile River these tries sought Refuge from the growing threats of the Assyrian Empire these people were known as the hixus a term that can be translated to Shepherd Kings in 1650 BC uncontrolled floods in the Nile destroyed part of the Egyptian plant ations affecting the economy and weakening the Empire again the hixus took advantage of the instability and controlled some cities built in the Nile Delta the hixus established their Dynasty and elected a pharaoh following the Egyptian

model of government the Egyptian rulers retreated to thieves where they were traps between the hixus kingdom in the North and the Kusha Kingdom in the South this phase of Egyptian history became known as the second intermediate period despite being Invaders the hixus also added their influence to the Egyptian culture bringing good quality horses more advanced war chariots and new weaving techniques for 30 years the Egyptians fought against the hixus then the military Pharaoh amasus won several military victories and expelled the hixus from Egypt this regaining of Power by the Egyptians started the New Kingdom Egypt

the land of pyramids and the Pharaohs full of lavish stories and impressive deed which survived in time thanks to the paintings and monuments built by the ancient Egyptians during the New Kingdom it became clear that the Egyptian pharaohs and their military forces were not up to foreign threats as a solution the Egyptians started to hire troops of mercenaries from Nubia and Libya as a reward for their services The Mercenaries received land where they put their families to live and work for the Pharaoh prisoners were also used in the army usually on the front lines better

combat tactics were also developed autonomous troops of up to some 6,000 men were commanded by well-trained officers soldiers from Humble families received a salary for their enlistment but they practically had no chance to advance in their military career as this right was reserved for the children of nobler families also during the New Kingdom the Egyptians began to develop their Maritime Fleet the Egyptians already had well well-designed and maneuverable boats however they were not enough to carry many soldiers and Equipment this led to the creation of beautiful war galys with a slender and threatening design the

Pharaohs of the New Kingdom created a period of unprecedented Prosperity by protecting borders and strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbors military campaigns led by Pharaoh tutos the first led to the conquest of new lands guaranteeing the dominance of Palestine ser Syria and Lebanon ters ordered new constructions in several cities and elaborated new works of art among them aella where his achievements as a ruler were recorded his successors maintained territorial control fighting rebellions in the conquered lands his grandson tmos III was considered one of the most important pharaohs of ancient Egypt tmos III had a great

military activity with more than 17 campaigns and maintained his grandfather's building momentum during the reign of toos theii there was a Revolt in Canaan the Canaanites were led by the king of the city of cadesh and assembled troops to expel the Egyptians from their territories this dispute originated the famous battle of megiddo which has enormous archaeological importance it was the first battle to be recorded and detailed in writing in history the Egyptians described the details of the battle on the walls of the Temple of Amon ra which today is in the city of Luxor the

ancient thieves tutos III gathered his army and fought against the rebels in a plane his victory caused the Canaanites to retreat into the city of megiddo on top of a hill the battle ended after megiddo was besieged for 7 months which led to the surrender of the city also in the Battle of megiddo was used for the first time the compound bow a more effective version than the bows used previously the victory was very profitable for the Egyptians according to the reports they captured 894 War chariots two of them covered in gold and 2,000 horses

after this Victory and subsequent conquest of the territories Egypt reached its peak its territorial domination started at the Euphrates river in Syria and went to Napata in the kushai territory tmos III still attacked the kingdom of mitani that belonged to the heredes he won again and annexed new lands to Egypt and a new contingent of Catcher soldiers tmos III is believed to have visited the Greek city of creit probably the first pharaoh of Upper Egypt to travel by sea and visit a foreign Nation but not everything went well for the Egyptians during the New Kingdom

a turbulent period erupted when a new Pharaoh took the throne Pharaoh akatan was one of the most controversial figures in Egyptian history and his life is full of mysteries and questions ainan wanted to extinguish the cult and traditional deities of Egypt he challenged more than 1,500 years of religious Traditions when he decided to adopt only one God decreeing that the god of Aton was the only creator of all things and living beings the god Aton was the personification of the sun source of light and warmth to the world the Pharaoh chose Akin's name which can

be translated as he who praises Aton ainan was a sloppy Pharaoh in diplomatic and Military relations neighboring kingdoms severed relations with Egypt and some became threats again the ancient Egyptians later referred to akanen as the Mad Pharaoh the Monarch constantly showed his religious fervor affirming Aton lives there is no other except him this Behavior infuriated many priests and citizens causing riots and violence in parts of the New Kingdom atin's main wife was Queen Nefertiti who became Renown when her bust was found in 1912 by German archaeologists Neti is believed to have been a beautiful woman

the sculpture was never finished with one eye missing so that her image would not provoke the anger and jealousy of the Egyptian goddesses after Akin's death neiti disappeared from the historical records and her fate is unknown akatan reigned for about 17 years this time was enough for Egypt to lose much influence and Dominion atin's cause of death is unknown there are suspicions that he was murdered by a group of priests who worshiped the ancient gods akatan had many children one of them would have a special prominence in Egyptian history his son was the famous tutan

kamun after akatan death Egypt went through a troubled period his son was still too young to assume the throne and his daughters could not take power because there is a living male Heir an enigmatic figure took go smade there are debates about whether smade was actually Nefertiti who would have assumed the throne and changed her name another possibility is that smade was akatan son-in-law taking the throne by marrying one of the daughters of the former Pharaoh Noble I and a general named harb also appeared both served akatan and nefatiti it's probably that I was Nefertiti's

father I aspired to reach the throne and had members of the royal family murdered the young tutankamon and his half-sister anamon were rescued and taken to thieves tutan camun was crowned Pharaoh at only 9 years of age to strengthen the lineage he married his half-sister who was only 11 years old due to Tutankhamun's age I Ruled Egypt with the position of viser a kind of regent his government was supported by General horb as the years progressed tutan camun had a more active and authoritarian voice ordering the construction of temples for the ancient gods of Egypt

this allowed to restore the cult of different deities in 1324 BC tutan camun died at the age of 14 the reason for his death has given rise to various speculations disease poisoning or murder the last option was not unlikely because Juden kamun was a threat to I's plans another event that reinforces the hypothesis of Mur murder is that right after tutun kamun death his wife anamon sent letters to the king of the Hittites asking him to send one of his children to marry her and be Crown pharaoh of Egypt the Hittites and Egyptians were always

enemies this shows that anon's request was motivated by fear and urgency with reluctance the king of the Hittites sent one of his sons to meet anamon but mysteriously this Prince never entered Egypt it is likely that he was murdered by spies following I's orders anamon ended up miring I most probably against her will a few months later after her marriage to I poor anamon died abruptly it is not difficult to deduce that this too was the order of the cruel eye tutan camun has a great importance for the history of ancient Egypt his tomb although

small in comparison with other pharaohs was almost intact when it was discovered Tuton comm's tomb was found in the Valley of the Kings in 1922 by Howard Carter the tomb was not desecrated by thieves and this originated the famous legend of the tutan commun curse in which if someone violated the pharaoh's tomb he would suffer a terrible death in the tomb were found three Andor of wine one of them with white wine and a dagger whose blade was created with the iron of a meteorite the tomb also had baskets with cereals Jewels clothes statues of

the god Anubis and two small mummies of female fetuses probably Daughters of tutankamon born prematurely The Mummy of tutankamon was kept in three sarcophagi the smaller one which kept the young Pharaoh's body was made of gold although short to damun story is full of murder betrayal and Intrigue it deserves to be known and remembered to this day as for Regent he seems to have died of old age as he had no heirs he was succeeded by General horb horb although he was a military General was accepted by the people as a pharaoh because he successfully

served Egypt in the wars Egyptian history would still have many twists and turns in the future and the arrival of famous Pharaoh Ramsey II would cause fear in the hearts of Egypt's enemies the great Egyptian Pyramids have remained firm over the centuries their Monumental Splendor showed the effort of the Egyptian people to maintain the glory of their empire after the tragic reign of pharaoh tunan camun Egypt was ruled by a former General named hmb hmb established order in Egypt creating stricter laws which included as punishment for crimes cutting off the nose of the evildoer and

exiling him into the desert horab continued the struggle to reestablish The Cult of the ancient gods he even tried to erase the records of akatan Reign referring to the ancient Pharaoh as a demon who wanted to destroy the beliefs in the true Gods herb had no heirs so he was named as his successor Ramsey I first his closest friend and a general of the Egyptian Army Ramsey the first assumed the throne at about 50 years of age and reigned for only 2 years he was replaced by his son seti the first seti the first fought

against the Hittites and conquered the city of cadesh the Hittites established a peace agreement with the Egyptians that lasted 15 years City the first recovered other territories that had belonged to Egypt before the reign of akatan bti the first also stayed a short time on the throne as he died at only 40 years of age The Mummy ofi the is considered one of the most beautiful and most preserved until today it is currently in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo Saidi the first successor was his son the famous Ramses II there were 11 sovereigns named Ramses

in the history of Egypt but only Ramsey II is known as Ramsey the Great he is considered the greatest Pharaoh in Egypt and his Reign was the most prosperous and extensive in Egyptian history when Ramsey II was about 10 years old his father took him with him in the military campaigns Ramsey was present in battles in Libya Canaan and Si Ramsey's grew up as a young Warrior Prince and was considered impetuous and arrogant at the beginning of his Reign he traveled to Phoenicia to Define new boundaries for the Egyptian territories however he entered the territory

of the Hittites and claimed the land's conquered at the time at tutos III the proud Hittites considered it an offense and the war between two empires started again the king of the Hittites summoned many soldiers and asked for reinforcements of cities and towns Allied to the Hittites Ramsey II also had a large army composed of Egyptian soldiers African and Lebanese mercenaries Ramsey had a strong and impatient personality this made him take the initiative and March towards cadesh which had been reconquered by the Hittites the Egyptian Army was organized in four divisions although they were numerically

inferior to the Hittites they were better trained and disciplined suddenly two hittite soldiers gave themselves to the egyp Egyptians they claimed to be deserters but in fact they were spies after gaining the trust of the Egyptians the spies passed a false information that the hittite Army was still far from cadesh Ramsey wanted to take the opportunity to quickly reconquer the city and Advance with his personal guard and a division of his army while the other Egyptian forces advanced in slower Pace already near the city of cadesh ramsy realized that he had fallen into a trap

the Hittites emerged from different directions and surrounded the Egyptian troops it was such an unexpected event that it was recorded as the first military ambush in history even surrounded Ramsey and his personal guard used their War chariots and managed to make way against the enemy troops breaking the siege meanwhile the Egyptian infantry contained the advance of the enemies ramsy managed to regroup with the other divisions of his army that came to his Aid then he launched a Counterattack that quickly dispersed the Hittites that day the king of the Hittites lost his brother who was killed

during the battle finally the two forces retreated both with many casualties and exhausted soldiers Ramsey retreated to Egypt and King hittite to the north of his territory technically the fight had ended in a tie but both leaders declared to have come out as winners of the battle after a few more years of conflict and hostilities Egypt finally signed a peace treaty with the hitti Empire it was a remarkable event as it was the first peace treaty in history the peace treaty was also motivated by the growing threat of the Assyrian Empire they were increasingly strong

and were a danger to Egyptians and Hittites in the peace treaty the Egyptian Empire and the hittite Empire promised to support each other against external threats something that delayed the advance of the syrians for some time for almost being defeated ramsy II became Wier and more cautious during his Reign he maintained the alliance with the Hittites strange as it may seem Ramsay's the second Marry three or four daughters but there are discussions about whether this really happened also during the reign of Ramsey's de second the cities grew in size and population many temples and other

works were built bringing more prosperity to Egypt today the name Ramsey II became famous for being used in Hollywood movies where he is pointed out as the Pharaoh of the biblical Exodus responsible for imprisoning and enslaving the Hebrews in Egypt however more complete studies point out that tutos III as the Pharaoh of The Exodus Ramsey II will have died at over 90 years of age something quite unusual at that time after the death of ramies Egypt entered again an unstable period his children died abruptly and the Egyptian Throne became empty several times something very dangerous

for a powerful Nation the responsibility was assumed by merata the 13th son of ramse II merata was already over 60 years old when he assumed the throne he did not have the strength to govern the great number of cities and provinces with the government weakened the priests of the Temple of Amon came to have even more political power since they claimed to be the link between the gods and the people to further complicate matters Egypt's wealth attracted other greedy kingdoms Egypt was attacked by pirat from the coast of the Greek Islands of Western Anatolia these

Pirates became known as sea peoples the sea peoples were no ordinary Pirates the brutality and frequency of their attacks destabilized the economy and the government of the great Bronze Age Empires they destroyed almost the entire minoan and Myan Kingdom they also devastated the hittite Empire which was already weakened after several Civil Wars we don't know if the sea peoples were a single tribe or a confederation of tribes that joined together to loot and invade the near East but they were numerous skilled sailors and combatants on land the invasions of the sea peoples are probably motivated

by natural disasters earthquakes and tsunamis that devastated the aian islands and the coastal regions of Greece and Turkey these natural disasters destabilize much of the dominant kingdoms and were responsible for the decline of the ban civilization on the island of cre Pharaoh Mana managed to stop the invasion of the sea peoples in the battle of the Delta but some years later Pharaoh Ramsey iiii managed to expel the sea peoples from Egypt the sea peoples continued to devastate and dominate territories in Palestine the impact of these invasions was so great that the sea peoples are held

responsible for the collapse of the bronze age finally Ramsey III followed the Egyptian tradition of turning enemies into allies he establish agreements with the Nubians and the libyans Egypt started to hire mercenaries from the sea peoples Ramsey III was the strong Pharaoh but his Reign was turbulent he was murdered at the age of 65 in a coup organized by one of his wives who wanted his son as the next heir to the throne Egypt was financially a exhausted its coffers were emptied by the war against the pirate Invaders the situation was so bad that the

population's food was rationed during this period the first labor strike in history occurred when workers from various areas did not receive their grain they refused to work for the Pharaoh Egypt has entered a vertiginous decline marked by hunger violence and Corruption the empire was devastated for about two decades Egypt was again divided into different dynasties ambitious leaders confronted each other in small battles to dominate territories Egypt enter a phase known as the third intermediate period during this period chaos rained part of Egypt was commanded by Pharaoh's a Lebanese origin while another part was ruled by

Pharaoh's of Nubian origin the cunning priest of the Temple of Amon took advantage of the situation and controlled thieves and other nearby territ teritories the Assyrians also took advantage of the fall of the hittite Empire and the weakening of the Egyptians they invaded Egypt and in the conquered cities they placed Assyrian rulers to control the population under the rule of the foreign forces the once proud Egyptian Empire was subjugated and impotent but it would not be the end of its history there were still many unexpected events throughout his history Egypt went through periods of glor

and power but it also faced difficulties during the terrible droughts that brought hunger and suffering the wealthiness of Egypt also attracted the attention of many powerful Realms many enemies wanted to invade the Egyptian territories in 525 BC the Persians invaded Egypt commanded by King kesis II the Persians had already defeated the Babylonian Empire and nothing seemed to satisfy their Ambitions for new territories the Persian domination of Egypt lasted until 332 BC and was overthrown by a young and ambitious conqueror Alexander the Great Alexander seemed Unstoppable he conquered city after City winning battles even under unfavorable

conditions for his army he dominated many Persian territories and after defeating King Darius iiii in a great battle besieged the city of Ty in Phoenicia after a great Siege the city was conquered Alexander destroyed it as a punishment for non-s surrender Alexander and his army headed for Egypt the Persian ruler who commanded Egypt had the good sense to surrender without offering much resistance Alexander was received by the Egyptian people as a liberator he was proclaimed as the son of the god Amon receiving many Treasures Alexander spent a short time in Egypt but during his stay

he founded the city of Alexandria one of the most important cities of the ancient world it would become the capital of Egypt in the following thousand years with Egypt's Dominion secured Alexander set out for Mesopotamia to attack the heart of the Persian Empire after the death of Alexander the Great the Egyptian government was controlled by the Macedonian General tmy the he declared himself pharaoh of Egypt and began the toic dynasty the influence of Greek culture brought by macedonians influenced much of Egyptian life but this happened in a natural way the Macedonian rulers respected and encouraged

the traditional customs of Egypt over the years pharaohs of Macedonian origin were represented as Egyptians marriages between Greeks and Egyptians became common and gods of both cultures were merged one example is the deity that received the name of Amon Zeus the military equipment of the Egyptians almost completely assumed the Greek style even commercial boats and War galys began to be built in the Greek style which was more advanced and robust all the male pharaohs of this period of Egyptian history used the name tmy to honor the founder of the toic dynasty the toic established a

great trade route mainly by sea and this made Egypt Prosper again during the talic dynasty the famous Alexandria library was also built which had thousands of papyruses and clay tablets with the most diverse registers and studies in areas of mathematics philosophy and architecture the toic kingdom went into decline with tmy he was a detestable King lazy in political Affairs easily corruptable and cruel he had relatives killed including his brother father and mother at the end of the t kingdom Egypt was plunged into Political chaos many toic pharaohs were cruel tyrants murders within the family were

common while while Egypt was going through another turbulent period a new threat from the Mediterranean Sea was aimed at reaching the land of the Pharaohs Rome had already conquered vast territories in much of the European continent and wanted to further expand its domains the Roman senate decided to intervene in the political situation of the Egyptians because Rome depended a lot on grains exported from Egypt if another civil war occurred Rome would run out of food for its Legions the famous Cleopatra was not the first with this name she was part of the talic dynasty direct

descendant of tmy the in her childhood she studied with Greek teachers and was educated in religious cults of different cultures it was said that Cleopatra could speak eight languages Cleopatra became Queen at 18 despite sharing power with tmy the 13th her younger brother she seems to have dealt with the Kingdom's problems alone at the beginning of her reign she had serious problems Egypt was facing another drought and period of hunger as time went by Cleopatra's younger brother began to confront his sister he had the support of his childhood tutors and other Nobles who preferred a

male ruler Cleopatra married tmy the 13th but it was a merely symbolic marriage for they never had a good relationship nor did they consummate the union tmy the 13th eventually removed Cleopatra from her position and began to Reign alone the Egyptian population revolted and of course Rome was watching everything fearing another civil war in Egypt in 48 BC Julius Caesar arrived in Egypt with his troops staying in the Palace of Alexandria Cleopatra knowing the fame of the Roman general did not waste time and sought to establish an alliance with him Cleopatra was successful in her

negotiations with julus Caesar the two became allies and lovers now they needed to overthrow the usurper brother and recover the Egyptian lathe Caesar called troops to besiege Alexandria this was followed by a series of clashes between the Romans and tmy the 13th's troops finally a great battle took place on the West Bank of the Nile River tmy the 13th had about 20,000 men and Julius Caesar had a smaller number of troops but Caesar Advanced with his army which received Greek reinforc for Ms both military forces Advanced by land while the boats traveled along the Nile

River it was a battle that took place on land and water Caesar and tmy followed the movements of the troops as they sailed on their boats the battle on land was brutal tm's troops were on higher ground and forced the Romans to retreat many Roman soldiers fled and swam towards the boat during the confusion Caesar's Galley capsized with the weight of the men who climbed aboard Julius Caesar had to swim to the river bank to survive at the height of this confusion the Greeks arrived to support Caesar the Romans managed to regroup their troops and

Counterattack with the help of the Greek allies they conquered the Egyptian camp where tm's troops were with this turnaround tm's troops fled to the Egyptian boats tm's boat also capsized tmy was not as lucky as Caesar he drowned because of his heavy armor which dragged him to the bottom of the Nile after the battle Cleopatra returned to the throne most of the conspirators were arrested or executed in 44 BC Julius Caesar was murdered in the Senate of Rome Cleopatra sought a new alliance with General Mark Anthony Mark Anthony and Cleopatra were married in Egypt but

Rome never considered this marriage official since Mark Anthony was already married to a Roman Mark Anthony offered cleop ra vast territories that belonged to Rome in his will he affirmed his desire to be buried in Alexandria the Roman senate rebelled and gave General Octavian permission to go to war against Mark Anthony and Cleopatra to face the situation Cleopatra joined her Army to that of Mark Anthony it was the largest Maritime Fleet ever seen in history they left for Greece where they were intercepted by the fleet of Roman ships the maritime battle was disastrous for Mark

Anthony and Cleopatra their naval fleet was destroyed by the Romans luckily both managed to escape alive a year later Octavian besieged Alexandria and defeated the city's defenses without much difficulty destroying the plans and Ambitions of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra Cleopatra was an enormously powerful woman she managed to keep Egypt United and throughout her life protected the territory from being swallowed by Rome home Cleopatra's life and personality were so remarkable that they continued to be an inspiration to this day in our Channel we have a miniseries that tells in detail the incredible story of this great

woman take a look at the videos after Millennia of existence memorable battles and political intrigues fonic Egypt lost its independence and became a province under Roman rule the legacy of the ancient Egyptians is extremely valuable to human history and of of course Egypt will continue to be remembered as the Cradle of one of the greatest civilizations [Music] ever Anubis is the famous jackal-headed Egyptian god he is a deity connected with afterlife and funeral rights the God is one of the oldest Egyptian deities his role has changed over the centuries Anubis was considered the main deity

connected with death and god of the underworld but this role was later taken over by the god Osirus The Jackal God was also considered the deity of embalming and mummification in funeral rituals it was common for a priest to wear a jackal mask during the mummification process the God was also considered the protector of tombs and cemeteries protecting the bodies of those who had departed to the underworld Anubis is the son of the Goddess nephus wife of set but her son was not born from the union with her husband for nephus disguised herself as the

Goddess Isis to unite with Osiris in the face of such infidelity set plotted against Osiris killing him and scattering the pieces of his body through throughout Egypt when Isis collected all the fragments Anubis helped the goddess during the God's funeral ritual and Anubis transformed Osiris's body into the first mummy Anubis became the deity who guided the spirit of the Dead to the underworld where the deceased would be judged by a court prided over by Anubis the God would place the heart of the deceased on the scales of Osiris and a feather of truth would be

put on the other side if the heart was heavier than the feather this indicated that the organ was full of evil it was given to AMT a demonic creature known as a heart eater if the feather was heavier than the Light Heart of the soul of the just and good Anubis would lead the deceased to Osirus to enter the afterlife During the period of Greek domination over Egypt the god Anubis was associated with Hermes Hermes in Greek mythology is also the deity who led souls to the underworld this Association gave rise to a deity called

hermanubis who became popular During the period of Roman rule Anubis is one of the most popular deities in Egyptian mythology he is the god responsible for leading souls to the afterlife sobec is a famous Egyptian god with a crocodile head he is a deity of the Nile the important river that flows through Egypt and fertilizes its lands the God is one of the oldest Egyptian deities and has been woried for more than 4,000 years the Pharaohs deeply admired this deity as they believed that the crocodile God could protect them from Evil spells crocodiles are very

common animals in Egypt the species crocodilus niloticus also known as the Nile crocodile is one of the largest species of these reptiles and also one of the most dangerous but sobec although powerful was a kind God therefore the ancient Egyptians prayed to the god to calm the Aquatic beasts some myths attribute the rise of the Nile to sobec the river would have emerged from the sweat of the crocodile God because he was closely connected to the sacred River sobec was considered a god of fertility the Nile's flood Cycles were resp responsible for fertilizing the entire

flood plane making these surrounding lands extremely fertile sobec was worshiped in many regions of ancient Egypt but mostly in fun and komomo the sobec cult was very present because of the large number of crocodiles in those areas when one of these crocodiles died the animal could be mummified in the crocodilopolis temple there were several mummies of these animals a mummified crocodile could also be buried along with the mummies of pharaohs and other figures of nobility the Egyptians believed that crocodile mummies protected them even after death before this the city of kambo worshiped the god Horus

soc's brother but after a fight the crocodile God expelled Horus and started to rule the place by himself but with Horus gone the region was plagued by many evils sobec reconciled with Horus and both started to take care of the region and share the worship of men in the kambo temple today we can visit the temple and its Museum where there are dozens of mummified crocodiles in some places in Egypt there were large pools where crocodiles were bred and tamed these animals were revered as the embodiment of soc some of these were almost docile making

it possible for the Egyptians to Adorn them with jewelry and ornaments in this way they felt closer to sobec the crocodile [Music] God bastet is the Cat Goddess of Egyptian mythology she is represented as a being with a woman's body and a cat's head cats were honored animals and considered Sacred by the Egyptians cats played an important role in the Egyptian world as the animals protected people's food from rodent infestations and cats also scared off dangerous poisonous snakes bastet is a goddess connected with the sun therefore during the day the goddess followed Raw on his

journeys across the sky in his solar boat during the night the goddess took the form of a full cat and she protected the world against the terrible serpent apus the goddess was worshiped throughout Egypt toah harm any cat was a terrible sacrilege the perpetrator of such violence could be sentenced to death cats were considered family members According to some accounts when a house was burned down cats would enter the Blazing dwelling to help the residents Escape sometimes these cats seemed to die in the Flames but thanks to the goddess bastet they would come back to

life reinforcing the popular Sayang of the cat's Nine Lives being sacred animal animal cats were mummified in Egypt there are cemeteries dedicated to these mummies According to some versions The Goddess bastet is linked to saket the Lioness goddess the latter was violent and bloodthirsty but was pacified becoming a Meek milk-drinking cat goddess in other versions bastet and seket are sisters and Daughters of raw even with the end of the Egyptian god cult cats continue to look down on men hoping to have their Divinity recognized once [Music] again set was one of the most famous gods

in Egyptian mythology he was the son of the Gods gab and nut the sky and the earth and the brother of Osiris Isis and nephus like most Egyptian gods SE was represented as a man with an animal head but to this day it is debated which animal this was some say he was a hybrid Beast a mixture of pig and donkey or an arvar an animal similar to an ante eater but there is no consensus the god personified violence and destruction and was also considered a trickster set was the lord of the deserts and in

Fertile lands while his brother Osiris was worshiped as the god of fertility the god Set was married to nephus and according to some traditions because SE was the god of infertility he would have had no descendants SE was very jealous of his brother and devised a plan to take his throne away from him the God of destruction murdered his brother and stole his throne but Osiris had had a descendant named Horus the Falcon God the latter sought to avenge his father's death and take the throne from the usurper the clash between Horus and set is

one of the most famous stories in Egyptian mythology for a long time the gods fought among themselves but Horus emerged Victorious the gods recognized the vast power of set which was not to be wasted therefore set was to sail together with raw the Sun God and protect him from the terrible serpent apus when apus appeared to attack raw's boat Seth was poised to defend the world from the Eternal Night According to some Scholars set was was considered one of the main Gods of Upper Egypt at the early formation of the Egyptian civilization as opposed to

Horus woried in Lower Egypt but after the unification of Egypt set associated with the northern Semitic Invaders lost much of his Prestige the victory of horus's followers over the hios who worshiped set symbolized the victory of the forces that represent order against the Agents of chaos and destruction set was considered responsible for the destruction of crops hunger and thirst scorching heat and great droughts the day that represented the birth of set was seen as a day of bad luck where new projects and Ventures were to be avoided although defeated and rejected the great power and

influence of set within the ancient Egyptian religion is undeniable Isis is the most important goddess in Egyptian mythology she personified the faithful wife and loving mother the goddess was the daughter of gbb and nut being married to Osiris her cult spread Beyond Egypt coming to have a strong influence in the Greco Roman world because she was recognized as a faithful wife she was sometimes identified with the goddess Hera in Greece and Juno in Rome the goddess mastered Magic and was able to deceive the god raw extracting from the solar God the secrets about the laws

that govern life and death according to some traditions she was the most powerful among the goddesses after the murder of her husband committed by Seth Isis wandered Egypt in search of Osiris's body According to some traditions the goddess gave rise to the Nile floods from the tears shed by losing her husband after finding Osiris's body she resurrected him and United with him giving birth to the god Horus Osiris left to reign in the Underworld and after being left without her husband the goddess decided to devote herself to protecting her son Horus using magic Isis was

responsible for rebuilding horus's eye which was lost during a battle against set the Egyptian goddess was the protector of the dead and with her blessings she restored The Souls of The Departed to the underworld several temples were erected in honor of the goddess throughout Egypt where she was venerated Cleopatra the Queen of Egypt taking advantage of the goddess's reputation proclaimed herself the new Isis but as it turned out the Goddess Isis was not very Cooperative with Cleopatra Cleopatra lost not only her throne but also ended the toic Dynasty's rule over Egypt despite the decline of

the cult of the Egyptian gods the Goddess Isis continues to be a sort SCE of inspiration and admiration for all lovers of Mythology th is the god of wisdom in Egyptian mythology the God is represented as an anthropomorphic figure with the head of Ibis a bird of the Pelican family however he was also represented as a baboon another animal consecrated to the god tho is the son of the goddess hathor she disguised as the Goddess Isis had sexual relations with Osiris from this Union Thoth was born but other versions say that he is the son

of SE tho was attributed with the invention of writing it was he who taught the Egyptians to make the most diverse records with hieroglyphics the God was also responsible for writing laws and teaching Mortals the science of accounting tho is the god protector of scribes Thoth was so revered in Egypt that he was considered the god of wisdom astronomy magic and Medicine among other Sciences of which he is the patron the god tho was considered a kind just and conciliatory figure but he was also implacable before the enemies of Truth The God had as a

partner mat goddess of justice and truth from this relationship was born sesat a daughter who was also goddess of wisdom in other versions sesat is thoth's wife often tho was represented with a disc on his head this disc represents the moon making him a moon God the ancient Egyptians used the cycles of the Moon to measure time therefore the God is linked to time and he was responsible for the creation of the Egyptian calendars the main city to worship the god of wisdom was kinu also known as hermopolis during the Greek domination in Egypt this

city had the largest and best library in ancient Egypt the millennial Egyptian god of wisdom continues to illuminate the path of those who seek knowledge and search for truth one of ancient Egypt's most feared animals the Scorpion Bears multiple symbolic layers within this age-old culture for this reason it it comes as no surprise that there is a deity who is intimately connected to this creature cette is this goddess's name one of Egypt's oldest goddesses she was depicted as a hybrid between a woman and a scorpion ciret is a deity associated with healing magic and poison

Egyptians prayed and offered sacrifices to ask cette to protect them from snake and Scorpion attacks but as well as acting as a protector the goddess could also inflict punishment on Sinners by sending her venomous beasts to attack them it was cat's job to shelter The Souls of deceased pharaohs and guide them to the underworld she would also help in the pharaoh's rebirth process breathing life into their new Mortal bodies her role as protector also applied to the living world sirirat was summoned to protect workers especially those facing danger such as doctors dealing with poisons and

toxins or workers handling dangerous animals her Association with poisons and ability to heal those stung by scorpions or snakes gave her a strong association with medicine ciret amulets were common and used for protection against poisonous bites and stings often she was cast in spells and incantations to cure or protect against poisoning ciret paintings were regularly found in the mummification halls and Noble sarcophagi she may not be as well known as other Egyptian deities such as Isis s Osiris but her presence and importance are clearly evident in the context of ancient Egypt cette as guardian and

protector had a vital position in defending both the living and the dead Osiris is one of the Egyptian Pantheon's most revered deities he represents the essence of order morality and civilization he is a God who triumphed over death and became the lord of the afterlife today's video video takes us through the history of this famous God and His riveting story Osiris is usually considered to be the son of Gab the god of the earth and N the goddess of the sky this bloodline positions Osiris in an extraordinarily powerful and prestigious role within the Divine hierarchy

his siblings include Isis set and nephus since the dawn of time Osiris has been associated with order righteousness and benevolence The Duality between Osiris and set reflects the Egyptian belief in the need for balancing opposing forces Osiris was viewed as a perpetuator of Harmony and stability in the universe he is often described as a righteous and wise king who ruled Egypt before becoming the god of the underworld the god instructed the Egyptians in agriculture laws and the worship of the Gods laying the groundwork for Egyptian society and culture these principles were key to Egypt's transformation

from a nomadic and chaotic civilization into an advanced and organized one although they were siblings Osiris and Isis became husband and wife a common occurrence among the gods of different mythologies symbolizing the union of complimentary forces their marriage was viewed as an ideal model characterized by deep love Mutual support and unshakable loyalty the relationship between Osiris and Isis extends Beyond beond its mythological narrative assuming a deep religious and spiritual Dimension they are often seen as embodiments of marital loyalty eternal love and renewal in particular The Cult of Isis emphasized these aspects leading to her being

one of the most worshiped goddesses in ancient Egypt the story of Osiris's death and Resurrection is among Egyptian mythology's most significant and Powerful myths embodying themes of treachery Revenge love and the eternal struggle between Order and Chaos SE profoundly envied Osiris's position and power as the ruler of Egypt fueled by jealousy and ambition set masterminded a scheme to wipe out Osiris he organized a feast and presented a beautiful coffin vowing to give it to the one who would fit inside it perfectly as Osiris without suspecting a thing entered the coffin set and his conspirators promptly

closed it and dumped the sarcophagus in the night River Osiris's wife and sister Isis sorrowful and determined undertook a long journey to find her husband's body her Quest took her to many parts of Egypt and eventually she found him upon finding out that Osiris's body had been recovered set flew into a rage and dismembered Osiris's corpse strewing its parts all over Egypt together with her sister nephus Isis began another Journey this time to collect the the fragments of Osiris's body together with Anubis the god of mummification they managed to assemble and embalm the body creating

the first mummy using magic and spells Isis succeeded in Reviving Osiris briefly during this brief period Osiris and Isis conceived their son Horus after his conception Osiris was sent back to the underworld where he became king and supreme judge playing a vital role in judging Souls upon his resurrection Osiris symbolized hope for the afterlife promising Eternal renewal and Revival for those deemed worthy Isis not only had a vital role in resurrecting Osiris but also in protecting her son Horus secretly raising him to Shield him from set's wrath she is often depicted as the ideal mother

and protector a role model for Egyptian queens and mothers as du's ruler Osiris oversaw keeping order and Harmony in the Underworld he was seen as a benevolent King Who provided protection for righteous souls and ensured that they enjoyed the pleasures of the Yu otherwise known as the Reed field under his rule the underworld mirrored The Living World with fields to cultivate and rivers to navigate however before reaching this gift the individual's Soul was tried in the Hall of Maat Osiris chaired the trial supported by 42 Divine judges who represented the 42 nomos or districts of

Egypt The Departed Soul had to declare their innocence from a series of sins and have their heart weighed on the scales of M against the penalty of Truth and Justice if the heart were light the soul would be deemed righteous and worthy of entering auu the Egyptian Paradise if not the heart was tossed to Amit a dark creature who would consume it while mummification was a crucial Fe of Egyptian ferary rituals it was strongly influenced by the Osiris myths the mummification process was seen as an emulation of Osiris's condition hoping that like him the deceased

could be brought back to life and experience the afterlife again Egyptian ferary rituals and texts like the Book of the Dead are littered with Osiris references they include formulas and incantations meant to help the dead overcome obstacles and reach the presence of Osiris Osiris as the god of the afterlife profoundly shaped not only religious practices but also the ancient Egyptians culture and worldview his role as judge and guardian of the Dead fundamentally molded Egyptian Notions of morality Justice and Eternity Osiris is often portrayed in artistic representations as a mummy representing his death and Resurrection bearing

the symbols of royal power the staff and the scorge and often with green or black skin symbolizing fertility and regeneration Osiris's death and Resurrection are inextricably tied to Egypt's agricultural cycle especially the Nile's annual floods bringing fertility and life to the land this death and renewal cycle in nature bolstered the belief in Osiris's regenerative capacity Osiris worship had its roots in Egypt's pre-dynastic era becoming increasingly prominent in the ancient empire and retaining its importance until the Greco Roman period Osiris was worshiped throughout Egypt with cult sites in places such as abidos and busiris where Grand

temples were built in his honor Osiris cult entailed a number of rituals and practices the ceremonies included offerings prayers and songs to honor him looking for His blessings and protection in the afterlife the KO Festival was among the most important religious celebrations dedicated to Osiris stage annually in abidos this Feast praised Osiris's death and Resurrection dramatic processions and rituals during the festival reenacted isis's search for Osiris's body her mourning and the God's ultimate Resurrection these celebrations were not only acts of worship but also an expression of the belief in eternal life and cyclical renewal the

relationship between Osiris and the ancient Egyptian monarchy was key to the Egyptian understanding of government and royalty Osiris was viewed as the Prototype of the ideal Pharaoh this association between the God and kingship led the Pharaohs to strive for the qualities of Osiris including wisdom fairness and the ability to maintain order and Harmony association with Osiris was essential for the pharaoh's legitimacy it was thought that just as Osiris ruled Egypt on Earth and then in the Underworld the Pharaoh was his proxy on Earth ruling with Divine Authority this was reinforced in Coronation ceremonies and religious

rituals where the Pharaoh was frequently depicted making offerings to Osiris or being blessed by him upon death the Pharaohs were identified directly with Osiris this was such a strong belief that mummification rituals and ferary procedures were intended to transform the dead Pharaoh into the god Osiris himself the pharaoh's tomb was seen as his osir on a holy place where he was reborn as Osiris in the Underworld the magical formulas and texts carved on the sarcophagi and pyramid walls often invoked Osiris attempting to Grant the dead Pharaoh the same resurrection and eternal life that Osiris had

achieved the Osiris myth also had an impact on the concept of dynastic continuity just as Osiris was followed by his son Horus the Pharaoh was often seen as an embodiment of Horus on Earth continuing the Divine bloodline this succession cycle from the deceased Pharaoh Osiris to the reigning Pharaoh Horus epitomized the continuity and stability of the Egyptian State Osiris from his Divine roots to his crucial role as the god of the afterlife represented different values and beliefs that were deeply rooted in Egyptian Society the god left his Mark molding ancient Egypt's spiritual social and political

dimensions this made him not just a mythological figure like many others but a Cornerstone that sustained and Shone a light on the ancient Egyptian [Music] world in the Egyptian Pantheon Hoy stands as one of the oldest deities whereas many Egyptian gods and goddesses have distinct human forms or are zoomorphic representations hoppy was often portrayed differently a man with hanging breasts and a sagging belly often with green or blue skin these attributes underline his association with fertility and abundance he is also frequently seen holding offerings or symbols of prosperity and water plants in all Egyptian religions

hoppy was adored and his role was so significant that he was often worshiped above Rah the Sun God he was also referred to as the father of the Gods and although he was represented as a male deity he had an uncanny breastfeeding ability the Nile's annual flood was seen as a critically important event in ancient Egypt this brought with it fertile and mineral Rich sediments renewing the agricultural land and ensuring abundant harvests hoppy was revered as the personification of this benign flood Egyptians held festivals in his honor expressing gratitude for the waters and the fertility

they brought such celebrations Also Serve to appease Hoppy and ensure that he continued to bless Egypt with good floods hoppy also played a symbolic role in uniting Upper and Lower Egypt he was often described as hoppy unifier of the two kingdoms this is seen in his depictions showing him binding the Papyrus and the Lotus symbols of Upper and Lower Egypt the nil was the Wellspring of life for the ancient Egyptians and hoppy as the god of the Nile flood became one of the most revered and crucial deities by venerating hoppi the Egyptians showed their gratitude

their longing for prosperity and an inherent understanding of how vital the Nile Waters were to support their magnificent [Music] civilization haor is the goddess of fertility and Beauty in Egyptian mythology she is the daughter of Rah the son god making her one of the most important Egyptian deities the goddess is depicted in Egyptian art in unusual ways she is often portrayed as a sacred cow but also as a crowned woman with horns and a solar disc between them according to some versions hathor was seen as horus's consort the goddess was worshiped throughout most of the

Egyptian world so her roles as a deity could vary greatly as stated earlier hathor was revered as the goddess of fertility the Egyptians believed that the pharaohs when they were born were breastfed by the goddess and this enhanced the ruler's divine nature for this reason Pharaohs were often called children of haor as some versions say the two sons of the Supreme God had disappeared in the beginning of the world haor also known as raw's right eye had the task of finding them when she returned with the God's children the deity noticed that the God had

developed a new right eye the bitter goddess wept and Men emerged from her tears this is why she was also known as the universal mother for having a maternal role the goddess was invoked to Aid in child birth besides being involved with deliveries the goddess was also associated with death haor would welcome those who had just reached the underworld providing the newcomers with food and drink being bound to the cow figure the Papyrus is the plant consecrated to the goddess as it was one of the favorite foods of the cows grazing on the the Nile

Riverbanks the dendera temple was the most important Sanctuary devoted to the goddess the sick went there in search of treatment since haor was also a goddess tied to Healing The Goddess was also known as the beautiful one and hence was seen as the deity of beauty and joy the festivities in her honor were packed with merry dances due to her cheerfulness haor was regarded as the goddess of dancing hathor's cult lost mum as the Isis worship grew even in the latter Shadow The Cult of the cow goddess spread far beyond the Egyptian borders throughout the

period of Greek and Roman domination over Egypt and owing to religious syncretism the Egyptian goddess of beauty came to be associated with Aphrodite by the Greeks and Venus by the Romans this is why hathor became one of the main deities of Egyptian [Music] mythology IM was a remarkable ancient Egyptian personality who excelled as a Visionary architect renowned physician and wise Royal adviser born in Anto near Memphis motep exhibited a razor sharp mind and an unquenchable curiosity as early as his youth Conifer M hotep's father was a highly respected architect and he spotted his son's extraordinary

Talent early on and introduced him to the building trade imhotep's genius quick attracted Pharaoh Do's attention who recruited him to serve as his Royal adviser motep humbly accepted and soon distinguished himself not only as an architect but also as a doctor and priest his legacy started to take shape in the limestones of the sakaran Acropolis where he challenged Traditions by designing the Pyramid of Dozer with steps and galleries a majestic structure that stood out against the Horizon motep was also for his medical skills and Temple corridors echoed with Tales of his miraculous cures his bond

with the healing deity seet lent a Divine Aura to his procedures people started to rever him not just as a brilliant architect but as a being gifted with Celestial wisdom imhotep's life was laced with Mysteries and superstitions it was said that he had the gift of interpreting dreams a skill that the Pharaoh deeply prized his iCal and Architectural writings were regarded as sacred texts and his teachings were employed in many areas for the benefit of the Egyptian people as time went by imotep grew into a venerable character and his deification was bound to happen following

otep's death the Egyptian authorities raised him to the rank of a deity serving as the god of wisdom and Medicine temples were built in his honor and future Generations turned to him as an icon and a source of inspiration imhotep's name reverberates through the centuries as a byword for intelligence creativity and spirituality his quest filled with challenges successes and Mysteries still inspires those who look for the truth in studying and learning from the past anur was an Egyptian god of war and hunting worshiped mainly during the Middle Kingdom he was the leader of the Egyptian

Army and the protector of the Warriors the Pharaohs and their armies often invoked him to protect and favor them in battle anur was also seen as a god of survival having powers to feed the people as he was the god of hunting he was sometimes depicted as a strong man with a spear but the best known image of him is that of a man with a lion's head representing strength and bravery anur was also responsible for keeping his father the son God Rob safe an stood in front of Ra's solar barge protecting him from the

terrible serpent apus this is how he got the nickname Slayer of enemies which later came to be given to set anure was the God of War but was not always violent his role was to make people creative during festivals held to honor the lion God battles and heroic Acts were staged to honor him taret is one of the most fascinating goddesses in ancient Egyptian mythology she is depicted as a female figure with a hippopotamus is head Lion's legs and human breasts a crocodile's tail some of the most dangerous animals in Egyptian fauna despite this taret

was considered a goddess of protection and childbirth and was often called upon by women who were pregnant or wished to become mothers the goddess taret was popular among ancient Egyptians often represented with amulets and ornaments Her Image was considered a protective symbol against illness and death especially during childbirth she was also seen as a guardian of the afterlife helping the deceased to overcome dangers in the world of the Dead According to some versions of Egyptian myths taret was the wife of set the god of violence and Chaos while this Association May initially seem strange the

ancient Egyptians believed that taret could tame set's rage and use it to benefit those in need of protection besides being a protective goddess taret was considered a deity associated with water the hippopotamus the animal on her head was often associated with Egypt's rivers and lakes in Egyptian mythology Waters were a site of power and mystery where spirits and deities could be found as a goddess connected to the waters taret was seen as a guard guardian of these Mysteries and protector of Travelers navigating the rivers although the goddess taret was an extremely important figure in ancient

Egyptian mythology little is known about her Origins some scholars believe that she may have originally been a goddess from the Nile Delta region where the hippopotamus was a very common animal others indicate that taret may have been imported from other regions possibly Nubia or Libya regardless of the exact Origins taret is one of the most fascinating goddesses in Egyptian mythology and her image is still a symbol of protection and good luck in Egyptian mythology Horus is the god of the sky he embodies Power Protection and renewal as the son of Isis the goddess of magic

and Osiris the god of the afterlife Horus holds a Main Place in Egyptian mythology he is often depicted as a man with a Falcon's head symbolizing his sovereignity over the sky this crowned Divine bird not only stands for Celestial power and kingship but also plays a key role in maintaining order and Justice in the universe the Horus smth Embraces themes of Revenge Justice and political power by worshiping Horus the ancient Egyptians voiced their longing for stability order and continuity all crucial elements for a prosperous and stable Society the God's birth is the outcome of one

of the most dramatic and famous myths of ancient Egypt the story of his rise begins with Osiris being murdered by his brother set who was jealous and ambitious SE dismembered Osiris's body and Scattered its parts throughout Egypt in her Relentless Pursuit Isis gathered the pieces of her husband's body and using her magical powers temporarily revived him during this brief period of renewed life is conceived Horus he was born not only as a God but also as a symbol of Hope and renewal for the Egyptian World his very existence was seen as a triumph over death

and Chaos as represented by set and a symbol that order and Justice could be restored Horus was conceived to fight set trying to avenge his father's death and restore order this battle was more than a mere confrontation between two Gods it was the eternal struggle between and Chaos good and evil light and darkness with his association with the sky the Sun and kingship Horus represents order stability and legitimacy by contrast set symbolizes the disruptive and volatile forces of the universe the unexpected and the destructive in many versions of this myth the battle between them is

lengthy and brutal with each God losing and winning at various times this narrative echoed show the Egyptian understanding that the universe's balance is a dynamic phenomenon where Order and Chaos are in constant turmoil one of the most iconic details of this struggle is when Horus loses one of his eyes which is later recovered representing the notion of renewal and healing following the conflict this Eye of Horus was a powerful symbol of protection and health in ancient Egypt the conflict ended in an unusual way when set was offered a letter in which Horus poured his Divine

seed this humiliation gave Horus a position of superiority over set who now had the seat of order inside him with horus's Triumph he was granted the right by the Divine Court to exercise The Authority that previously belonged to his father as the incarnations of Horus the Pharaohs were considered Egypt's legitimate rulers meant to maintain order against the forces of chaos Horus is heavily tied to the establishment of the unified Egyptian State a process that merges two distinct regions Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt into a single political and cultural entity Horus is traditionally affiliated with Upper

Egypt but his iconographic depiction after unification often features him wearing a double crown this is a merger of the upper Egyptian white crown and the lower Egyptian Red Crown the double crown not only symbolizes the political unification of both regions but but also horus's role as a unifier and a keeper of order and stability throughout Egypt horus's mythical Feud with set is also taken as an allegory for unification in this context Horus stands for the forces of order legitimacy and unification whereas set symbolizes the powers of chaos and disunity horus's eventual victory over set is

viewed as a metaphor for bridging internal divisions and establishing a unified State under Central leadership additionally as the protector of the Pharaohs in the Kingdom Horus became an even more meaningful deity following unification the unified Egyptian pharaohs were often portrayed as living incarnations of Horus this reinforced the idea that the Pharaoh was the legitimate ruler meant to uphold unity and Order throughout the kingdom just as Horus had done the reign of a pharao as an incarnation of Horus was not only a political event but also an act of maintaining cos MC order Horus was venerated

throughout Egypt and his cult is one of the earliest in ancient Egyptian religious history Horus worship praded many aspects of Egyptian life from the political sphere to everyday life and was deeply ingrained in Egyptian culture and religion the temples consecrated to Horus were worship sites and played an important role in Local Economic and political life these temples architecture was magnificent with massive pillars open courtyards and sacred shrines the walls were ornamented with reliefs and detailed Engravings illustrating Horus related myths worship rituals and everyday scenes Horus cult involved many rituals and festivals among the most important

was the celebration of horus's victory over set symbolizing the Triumph of order over chaos at such festivals Horus statues were taken in processions and the worshippers offered sacrifices and prayers additional rituals included daily offerings songs and prayers as well as purification and renewal rituals Horus also had a role to perform in the Egyptian's daily lives he was used as protection against danger to cure illnesses especially in children and as a guardian at moments of Passage such as death Egyptian artistic representations of Horus Express this deity's importance and complexity in the Egyptian Pantheon Horus iconography is

encountered in a wide range of contexts from grandiose sculptures and reliefs in temples to dainty paintings in tombs and everyday objects the sculptures frequently depict Horus in a Regal and imposing posture statues of Horus as a falcon or as a man with a Falcon's head were common and frequently placed in temples as a symbol of protection and divine power these sculptures range in size from small bronze figures to large stone statues in temples dedicated to Horus especially in edfu wall reliefs depict mythological scenes involving Horus featuring his fight against set his association with the Pharaoh

and his role in maintaining Cosmic order these embossments are saturated with detail and symbolic narratives Horus was often portrayed in the tombs as a protector of the dead he is seen leading the deceased to the afterlife or providing protection against evil spirits these images underline the belief in intercession and in horus's protective role in the afterlife the god also appeared on a range of artifacts such as amulets jewelry and everyday objects the Eye of Horus in particular a symbol of protection health and restoration was a frequent image on amulets and paintings as one of the

most iconic deities in Egyptian mythology Horus holds a prominent place in both the religion and culture of ancient Egypt his art representations from Majestic sculptures and temples to delicate paintings and tombs exemplify the reverence and importance attributed to him over Millennia apus also known as APAP is a giant serpent in Egyptian mythology this massive serpent is an agent of chaos and enemy of raw the solar deity the serpent embodies evil and Chaos apus lived in the duat the Egyptian underworld a place where he hid to try to Ambush the solar God as he made his

way through the underworld at night the giant serpent was capable of causing earthquakes while moving in the depths when raw was about to complete his journey through the underworld he was always attacked by apus apep's biggest wish was to destroy raw's solar boat and throw the world into darkness in some occasions apus managed to swallow raw's boat but could not keep it in his belly this period when the sun was swallowed by apep was the origin of solar eclipses raah started to be aided by other deities in his daily struggle against the colossal serpent the

god Seth Stood Beside the solar deity in his boat he positioned himself at the bow ready for the Serpent's unavoidable attack when the creature emerged to strike them Seth maimed apus with a spear whenever apus had been wounded the sky became red bastet the cat-headed goddess also helped raw feline are known to hunt and scare serpents away considering his Maly nature apus was rejected by the ancient Egyptians and no Temple was edified in his honor nevertheless there are reports on the existence of some sect that worshiped the creature these were seen as immoral and corrupt

people the Egyptians organized rituals and prayed for rw's victory over apus and the birth of a new day meant that the Sun God had come out Victorious once more there was a priesthood book that contained the rituals and practices needed to combat apep a ritual intended to banish chaos was held annually a depiction of apus was burned during it while the faithful prayed for another triumphant year of raw some reports state that raw defeated apus and imprisoned the serpent protecting the cosmic order but others claim that the struggle between raah and apus will last forever

segment is the goddess of Vengeance in Egyptian mythology she is represented as a woman with a lionist head the name segment means the powerful one According to some versions she was the daughter of raw the sun god therefore she is also identified as a son goddess raw begot segment to punish men who refuse to obey the God's designs the line his godddess descended from Heaven to Earth and began to enforce raw's Vengeance on men the goddess was ruthless with those who were unfaithful to Raw segment spread terrible diseases and devoured raw's enemies however the goddess

took Delight in Bloodshed the goddess's blood lust was so great that segment began to guide her Rage Against the innocent raw became worried when he realized his daughter was out of control to diminish her desire for blood he devised a plan raw offered wine to the Lion's goddess she thinking it was blood because of the color drank the wine with pleasure the drink calmed the goddess and the Sun God took her back to Heaven segment was also considered a warrior goddess and defender of Egypt Egyptian soldiers believed that sment fought alongside them against Egypt's enemies

after blood battles the priests who accompanied the Army held ceremonies to thank the lionist goddess for her protection these ceremonies also soothed the goddess and showed that more Bloodshed was unnecessary sment was also considered the pharaoh's protector she was always at the ruler's side until the day of his death when she escorted him to the entrance of the other world when a hot wind blew the Egyptians believed it to be the lionist goddess's breath capable of breeding disease to punish her enemies she could also stop any sickness therefore the Egyptians begged sment to cure them

for this reason the goddess also had the epithet Lady Of Life the city of Memphis was the center of worship of the Goddess on the last day of the year a great Festival was held in honor of the Goddess this celebration was paired with a lot of wine as they wish to please segment and avoid the Wrath of the powerful goddess of vengeance Rah is the sun god in Egyptian mythology this God is usually depicted as a being with a man's body and a head of a falcon the sundisk is over his head he had

been one day the greatest of all gods but time wore him down and finding himself too old he decided to relinquish the power and go to the skies this God is one of the most revered figures in Egyptian mythology as the sun god one of his dut was to drive away the darkness and to accomplish his work the god crossed the skies on his sunboat lighting the whole world but when the Twilight came he and his vessel plunged into the sea Waters towards the underworld there he would have to sail through the Dark World and

cross the 12 gates which would be the 12 regions of the Nether world raw took an hour to go through each gate Osiris was in one of them the lord of the under World whom raah always visited to pay his respects but before leaving the underworld's darkness the God was attacked by the terrible snake of puus this force of chaos tried to destroy the God's vessel and each day the serpent seemed closer to accomplish her desire apus once managed to swallow the sunboat putting an end to the sunlight in the morning but the serpent failed

to hold the god in her stomach and regurgitated him the event was marked as a solar eclipse however destroying raw's boat became more difficult since set the God of destruction after losing the dispute of the Supreme throne for Horus had been condemned to navigate with Rah across the skies he helped the sun god defending his vessel against the terrible serpent defeating it several times making raw's underworld Journey safer the god RW was a figure worshiped throughout Egypt but this God was especially adored in the city of heliopolis the God's Prestige was so vast that other

traditions of Egyptian religions of antiquity merged the gods depiction along with the greatest figure of their own pantheons for instance the figures of the Supreme Gods Amun and atum were also known as amra and atuma the God's name was used by many pharaohs ramsy is a well-known an example his name means son of raah or the son of son and so the Pharaoh would strengthen his divinity before his subjects ramsy II also known as Ramsey the Great was one of the most remarkable pharaohs in ancient Egyptian history he ruled during Egypt's 19th Dynasty for around

66 years his tenure is often considered one of the longest and most success uccessful in Egyptian history Ramsey was born in 1303 BC during the reign of his father Pharaoh CI the Ramsey was the third son of SII I and queen tuya his childhood was distinguished by his Royal Rank and by growing up in a policial setting as a member of royalty he was given a broad education which included instruction and literature religion military strategies and administration Ramsey's father was a military active pharaoh and he took the young prince on Army campaigns to introduce the

heir to the Practical side of government and Military leadership these events shaped Ramsay's future military and political Approach at 14 Ramsey II already bore the title of Crown Prince and was named his father's co- Regent a common procedure in ancient Egypt to ensure a smooth transition of power when CI the died around 12 90 BC Ramsey II Rose to the throne as pharaoh of Egypt his rise to the throne was fairly uneventful due to his co- Regency and the solid education he had received Ramsay's Reign started around the age of 25 he chose to establish

his capital in pi Ramsey before moving it to thieves later in his Reign Ramsey II was best known for his construction and renovation efforts throughout Egypt he supervised the building of several temples monuments and statues including the famous temple of Luxor and the Temple of Carnac he was also in charge of the Abu simel temples one of ancient Egypt's most iconic monuments during the second year of his Reign Ramsey II crushed an invasion of Sheran pirate groups also known as the sea peoples they formed a confederation of mercenary Warriors and Pirates at the end of

the Bronze Age and raided some of the most powerful kingdoms of that time ramsy's II's successful campaigns against the sea peoples helped bring stability to the Eastern Mediterranean region during part of his Reign One of ancient Egypt's most famous and documented conflicts is the Battle of cadesh which took place around 1274 BC the Levant region which includes parts of Syria Israel and Palestine was strategically important for its trade routes and natural resources Egyptians and Hittites had conflicting interests in this region before the Battle of cadesh Ramsey II and hatus III King of the hittite Empire

had signed a non-aggression treaty but relations soured when Ramsey II accused the Hittites of supporting rebels in the region Ramsey II headed a military campaign to retake control of the Levant and expel the rebels and their hittite supporters the Pharaoh was counting on his larger and better trained forces but the Hittites surprised the Egyptians with an initially successful strategy they made a covert attack on Ramsay's Camp as the Egyptian forces were approaching the city of cadesh the Hittites rapid deployment took the Egyptians by storm encircling them from different directions the Egyptian Pharaoh was isolated temporarily

from the rest of his troops and with the help of his personal guard fought for his life until reinforcements arrived Ramsey II reported the battle personally narrating a one-on-one duel with the hittite prince Ramsey II succeeded in defeating his initial attackers and fled the camp to rejoin his main troops the Hittites believing that their enemies had been utterly defeated stopped to loot the Egyptian camp and made themselves sitting ducks for Ramsay's II's Counterattack the Egyptians charged full force into the Hittites unruly ranks and they had no choice but to flee during the ensuing chase the

heavier hittite chariots were easily overtaken and swept aside by the lighter and faster Egyptian chariots the battle ended in a stalemate heavily casualties on both sides rather than pursue further hostilities the Egyptians and Hittites chose to negotiate a peace agreement which became known as the Treaty of cadesh one of the earliest historical evidences of an international peace treaty the agreement established a defensive alliance between Egypt and the Hittites against external threats the treaty also provided a stable period in relations between Egypt and the Hittites scoring an early example of international diplomacy Ramsey II also LED

several military campaigns in the south in the Nubian region to protect Egypt's borders and control the Region's resources Nubia was a resourcer region with gold and precious stones and its management was vital for ancient Egypt Ramsey II followed a policy of integrating members of the conquered Nubian groups into his army this not only bolstered the Egyptian troops but also contributed to assimilation and the maintenance of regional stability ramsy II was renowned for promoting a powerful and divine image of himself sculptures and texts carved as Stone reliefs by earlier pharaohs could easily be erased and so

their images and words were Twisted by their successors ramsy therefore insisted that his sculptures be etched deeply into the stone which not only made them less susceptible to later changes but also made them more striking when exposed to sunlight ramsy had a meaningful family life with several wives and several Sons and Daughters nefari was one of Ramsay's most adored and influential wives she had a leading role in his life and monuments such as the Abu simbel Temple be inscriptions and representations dedicated to her marit tommen was one of Ramsay's the second daughters but she also

became one of his wives marrying daughters was a common practice among Egyptian royalty to maintain Royal lineages the said festivals were renewal rituals where the Pharaoh attended several rights and ceremonies to prove his Vitality strength and ability to continue to rule successfully during the said festivals Ramsey II participated in religious ceremonies to honor the Egyptian gods these ceremonies were carried out in temples and included offerings and prayers this ritual symbolized the continuity of Royal Authority and the guarantee of stability and prosperity for Egypt Ramsey's II ruled for around 66 years making him one of the

longest lived pharaohs in Egyptian history he died around 1213 BC and was buried in the Valley of the Kings but his body has been moved several times over the centuries his rule produced a lasting Legacy as much in terms of architectural achievements as political influence Ramsay's II successor was his 13th son named MPA the power transition seemed to have been fairly smooth although there were disputes between some of his sons over the succession Ramsay's the second's death signaled the end of one of Egyptian history's most enduring and Powerful Reigns his legacy also spans the ramed

dynasty to which he belonged and the lasting influence he EX exerted on Egyptian politics and [Music] culture hapet was among ancient Egypt's most outstanding figures being one of the few women to rule as Pharaoh her story is fascinating and steeped in political Intrigue and remarkable achievements hatchepsut was born around 1508 BC she was the daughter of pharaoh tmos I and queen OS her birth name meant the noblest of noble women it became clear from an early age that hatchepsut was no average child her eyes were piercing charged with purpose as if she already knew that

she was destined for great things as she grew up hatchepsut revealed outstanding wit and intelligence learning from the wise men and advisers around the Royal Court she was a keen Observer eagerly absorbing every teaching her father tutos I first spotted her potential and educated her in the art of ruling and Leadership setting her up to one day take on responsibilities that challenged the conventions of her time when her half brother and husband tmos II took the throne het shepsut became Queen but she was not merely satisfied with filling an ornamental role she soon became an

influential adviser and a political influence behind the scenes steering tutos II in his decisions and shaping the fate of the Kingdom the untimely death of tmos II nevertheless cast a shadow over Egypt tmos III his son with a concubine was still too young to rule by himself at a pivotal moment hatchepsut stepped into the role of regent vowing to protect the throne and the Egyptian people but hatchepsut harbored even loftier Ambitions knowing her ability and determined to ensure the stability of Egypt she took a bold decision she declared herself pharaoh adop in the full title

of matar meaning truth of raw is the soul of raw wearing the Insignia and costumes traditionally assigned to male pharaohs she defied gender norms and boldly proclaimed her Authority Egypt blossomed as never before under her Reign had shepsut pushed for peace and prosperity rebuilding ancient temples and boosting trade with distant Nations she also ordered Expeditions along the Red Sea and and to Nubia enlarging Egypt's domains and securing her position as an outstanding leader her greatest Legacy however was to be written in stone had shepit commissioned magnificent Works including the splendid Temple of dear Al Bahari

testifying to the Grandeur of her Reign and her Devotion to the Egyptian gods each block of stone each hieroglyph contained the story of an exceptional Woman Who defied convention and left an Everlasting mark on the history of her people but fate is so often cruel to those who defy established Norms hat sheep's death is surrounded by mystery and there is no definitive conclusion about the exact circumstances of her passing some historians argue that she may have died of natural causes such as Illness but there are also theories suggesting that her death may have been the

outcome of conspiracies and murder following hatchet's death her stepson tmos III Rose to the throne and tried to erase her memory by purging her name from numerous monuments and inscriptions but Hut's Legacy could not be so easily erased centuries later egyptologists went on to revive her story and acknowledge her greatness the woman who became Pharaoh hat chepet is now celebrated as one of the most distinguished rulers of ancient Egypt a Visionary Who challenged the expectation of her time and left a lasting Legacy for future Generations this is how the story of hapet the great mutar

lives on through the centuries constantly reminding us of the power of determination courage and vision to change the course of history aatan also known as Aman hotep IV was a pharaoh from ancient Egypt's 18th Dynasty reigning from ax imately 1353 to 1334 BC he was known in Egyptian history for his eccentric personality and tumultuous role often referred to an Antiquity as the Mad Pharaoh ainan was the son of pharaoh amenhotep III and queen Tai a member of the royal family he was brought up in the lavish palaces and temples of ancient Egypt in a privileged

and Powerful M as Crown Prince akatan was taught religion literature art history mathematics as well as military and administrative skills this education prepared the prince for his future role as Pharaoh once aanan reached a certain age he married Nefertiti a woman who had become one of ancient Egypt's most famous Queens she gave birth to many of akan natan's daughters and one son who would go on to become the famous Pharaoh Tuten common the couple were Keen for their family's image to be eternalized in paintings and reliefs with which certainly went against the customs of Egyptian

royalty at the time ain's father the Pharaoh Aman hotep III reigned during a long and mostly peaceful period featuring diplomatic relations with neighboring Nations architectural developments and financial stability following the death of his father ainan assumed the Egyptian throne in 1353 BC in his fifth year as Pharaoh ainan officially switched his birth name from Aben hotep the to the one that made him famous aatan meaning he who is effective to Aton aatan may have been introduced to the idea of a monotheistic religion during his childhood and Adolescence I.E the belief in a single Creator God

not long after becoming Pharaoh ainan took up the cult of the god Aton said to be an aspect of the sun god higher than the ancient god Rah of the Egyptian Pantheon nonetheless aanan Zeal for the cult of baton grew stronger and he progressively sidelined other deities exalting Aton as the only supreme god Egypt was under the strong sway of the Temple of Amun priesthood during aon's Reign who had amassed a great deal of power and wealth over time the Temple of amoon at Carnac in the city of Thieves Egypt's capital at the time was

the Egyptian people's most powerful religious center with extensive territories and resources under their control amon's Priestly class had both political and religious power and were extremely dissatisfied with the religious reforms that aonan had planned aanan was directly defying amon's powerful Priestly hierarchy by promoting The Cult of the god of Aton and rejecting Egypt's traditional polytheistic religion and its other deities he took steps to reduce the priest's power and influence which included closing temples devoted to traditional gods and diverting religious resources and tributes to The Cult of Aton one of aan natan's most radical measures was

to set up a new capital called akatan this change removed the center of royal power from the jurisdiction of the Amon priests and thieves and solidified the new religious order marginalizing the Amon priests and dismissing traditional religious practices altered artistic depictions language and even aspects of the Egyptian population's daily life amon's priest Hood tried to hide the statues and sacred texts from the palace guards sent to crack down on them in response to the Relentless religious persecution ordered by the Pharaoh aonan and Nefertiti declared themselves to be deities on Earth and appointed new priests to

the temples or simply forced those who worshiped a moon to serve the new monotheistic religion both aanan and Nefertiti insisted on having their names worshiped and prayed too aanat also ignored much of Egypt's political issues and reportedly paid little heed to anything that went on outside the walls of his Palace Egypt's economy started to falter crime and Corruption Rose and the population feared that their Pharaoh was either insane or possessed by an evil spirit aanan ruled for around 17 years he probably passed away around the year 1334 BC but the exact date is unclear aan

natan's exact of death is unknown and is regarded as one of the many enigmas of Egyptian history there are many theories about aon's death some suggest that he may have been deposed or even murdered perhaps because of widespread discontent among the population with his radical religious policies Egypt went through a transitional and unstable period after aan natan's death his immediate successors sought to repair the damage caused by the radical religious and political reforms he had put in place polytheistic religious practices gradually returned to Egypt The Cult of the god Aton was discontinued the construction of

the city of akatan was phased out and the power and influence of the amoon priests in thieves was restored this concludes the story of aatan the Pharaoh who dreamed of becoming a [Music] god ancient Egypt was the setting for some of antiquity's most momentous dynastic quarrels an uncertain atmosphere enveloped the Royal Throne deep in this pyramid and mystical Kingdom the Pharaoh aanan renowned for his unique Cult of the god Aton left a controversial Legacy to his son Tutton common who took over the throne after aan natan's death as a 9-year-old child he inherited a broken

Kingdom and a nation searching for balance upon Tuten commun rise to the throne his first Duty was to rebuild the traditional religious order his advisers among them the Shrew General horb and the seasoned Vier I tirelessly labored to undo ain's religious reforms temples once abandoned were reopened and the traditional deities were reinstated in the day-to-day life of the Egyptian people Tuten common faced political challenges and Court Intrigue in the Royal Palace his half sister the gorgeous princess anen senaman became his wife following an ancient Egyptian tradition aimed at solidifying the Royal bloodline but challenges were

Rife plotters and Rivals sought to undermine the young Pharaoh's Authority as he grappled to establish his position as leader as tuden kamun handled the complex Halls of power his very existence was overshadowed by a mystery his father's early death and subsequent Ascension to the throne at such an early age heightened speculation about his fate Tuten camun allegedly suffered from poor health and the young Pharaoh was said to be a cursed man with rumors spreading through the palace despite the obstacles Tuten cun endeavored to stabilize the kingdom trading prospered under his leadership the borders were upheld

and the people found relief from the afflictions of the past the young Pharaoh proved wise Beyond his age guiding Egypt through an age of rebirth and reconstru ruction counselors generals and Priests each craving influence over the young Pharaoh became players in an intriguing game designed to shape Egypt's Destiny General horb Tuten cun's loyal adviser became a central figure in this contest his military Acumen was as sharp as a sword's blade and his ambition drove him to cement power amid all the uncertainty surrounding the succession Tuten kon's marriage to anaam while intended to bolster the Royal

lineage came with a host of problems rumors of marital strife and Intrigue in the Haram were circulating among the Egyptian nobility threatening the young Pharaoh's stability in the meantime other members of the Court such as the wise vizer I were lurking in the shadows forging alliances and plotting to secure his own Ascension although Tuten Common's rule was notable for its outstanding achievements it was tragically brief the young pharaoh who took the throne at 9ine saw his tenure come to a premature end at 18 his mystery shrouded death still intrigues archaeologists and historians to this day

several theories have been offered to explain toen cun's death some Scholars have suggested that he died of disease with malaria being a strong possibility giving the conducive conditions of his time other theories involve him having an accident or a leg wound that may have gotten infected more sensationalist claims include the murder hypothesis Palace intrigues and power struggles are alleged to have led to a plot to remove the young Pharaoh from the throne but the lack of conclusive evidence renders this Theory merely a matter of speculation and debate among Scholars following tunen Common's premature death the

general hmb arose as a leading figure in the halls of Power with no direct air hmb decided to ascend to the throne becoming the new Egyptian pharaoh horm hebb's successor the vizer I assumed the throne repeating his predecessor policies I was succeeded by a young military man called Ramsey I first who started the 19th Dynasty cementing the order in Egypt Tuten C's Legacy was immortalized by his magnificent tomb and its Treasures Howard Carter's discovery of the Tomb in 1922 triggered a global fascination with ancient Egypt propelling Tuten commun to postumus Fame The Mystery of his

death only adds to the mystery surrounding the young Pharaoh's life turning him into an iconic figure in Egyptian [Music] History Cleopatra was born in 69 BC in the city of Alexandria founded by Alexander the Great situated in the Nile Delta Cleopatra was an important queen of ancient Egypt and her name continues to this day she is one of the best known woman in the history of mankind throughout her life she stood as a strategist determined very intelligent cunning and owner of a gigantic Fortune once the Greek philosopher Plutarch wrote The Following about her the contact

with her presence if we lived with her was irresistible the Egyptian ruler fascinated many people in her time to this day she continues to enchant many her life trajectory is widely studied researched and debated in order to understand her greatness there are some interesting facts in a Temple dedicated to the goddess Venus at the request of the Roman leader Julius Caesar who was Cleopatra's lover a golden statue of the Egyptian queen was built there are records that this Monument was seen and venerated at the site until at least the 2 Century ad curiously Cleopatra was

even venerated as a true goddess more precisely as a new Goddess Isis one of the most important deities of ancient Egypt she was also identified as Aphrodite Greek goddess whose attributes are similar to those of Isis Cleopatra also had refined intelligence she received a remarkable education together with the other children a royalty she was educated in the palace where she lived Cleopatra was able to speak seven or eight languages which greatly facilitated her agreements and political strategems she was reportedly the first person in her family to speak the Egyptian language without interpreters in addition she

succeeded in studying philosophy and rhetoric from an early age she learned oratory which she knew how to use in a very intellig ENT way speaking with the correct posture appropriate gestures and a soft voice with regard to her vast knowledge it should be remembered that Cleopatra lived in Alexandria a cultural center in Antiquity with the famous Library of Alexandria full of many literary Works in an unprecedented structure these local circumstances were very important and influential in the cultural formation of the Egyptian ruler her achievements made her the lover of two of the most famous Roman

generals of her time Julia Caesar and Mark Anthony as is often the case with historical figures much information about the life of this remarkable woman has been distorted over time today we can find the image of Cleopatra stamped on the most varied objects and her name is known by many people although not by everyone what she was like in reality in fact these physical representations s of the figure of the queen usually consist of one of the many distorted points in her story regarding the Queen's look Plutarch wrote the following words she wasn't so unique

that there were no comparison or that we couldn't look at her without being touched we can also get an idea of how she was physically through various coins that were created and circulated at the time when Cleopatra lived these objects are the most reliable sources for us to imagine what she looked like there are also some bus sculpted over time that apparently represent the queen when we see the coins we notice the protrusion of the nose and Chin in fact the philosopher Pascal wrote If Cleopatra's nose had been smaller the whole face of the world

would have been different taking into account this comic phrase and noticing the features that the powerful Egyptian woman has in the coins we can conclude that perhaps she was not as extraordinarily beautiful as the cinema showed us but one thing is certain her conquest and way of being surpass any Hollywood representation let's see now why Cleopatra belonged to the toic dynasty which was in power for three long centuries their rule was marked by many marriages and murders among the family members this imposing dynasty was born after the death of the mighty Alexander the Great king

of Macedonia with his death his empire was divided among his G enals an ancestor of Cleopatra tmy the first Soder was among them who initiated the tan Dynasty after starting to rule the Magnificent city of Alexandria an unparalleled cultural center of ancient Egypt in view of this genealogical tree it is important to remember that the powerful Cleopatra referred to in this video is Cleopatra iith six other Cleopatra preceded her in her family lineage in Alexandria the queen lived in a luxurious Palace full of wealthiness and beautiful ornaments the palace was huge and spacious with more

than 100 rooms and a stunning external landscape there were breathtaking Gardens decorated with beautiful statues and fountains this fantastic Palace was constantly enlarged with successive generations of tan figures the site became the most luxurious Palace in the Mediterranean Cleopatra daughter ataly I 12th grew up in this reality she had two sisters berin ivth and Aron I fourth and two brothers tmy the 13th and tmy the 14th when her mother died berin the 4 settled in power but her period as ruler was short and the young woman was killed by her own father it is important

to underline again that the lineage of the tmes had as one of its main characteristics the murders later arson IV was exiled by Julius Caesar and later executed by Mark Anthony at the behest of his own sister Cleopatra the fate of tmy the 14th was no different Cleopatra began to rule Egypt at the age of 17 after the death of her father according to tradition she married his brother tmy the 13th who at the time was only 13 years old some time after Cleopatra became the Queen of Egypt her brother and husband tmy the 13th

began to take an interest in ruling the country without the intervention of his sister panus achillas and theodotus oos three important advisers to the young king agreed with this idea to persuade the young man to break with Cleopatra and remove her from Power the queen during her government wanted to maintain political ties with Italy in a Showcase of her strategic skills her goal was to strengthen friendship with the Romans who could be important allies in the event of a Civil War in Egypt her main Ally would be General Pompei leader of one of the most

traditional Roman families these diplomatic Maneuvers led to Cleopatra being accused of treason for deceiving her brother at the age of 21 the young ruler was forced to leave Alexandria and went into Exile in Syria where she assembled an army the young Egyptian king and his three advisers decided to go in search to the queen to prevent her return to Alexandria at all costs however during their search they learned of the unexpected news pompy who rivaled the great Julius Caesar was on his way to Egyptian lands he thought he would be welcomed by the Pharaoh himself

since he had been a great friend of his father pompy the great was a very skilled General throughout his life he conquered countless nations in Africa Asia and Europe after suffering a defeat in Greece the fearful pompy fled to Egypt in search of Refuge after a disastrous defeat in Greece against his enemy Julius Caesar a conflict divided the Roman Empire between pompy and Julius Caesar this conflict became known as Caesar Civil War upon learning that pompy intended to disembark in the country the Egyptian partisans reflected helping the old acquaintance pompy was a risk because it

could be interpreted as a declaration of war on Julius Caesar who commanded a very powerful war machine moreover tmy and his allies believed that pompy could go help Cleopatra regain her place in royalty and trouble had to be avoided but pompy had been a great friend of the father of the couple who ruled Egypt therefore if they did not help him he could break ties with the country making Egypt an enemy of Rome theodotus and the two other counselors Achilles and panus reflected on the matter it was a difficult decision and the consequences could be

risky but eventually as the three counselors struggled to find the solution theodotus with a smile looked at his companions and said the dead do not bite the choice had been made to break up with pompy and establish an alliance with Julius Caesar as pompy approached Alexandria he felt he would be welcomed by the Egyptians but there was already a trap set up against the Roman pretending that they would welcome him amicably but as soon as pompy arrived on Egyptian soil he was brutally beheaded a few days later Julius Caesar arrived in Alexandria to seek out

his adversary the Egyptians showed him pompy's head and Caesar was shocked by the violence despite being his enemy Caesar respected pompy on Caesar's orders tm's adviser was executed Caesar with his army went to the Royal Palace where he settled and informed himself that he would like to see the king and the queen it is important to remember that tmy VI 18th was prepared to face his sister's Army when he was informed of Julius Caesar's arrival he headed for his Palace and Cleopatra how could she return if she had a abandoned Alexandria and if her brother

and faithful Guardians wanted her away from the city she was in danger and she knew that she could not be seen then the queen had a rather unusual idea in order to meet Julia Caesar she created a plan and to put it into practice had the help of a sicilian supplier named Apollo Doris they entered a boat where the queen was hidden sailing the Nile River for 8 days when they approached Alexandria Cleopatra still with the help of Apollo Doris entered a papayas made Sac the Queen's accomplice tied the big sack with a leather rope

and carefully entered the palace leaving the sack in Julius Caesar's room we don't know exactly what the Romans reaction was when he found Cleopatra but the Egyptian woman conquered him immediately with Caesar by his side everything would be easier the opportunity to get rid of his brother and Rule according to his interests was finally within her reach with pompy's assassination Julia Caesar had a very negative opinion aamy Cleopatra used the death of his former Ally to her Advantage the queen convinced Caesar that she was the right person for the throne of Egypt the Queen of

Egypt and Julius Caesar entered a loving relationship Caesar's decision to support Cleopatra anger tmy who declared war on Julia Caesar the Roman general was at a numerical disadvantage and took a defensive position this event became known as The Siege of Alexandria Caesar and his men fought hard to defend their position waiting for reinforcements when his allies arrived Caesar defeated tm's Army at the Battle of the Nile the young Pharaoh drowned in the river with Julius Caesar the queen had a son named tmy Caesar historically and popularly known as cesarian Caesar's support was crucial to the

consolidation of Cleopatra's power in Egypt the Roman general returned to Rome and Cleopatra reigned over Egypt everything seemed to go according to plan but a huge turnaround would eventually [Music] happen Cleopatra had Consolidated her power on the throne of Egypt and under her her Administration Egypt prospered and the city of Alexandria experienced a cultural boom financed by the queen Cleopatra organized an expedition to Rome in the city she stayed at juliia Caesar's Mansion the Egyptian queen took her son cesarian in the voyage the fruit of her Union with the Roman general Julius Caesar was at

the height of his power and as the leader of his nation made several political and social reforms he also organized a Triumph in his own honor the parade of Caesar had the presence of Arison Cleopatra's sister displayed as a prisoner symbol of Rome's victory over the Egyptians Caesar introduced the city to the Egyptian queen but at the time Rome did not yet have the glory that brought it into history it was not yet comparable to Alexandria the capital of tmia Egypt Caesar's relationship with the Foreigner was frowned upon by the Roman Elite there were a

lot of rumors and lies about the couple Caesar was named dictator in perpetuity and had an unrivaled power the Roman senators were left without much of their influence and feared losing their remaining power so they conspired against Caesar's life in 44 BC Julius Caesar was murder murdered by Roman politicians in a senate session chaos engulfed Rome General Mark Anthony Caesar's right-hand man pursued the conspirators in a Public Square he read Caesar's will where his son with Cleopatra was not among the heirs in his will Caesar indicated his nephew Octavius as his successor Rome was no

longer a safe place for the Egyptian queen and she returned to her kingdom meanwhile Octavius and Mark Anthony LED their armies in the persecution of the men who betrayed Caesar there was a remarkable encounter between Cleopatra and Mark Anthony in the year 41 he sent a messenger to Alexandria through this man he called the queen for a meeting in Tarsus a city located in present day Turkey the Egyptian queen arrived at the agreed place in a dazzling boat the ship had a Stern made of gold its ores were made of silver and the sails were

purple the navigation was accompanied by music F liar and flute were played the queen beautiful and ornated was freshened up by her servants and the boat had a wonderful smell the entire population left her duties to follow Cleopatra's triumphal arrival Mark Anthony fell in love with her immediately still in 41 BC Cleopatra invited the mighty Mark Anthony to visit Alexandria however after spending some time in the Egyptian City and getting involved with the Queen the Roman left and the two continued to exchange correspondence the couple only met again after a long time but before that

reunion something happened in 40 BC Cleopatra gave birth to twins recognized by Mark Anthony himself himself as their heirs the children were called Helios a Greek origin which means son and Selena which means moon during the absence of the Roman where he was separated from the Egyptian queen he even resumed his relationship with his wife fulvia in Rome although he could not forget Cleopatra fulvia eventually died which may have made things easier and made it possible for Mark Anthony to finally join Cleopatra once again but Octavius Julia Caesar's nephew did not want that to happen

he suggested that his sister Octavia should marry the Roman general that happened and they had three kids in 2 years Mark Anthony after Caesar's death became Consul General later his power was divided between him Octavius and lepidus a political Association known as the second triumvirate lepidus disted himself from political life which led to a dispute between Octavius and Mark Anthony the power in Rome was divided between the two Caesar's nephew ruled the West while Mark Anthony managed the Eastern provinces although he was married and even against octavius's will the romance between Mark Anthony and Cleopatra

was not over they met again in the city of Antioch where they made their Union official the romance with between the two was thriving and they both seemed in love in Alexandria the couple had many parties and banquets where they displayed their sovereignty however the Roman was forced to leave Egypt after an attack by the parthians in Syria and Asia Minor the inhabitants of the parthan empire in agent Persia Octavius reproved this Union and was frustrated by the relationship between the Roman and The Mighty Egyptian in part this was due to to his sister Octavia

who ended up rejected by Mark Anthony and also for fear of losing part of the Roman Empire to the couple a new civil war broke out in Rome between the supporters of Mark Anthony and the Defenders of Octavius the Battle of actium happened in 31 BC in a region in Greece where both faced each other Cleopatra accompanied her husband as he headed towards the long battle but when the defeat of mar Anthony was already visible she returned to Egypt quietly announcing a false Triumph Octavius achieved a decisive victory in the naval battle of actium and

this Victory marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Imperial period however his opponents eventually discovered the truth while Cleopatra tried to maintain her position and Conquer allies she did everything she could so that together with Mark Anthony they could rise again but he after defeat was no longer the same person Octavius said he would forgive Cleopatra if she killed her lover ignoring the proposal the Egyptian queen continued to try to motivate her husband while she tried to discover together with her personal physician a painless poison the queen Was preparing for

the worst the end of Mark Anthony was tragic while Cleopatra tried to flee from Octavius and his army my who had already arrived in Alexandria the Roman soldier received the news that his lover had died desperate he took his sword and wounded his own chest however the strike was not accurate and Mark Anthony did not die immediately while he was bleeding and suffering from the pain caused by the blow he was informed that Cleopatra was still alive and managed to find the Egyptian Monarch his last breath happened in the arms of his lover when he

he reached his other half Mark Anthony had already lost a lot of blood and there was nothing that could save his life before dying however in the arms of his beloved Cleopatra he asked her to collaborate with his opponent Octavius in order to save herself after this request the great Roman Mark Anthony died cesarian Caesar's Heir sometime later was also killed by Octavian at that time at funerals it was called common for women to hurt themselves with punches and scratches accompanied by cries of pain and despair that's what Cleopatra did in front of his late

lover her injuries caused an infection and she received treatment on the orders of Octavius however the queen shaken by the death of her beloved Mark Anthony and Afraid of the future tried to resist the treatment so that she could die but Octavius terrorized her with threats to her children cleop atra gave in and out of love for The Heirs accepted the proper treatment until she recovered her health Cleopatra also had an impactful end it was one of the events that eternalized her in history the queen failed to escape her rival Octavius who had rested her

in Alexandria but she resisted and would not surrender to the enemy going through the humiliation of being a prisoner and hostage of Rome that would be too embarrassing for for a woman like her as for her sons cesarian was murdered as was said and the others were taken to Rome to be raised by Octavia Cleopatra was constantly washed over by order of Octavius since she had attempted suicide twice after the death of Mark anony but octavius's plans didn't go as expected the queen always cunning put an end to her own life before that she sent

a letter to Octavius in when she asked to be buried next to her late husband in relation to her death some sources say that she was voluntarily bitten by a serpent and died from the poison other sources and Scholars affirm that Cleopatra took some poison with these uncertainties her end is quite controversial some sources say Cleopatra's personal physician had a great deal of knowledge about poisons besides the queen was always a strategist and effective person most likely she prepared her death in advance finally even though the most famous version is the one that states that

Cleopatra died while being deliberately bitten by a serpent it's more likely she ingested some lethal poison which did not cause major discomfort at the time of her death she was found on top of a couch dressed in beautiful garments people claimed that she had a Serene expression she died nine days after the death of her lover her funeral was solemn and elegant worthy of an Egyptian queen her request to be buried next to Mark Anthony was respected after the death of the powerful Monarch Egypt became a Roman province it was the end of the hedony

of the talic Dynasty in Egypt Cleopatra's story is fascinating many of her female ancestors were important Egyptian rulers along with their husbands curiously egyp Ian women at that time had more freedom than women from other civilizations Cleopatra did not play a secondary role in this lineage of women rulers and was a renowned figure her life Journey was particularly hectic and impressive in many ways firstly the tmic lineage which is impressive due to the number of murders among the family members themselves this habit indeed was inherited by Cleopatra but regardless of these murders the tmia government

was very important to Egypt and Cleopatra had major responsibilities and had to make important decisions throughout her life as ruler of Egypt she had admirers and Rivals she was skillful practive and extremely influential she was a rare special quite determined woman she always had strategies to achieve all her goals Cleopatra marveled everyone because of her great knowledge and also because of her differentiated intelligence the profile of the Egyptian queen with all these qualities allow her to conquer two of the most legendary characters in our history the powerful Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony and as time

went by Cleopatra's figure was often misrepresented and the Egyptian woman was seen with prejudice at times it seems that her entire life path and Conquest boil down to have having seduced these two Romans but this view of the Queen's life is simplistic since she has had great political achievements in any case the legendary Egyptian queen has become a source of inspiration for some of the greatest artists in history among them the painter Michelangelo William Shakespeare in their hands the ruler became an illustrious piece of art as we learn more about her story we realize this

not by chance that Cleopatra has fascinated so many people in her time and continues to Captivate so many others in this day and age Egyptian mythology is full of exotic deities that have an appearance that mixes human features with animals besides these anthropomorphic Divine figures this mythology is also full of incredible creatures that further enrich the mythological universe created by this ancient culture today we will meet some of the most impressive creatures in Egyptian mythology this video is brought to you by nordvpn as we spend more and more of our time online concerns about privacy

and security becomes vital nordvpn uses more than 5,000 worldclass NextGen server infrastructure in over 60 countries meaning you get a secure reliable VPN connection anytime anywhere it just takes a click a with the map click on a location and you'll be connected in seconds it's that easy access from anywhere don't miss your favorite content even when traveling abroad stay at home virtually unblock your favorite games and geo-restricted servers don't let your location limit where you can play also Nord offers you more than VPN service you can also have security with nor pass password manager that

safely secures your password so you never forget them and nordlocker a virtual cloud service that you can use to store and access your files safely anywhere you are you can use nordvpn on up to six devices at Main platforms Windows Android iOS Mac OS and Linux even on your Android TV go to nordvpn.com seeuinhistory to get a 2-year plan plus one additional month with a huge discount it's risk-free with nord's 30-day money back guarantee make your connection to the world safer and more discreet with nordvpn in ancient Egypt the sun was considered the Supreme deity

it was represented by raw a god with the body of a man and the head of a falcon but deep in the Underworld there was a gigantic serpent named apus which was looking for an opportunity to attack the solar bark of the god raw in doing so it could destroy the rising of a new day in the world of The Mortals the ancient Egyptian myths say that aphesis sprang for the umbilical cord of raw when he gave life to himself in the universe's vastness it was the main adversary of raw the god of Sun and

light sometimes aphesis is described as a giant serpent the top of whose head is covered with a hard smooth stone called silicate every single day raw traveled through the heavens in a solar bark Illuminating the world but at the end of the day the Falcon Gods sailed towards the Egyptian underworld datat apus trapped in duat since the beginning of time was already looking for a way to attack rw's bark both deities engageed in epic combat that caused storms and earthquakes in the world of humans apus faced other gods that accompanied raw in his solar bark

the main opponent was the god Seth who at the bow of the bark was always ready to strike kopus with a spear the giant serpent managed to swallow raw's bark a few times but was unable to keep it in his stomach for long which gave rise to solar eclipses apus lived in the Underworld and was therefore sometimes considered a devour of souls thus the dead also needed protection from it sometimes funerals included spells to ward off the serpents Egyptian priests organized rituals to curse apus and B its evil presence from the world they believe that

this helped the god raw to complete his Sky Voyage the Demonic monster emit was also a deeply feared creature by the ancient Egyptians being known as the devour of the Dead his body combined different animals Lion's front paws hippopotamus is hind Paws and a crocodile's head topped with a lion's man AMT was a ferary deity that lived near the scales of Justice in the Hall of two truths in datat the Egyptian Underworld the god Anubis weighed the hearts of all deceased people to decide who deserved to go on to Paradise or to be punished the

heart was placed on one side of the scale on the other side was the feather of mat the goddess of Truth to counterbalance the organ's weight if the heart was lighter than the feather the soul of the disease could head for Osiris and enter aru thep Egyptians Paradise but if the heart was Heavy due to sins it was considered impure EMT would Devour the organ and the judge person would not be allowed to continue their existence after AMT swallowed the heart the deceased Soul would be restless forever this was considered dying a second time due

to its cruel and animalistic character Amit was not entitled to Temples or worship Services as it symbolized everything that that the Egyptians feared it threatened to imprison them in Eternal suffering if they did not live an honest and kind life EMT represented the fairness of the afterlife everyone rich or poor good or bad would be judged equally at the end of their lives not all mythological creatures had a grotesque or Supernatural appearance some took on simple forms but also limiting their powers benu is one of the oldest deities in Egypt being related to creation and

rebirth it is the original inspiration for the Phoenix legends that have developed in various cultures usually depicted as a huge gray Heron wearing a Pharaoh's Crown benu like the god of raw was a self-created being with an important role in the world's establishment an ancient myth says that benu flew over the Waters of nun the primordial ocean that existed before creation landing on a rock and uttering a call that determined the nature of creation benu was considered Immortal able to renew itself periodically the same reasoning was applied to the Sun that Rose every day in

the sky it was also a symbol of rebirth associated with Osiris it was often one of the forms taken by the god of the underworld to visit the Mortal realm part of the first creatures to appear in the world along with atum and Rah benu was worshiped as its cult Center and heliopoulos it was depicted in ancient paintings and ferary amlets as a symbol of rebirth beyond the Egyptian borders lived a wild and frightening creature serpopard it was a monster with the body and head of a lion or leopard and a long neck resembling the

body of a serpent serpopard is also in Mesopotamia mths where it is represented as a lioness with an exceptionally long neck in ancient Egypt serpopard symbol Iz agents of chaos they were often depicted in pairs in paintings in high reliefs hunting other animals or with their necks entwined serop Parts played an important role in the religious concepts of Upper and Lower Egypt they were probably animals associated with protection and royalty the image of this bizarre creature was used on household utensils of the Egyptian nobility and Pharaohs another hybrid creature from Egyptian mythology is the Griffin

although it is also part of the myths of other peoples of Greece and Mesopotamia it has unique traits in Egyptian Traditions with a doglike body and a Falcon's head the Egyptian Griffin assumed various shapes and sizes some depictions had wings a leopard-like body and a human head emerging on its back in other myths Griffin represented a servant of Horus being the embodiment of the God's power on Earth responsible for carrying out Divine Justice like serpopard the Griffin also had protective functions and could ward off the action of demons and other evil creatures the Griffin seems

to have been elevated to the status of heraldic animal of the Pharaoh and appeared regularly in official documents the statues of the sphinxes are iconic symbols of Egyptian architecture the most famous is the Great Sphinx of Giza it was once believed that these mystical creatures were real with a lion's body a human head and sometimes Hawk's Wings the myth of the sphinxes reached ancient Egypt where the creatures were depicted with a woman's head a lion's hips and bird's wings they were considered treacherous and merciless killing those who could not answer the riddle the deadly version

of a sphinx appears in the myth and drama of edus in Greek mythology to the Egyptians the Sphinx was benevolent but had a fierce strength and personality like the malevolent Greek version both were considered guardians of Temple entrances in the most famous myth of the sphinxes the goddess Hera summoned the Sphinx that lived near the Nile River in Upper Egypt the monster headed for thieves Greece where it asked everyone who crossed its path the most famous riddle in history what animal walks in the morning on four legs in the afternoon on Two And at night

on three it strangled and devoured anyone who couldn't answer until a legendary King named edus solved the riddle it is man for he crawls on all fours when he is a baby then walks on two feet when he is grown up and in the end uses a cane in old age the second riddle was made there are two sisters one gives birth to another and the latter gives birth to the former who are the two sisters edus answered day and night defeated the Sphinx threw itself off the High Rock and died into the abyss we

don't know for sure how many monsters and fantastic creatures were part of religious beliefs in ancient Egypt many stories have been lost in the sands of time or have not been fully deciphered but the legacy of Egyptian culture and mythology still fascinates people all over the world three things immediately spring to mind when we think of ancient Egypt pyramids pharaohs and mummies for Millennia the Egyptian civilization and its mummies have enthralled mankind but why and how did they mummify people we will answer this and other questions in detail in today's video death in Egyptian civilization

was not seen as the end of existence but as a transition to a new way of life this deep-seated belief in the afterlife influenced many aspects of Egyptian culture particularly the practices related to preparing for death death was as crucial a stage of existence for the Egyptians as life itself they believed that how they prepared for death determined their afterlife experience preparing for death was a detailed and careful process that began long before a person passed away the Egyptians not only concentrated on living a righteous life to secure a favorable place in the afterlife but

also spent time and resources preparing their burials this included acquiring funerary items ordering sarcophagy and building tombs the funerary items were carefully chosen as they would be used in the afterlife they ranged from personal objects to treasured items such as jewelry and amulets the tombs which were often more elaborate than the houses themselves were seen as the Eternal dwelling place and were built with great care and detail one's morality and actions during life were considered of the utmost importance as it was believed that these would be judged in the afterlife the Book of the Dead

a guide to the afterlife provided formulas and instructions that the Egyptians followed to make sure they had a safe transition and a good afterlife the belief in life after death and mummification rituals has its foundation in the myth of the god Osiris he was the first mummy and his myth gave the mythological and religious foundation for all the other mummies to come how however when the death of the person was announced the body was taken to the so-called IET or embalming house this was a sacred place where mummification rituals were performed one of the most

fascinating and iconic aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization reflecting the belief in the afterlife and the need to preserve the body for eternity the Egyptians thought that it was essential for them to preserve the physical body if they wanted to achieve life after death they viewed the body as the Dwelling Place of the soul and the life force which regularly returned to it preserving the body was crucial for the continued existence of the Soul after death the process of mummification was intricate and elaborate having developed over Millennia the first mummification methods use natural dehydration in the

desert and there is evidence that they date Back to Before 3,500 BC with time the Egyptians improved their embalming techniques for even better Pres preservation we will now dissect this process of mummification in detail the first real stage in mummification was to cleanse the body with water from the River Nile this was considered sacred and purifying water next the internal organs were removed the brain was pulled out through the nostrils with special hooks the abdominal organs stomach intestines lungs and liver were taken out through an incision on the left side of the body the heart

considered to be the seat of intelligence and emotion was usually left in the body after the removal of the organs the body was covered and filled with a natural salt called Natron intended to dehydrate and preserve the body this process lasted around 40 days once the organs were removed they were treated separately dehydrated with Natron and wrapped they were put in canopic jars to be buried with the dead person once dehydrated the body was cleaned and wrapped in hundreds of MERS of linen strips while it was being bandaged ointments and resins were applied to help

preserve it amulets and objects of religious significance were frequently placed between the bandages following the bandaging final rights were performed to ready the deceased for the afterlife the practitioners behind the mummification were highly specialized many of whom were also priests and carried out rights during the process a death mask often an idilic representation of the deceased was then placed over the deceased's face the mummified body was then transported to one or more sarcophagi lavishly decorated with texts and images eventually the sarcophagus was laid in the sealed tomb one of the last steps before the deceased's

final resting place was the opening of the mouth ceremony an essential ferary ritual performed to reinstate the sensory and functional capabilities of the deceased in the afterlife the ceremony was key to making sure that the deceased could breathe eat see and move in the afterlife a series of rituals and incantations were performed during this ceremony by a priest often a son of the deceased he would use special instruments to touch the mummies or statue's mouth symbolizing the restoration of the ability to speak and eat offerings of food and goods were placed in the Tomb for

use in the afterlife the ancient Egyptian tombs were intricate constructions filled with meaning designed to be the Eternal Dwelling Place of the Dead especially the Pharaohs and Nobles they were sophisticated constructions with elaborate artwork and were built long before the person's death nobles were granted Grand funerals full of honors and rituals usually only 70 days after their death as this was the time necessary for the entire mummification process to take place once the body was finally buried would the spirit have access to the afterlife tombs were often built on the West Bank of the Nile

facing the living cities as the West Was associated with the underworld on the inside many tombs had Chambers and corridors adorned with hieroglyphics and scenes from the life of the deceased and religious texts the tomb walls often displayed paintings and boss reliefs depicting the deceased taking part in a range of activities as well as scenes portraying life in the afterlife these also included texts and magical formulas to help with the journey after death the Egyptians thought that the dead would need material objects in the afterlife this included Furniture jewelry food clothing and household items these

objects were often of immense value to the Pharaohs and Nobles tiny figures called ushabtis were inserted into the tombs it was believed that they would act as servants in the afterlife performing physical tasks for the deceased amulets statuettes of gods and magical texts were added to protect the deceased from dangers in the Nether world some dead were interred with versions of the Book of the Dead a set of spells that guided and protected the soul in the afterlife as soon as the body and possessions were inside the tomb was sealed the final burial rights were

carried out to ensure safe passage to the afterlife the Egyptians thought that the human being was comprised of several parts the body the C which can be translated as life force the ba the personality the name the shadow and the a The Immortal form death was viewed as a temporary transition in which these distinct Parts separated mummification was vital as it was believed that the ca returned to the body after death meaning that preserving the body was essential for the cause survival following death it was believed that the ba and would reunite to form the

o to do so the deceased had to set off on a hazardous Journey to the afterlife facing challenges and monsters a key element of the afterlife belief was the trial before Osiris the god of the underworld first however the heart of the deceased was to be weighed against the feather of Ma's truth if their heart was light they could continue their existence in the afterlife if it was Heavy they would be devoured by the demon Amit if they were tried successfully the dead arrived at the field of reeds a peaceful and abundant Haven like Egypt

but without suffering or sickness the living took an active role in worshiping the dead making offerings and prayers to support the spirits of their loved ones unlike what many think the Egyptians did not believe in reincarnation and the return of the spirit to the mummified body Egyptian culture focused on preserving the body through through mummification to help the soul continue to live in the afterlife this continued afterlife was more a form of spiritual immortality than reincarnation in the sense of being born again into a new body on Earth the concept of reincarnation as a cycle

of birth death and rebirth in different physical forms was not part of Egyptian religious cosmology mumification in ancient Egypt was not just a simple ferary practice but a crucial element of the Egyptian belief in an afterlife reflecting a profound Devotion to the Soul's immortality the Egyptians expressed their Quest For Eternity through mummification ensuring that the dead were honored protected and made ready for Eternal existence if you enjoyed this video please like it and comment on what other topics about ancient Egypt you would like to see here on the channel see you in the next video

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