Capítulo 2 - A Vila Rica | Brasil - A Última Cruzada

For decades they destroyed our patriotism Through schools and the media, they have made us believe that we are a people doomed to failure That we have no virtue Perverse ideologies have contaminated the popular imagination, causing incalculable damage to young people that today are lost and without any orientation Our response is being immediate We are distributing the antidote in every corner of the country, and to all Brazilians Our documentaries are produced to awaken the conscience and patriotism of anyone. And are distributed free of charge so that they have the greatest possible reach Our commitment is to

the freedom and conscience of the Brazilian people We have fulfilled our mission A year ago we launched our first series, The Congress Brasil Paralelo and it has been watched by more than 4 million brazilians a profound impact on the cultural roots of our Brazil And most importantly, people like you have done your part becoming members of Parallel Brazil, buying our product and financing us Because of this act of courage, we are here for a new step... a step towards the resumption of our true culture of our true mission as Brazilians. Our members, in addition to

enabling this project, have access to dozens of classes with the country's leading experts, with themes that will expand their worldview They are part of closed groups of members for internal discussions accompany the production backstage and participate in face-to-face events throughout Brazil where we interact and plan the future together The time has come to do your part by resuming our culture Stay now with the second chapter of our series ...and see you soon There is a modern addiction in understanding the history always cut, here we had this period, which was born like this, reproduced and etc.,

you know? Like it's human life itself. As if all people, out of nowhere, changed and they've been changed just because a man is writing a story and he said: "from that moment everything changed". It is often taught in the schools that bad guys came here, they came after the gold, which came to kill the Indians and this is an unreality that is said about the history of Brazil. And those who do not understand this do not understand exactly the greatness of Brazil. We have a modern characteristic, after all the great navigations are a characteristic that

can be considered part of modernity, only if they come from a medieval intent, which was to spread the faith, you have at least two visions of the world coexisting. Portugal arrives here, in 1500, with this dubious mission, the mission of transmitting the Christian faith and at the same time, of course, making this to-do profitable, after all Portugal becomes a modern state before any other State, much with the money of religious orders, above all, the Order of Christ, heir to even the Templars. Sometimes I listen to narratives such as: Brazil came to exist at this moment,

or in this, etc. No, Brazil came into existence at the time when contacts apart for thousands of years took place in April, here on our soil. There Brazil was born, the indigenous would never be the same... the Portuguese would never be the same. The Last Crusade So far we can't know if there's gold, no silver, or anything metal or iron. But the best fruit that can be done in it, it seems to me that it will be to save these people, and this must be the main seed that Your Highness must cast in it. Letter

of discovery of Brazil, Pero Vaz de Caminha. April 22, 1500, the Portuguese set foot on the island of Vera Cruz, but they would not be the first. If it took such an effort from the navigations to cross the ocean, how did other peoples end up here? Apparently, the entire human species has an ancestry in common with the African continent. To discover the world, or in search of food, small groups were dispersing to North Africa. Humans explored and colonized the unknown, mountains were climbed, rivers and swamps crossed. The human voice was unknown to the rest of

the world and there were no footprints of ours on other continents nomadic man had nowhere to go back in every unknown region, we had to learn to survive in the environment humans had to face the last Ice Age. We adapted and became more prepared to survive, we were about to colonize the entire globe, from the coasts to the desert, from the mountains to the forests. The arrival of the human being in the Americas is always considered one of the great mysteries of humanity, the most accepted hypothesis is that during the Ice Age an enormous amount

of water became trapped in glaciers, generating the fall of sea level and causing a land bridge that connected the continents to emerge disappearing the last barrier of human dissemination. It is possible that the hunters simply crossed this corridor looking for animals, and when they discovered the other side, they decided to stay. The ice age would not last forever; the rising seas without warning began to separate the Americas from the rest of the world. The only gateway to the Americas disappeared covered by the seas, almost all contact between the Americas and the world was interrupted for

more than 10,000 years, until the American tribes lost knowledge about their origins. But the Americas wouldn't be stagnant. Humans quickly penetrated every piece of inhabited land, generation after generation. Man leaves Africa for America, and now was covered across the vast continent; the region is full of messages left on the rocks. The hunting scenes and the incredible variety of animals that roamed here were marked in history, and their burial rituals kept in the ground. In the region of Minas Gerais was found the fossil named Luzia, more than 10.000 years old. These millennia of separation created cultural,

linguistic and phenotypic differences, it was the result of the human being doing what he knew best... adapting to the environment to survive and evolve. Now, the Europeans landed in Brazil and would find the tribes that lived here. Although they had the same ancestral origin, they were separated for millennia; this was a reunion that seemed like a miracle of life and the persistence of surviving. Chapter 2 - A Vila Rica (The Rich Village) We need to remember that americans, native americans they stayed at least 10.000 years apart by the ocean. that is, while Europe, Africa and

Asia, they were able to mix cultures, because you had communication, then some region invented the wheel and this technology by trade, it was expanding and people were exchanging ideas, America was isolated, and it happens a lot with human societies when it gets isolated, it dumbs down, it gets poor culturally. So when we had this reconnection of Americans with Europeans, this was one of the most extraordinary episodes in the history of the world. It's funny that before the Portuguese landed on the beaches of Bahia, the Indians, they climbed the caravels; this is a good metaphor to

show that they also had a discovery And they were amazed to see animals that they had never seen before... for example, a chicken, ran from the chickens, tasted the cake and spit, found bad... and then a month, two months later they already sold eggs to the Portuguese. The dog was an immense technology to help the Indians because it was watching the village, it informs, it barks if some invader is coming, it helps you to undress animals. The Indians who ally themselves with the Portuguese are Indians who realized that an alliance was advantageous, that had a

lot of nomadic tribe, violent, here on the coast of Espírito Santo had a lot of violent tribe that occupied the area, and the most violent occupied the coastal bands. I think the most violent there was here was the "Botocudos" who attacked these tribes that were fixed tribes, and these tribes saw the Portuguese as allies against these Indians who arrived, enslaved, and killed. And then how do you explain this story to people after having a whole story built on the basis... the Portuguese were evil, who decimated the indigenous populations and such. These tribes lived in permanent

wars and did not accept each other in any way. So if you're going to say that the property is theirs well, first of all they didn't have a sense of land ownership, that notion didn't exist. If you didn't even have a sense of individual land ownership, how much more would you get from the community, right, the land they occupied was an unlimited extent, what size was the property? It grew up day-to-day, only the one on the other side was growing too so it always ended up in trouble. And we think so, how did they get

in touch with the indians? Then, of course, it wasn't the easiest thing in the world The Lisbon court decided to invest in protecting Brazil from the territory dispute. It would be necessary navigators willing to face the risks of migrating to Brazil and adapt the humility of a simple life, to living with the Indians and undertake in the commercial instinct of the only thing that the court could offer in return: commercially exploit the Pau-Brasil for tinctures. The indians knew where pau-brasil was, they knew where the woods were, they knew how to cut the woods and they

knew how to transport them, so they gave it all and the Portuguese gave them things that were not important to them, for them Portuguese, right, they were important to the indigenous. From the indigenous point of view that wood didn't have all that value, it had it everywhere here, because, "wow, this guy is crazy, he comes here and wants a tree," so his head should be like this, you know? So for the Indigenous was an advantageous exchange, he gets a mirror and he gives back a "stick", understand? So sometimes we're naïve and they think like this:

oh, they gave things that were no good, for indigenous people. From an economic point of view it was scarce here, it was what they didn't have, and they wanted, anyway. So then they could make this relationship, Brazil for a while was like this. Brazil was a promise, India a reality. So realize all these characteristics, Brazil it is born from an impulse linked... to the expansion of faith and trade routes. At first there are reconnaissance expeditions and places in which some commercial contacts were already established... then the settlement: we will put roots in that land. One

of the goals was the fact that France was watching here. Pau-Brasil was losing importance in trade and the empire Portuguese had no finances to populate Brazil. To manage it, they used a practice already tested by Portugal in other territories: divide the place into certain areas where each of them would receive a captain, with the mission of founding villages, distribute land to those who wished to cultivate them, build mills and defend the territory, and can in return exploit it commercially paying 20% of its results to the crown. The Portuguese divides the Brazilian territory into fifteen hereditary

captaincies... and each would have a donor, a donor captain, donor is the one who receives the donation. So he would be responsible for creating a village there In this sense captaincies serve as a good symbolic element often to demonstrate what? There was a force of economic interest in this movement that accompanied, this is important to say, not the goal of extracting wealth, but of maintaining wealth. Realize that the nature of captaincies, it is opposed to an idea of economic cycles because captaincies sought to be means of establishing people here, protecting borders and etc. That is,

these riches that would have to, logically, stay here... of course from a logic of the exploitation itself and etc., but if I export and get rich, so part of this wealth stays here, the consequence of it, the result. For how much the Brazilian geography was determinant of the history of Brazil. Look at how much this vast coastline to be defended and protected the vastness of the territory, the need for settlement was determinant of the history of Brazil and this is all production relationship. The idea of colony, for example, does not refer exclusively to a predatory

process. Colony etymology does not mean depredation, cycles, far from it... colony means: within its applications, including settlement which is a process that Brazil has lived through. Brazilians until the 19th century were not called settlers, they said Portuguese born in Brazil, in accordance with the legal statutes of Portugal, were as Portuguese as those born in Lisbon, holders of the same rights, so the word colonist is a word that appears in the history of England to refer to its colonies, but was not applied in Portugal because Portugal had a different political project. And now I will highlight

one thing that the great pride of Americans is liberal democracy, The first election of the Americas was in São Vicente, in the Village of São Vicente, And why? To elect good men, it was the first election of the first, say; democratic element of the Americas is there. So, Portugal is considered a medieval way of Portugal organizing is different from the feudal that we learn in school that that feudal mode is more characteristic of France, Portugal was organized more by these villages already with elections leaving that for the central power to decide very few things, people

decided their problems locally. So Brazil seems to start knowing how to deal with the issues, right? locally people will discuss their problems and decide their things. Then all government activity was effectively resolved and decided by the residents of each village who were elected. The elections functioned as a clock, so you have election in São Vicente since 1532, in Olinda since 1541, Salvador since 1549, São Paulo since 1554, Rio de Janeiro since 1565 and so on. And this is a basis that no European country, because of feudal rights had and that only, let's say so, the

United States in America had a local government of this importance, and this is a basis that greatly facilitates entrepreneurial activity. The mission was much more difficult than it seemed, and only two captaincies would prosper, that of São Vicente, Martin Afonso and his brother, and that of Pernambuco with Duarte Coelho. All other captaincies that marked the beginning of world trade development failed. Sugar reached high prices in Europe, where it was weighed on grams for sale. Sugarcane was brought from other islands and grew very well on Brazilian soil. Soon the Portuguese began to build the first sugar

mills in the territory. The Indians often destroyed the devices that were erected; some tribes were very hostile and had totally different habits. such as eating human flesh, believing to acquire the skills of the corpse ritual that became known as: anthropophagy. Now puts yourself in the place of the people of that time... a guy arrives here with a donation letter, he presents it: "I'm the donor" What value does that document have for the indigenous people established here? None. So he needed to establish a bond. In the case of the village of São Vicente, a castaway Portuguese

named João Ramalho was already established on the site and had married a Tupiniquim princess the Indian Bartira. Because of this link, the locals already had knowledge about the Portuguese. This contact facilitated diplomacy and contributed to the success of the captaincy of this region. English men who were in America did not even consider marrying Indians nor did English women consider marrying the Indians. The Portuguese didn't have that, you know? The Portuguese who managed to establish a good coexistence with the Indians had a great advantage to be able to produce and populate the territory. Many captaincies have

failed to create this relationship. Brazil needed these harmonies between the indigenous and the Portuguese who were better suited to indigenous culture so that they could settle the land here. If you look closely, the history of Bahia is no different, okay? We have there the Paraguaçu with Caramuru, it is basically a very similar story. The Lisbon court decides to use money that it would use in other colonies to send to Brazil a team with the aim of organizing a government that would be commanded by Tomé de Souza. This government would have three main objectives: to defend

the territory, to organize production to make the settlement viable and a third and priority that would change our history: to civilize the Indians. The big problem was: how we approach people who don't speak the same language, they don't have the same habits and they think completely differently. This difficult mission would be entrusted to the Jesuits. If christ's order had helped Portugal in navigation, the Jesuits would be responsible for peace with the Indians and the union of the Brazilian territory. It was not the first time that man realized that people were not born cultured and that

it was necessary to educate them for a better life. Since ancient Greece, education has been seen as the engine of a concept that was developing and has always been the source of reflection of the West, freedom. The sciences and the arts, they begin to develop since antiquity because it was necessary to form a free person. Humanity has always had difficulty having people dedicated to teaching others. If in Greece, philosophers such as Pythagoras and Aristotle needed to find students interested in listening to them. During the Middle Ages, in monasteries, a greater capacity would arise to manage

the education of men. The monasteries soon realized that they could take education outside the walls, catechizing men to the clergy. The clergy means the one who can read and write, okay, it is not the person to be ordained, to be incardinated in a religious order, in a diocese, or something like that, and participate in this literary republic those who are able to talk, not only with the people who are here, who lived at the same time as me, but also with all those who lived before me. Tradition is the democracy of the dead, because I

don't just care about the point of view and opinions of those people who live with me today, but about everyone who lived before me and who is not democratic who only asks a population of living people. Access to knowledge of all kinds began to expand throughout Europe, the population was beginning to increase and it was no longer enough to maintain a literary republic. It is the need to educate more and more people that lead to the emergence of university. Then the university, Salamanca, Coimbra, Cologne, Paris, Bologna, and then we will have Oxford, Cambridge begins to

emerge these university environments and become the only possible environment of study. The Jesuits are born with the vocation of teaching during a great schism faced by the Church The Protestant Reform For the Church to gain space in other places that were newly discovered, it decides that these new priests of the Society of Jesus should be sent all over the world to educate different peoples. It was the marriage of three major interests: the Jesuits who wanted to donate to the vocation of educating the Portuguese who needed to civilize the Indians and the church that wanted to

take Catholicism overseas. Well, in 1549, then we began to have in the history of Brazil the active participation of the Jesuits. Since then Brazil has never been the same, if there are moments within the life of Brazil, singular, one of them is this coming. The order of the Jesuits, commanded by Manuel de Nóbrega, landed in Brazil with the mission of bringing the seeds of Western civilization to this side of the ocean. Civilization without religion never existed, because if you need to use the term civilization to refer to the continuous cultural cycle, that is, to a

culture that remains in a certain people and place and is transmitted from generation to generation, such a culture it is not simply a set of types of vessels, or ways of eating... or even of storing food, it is not a way to war, in fact all these things are linked with myth, it has always been so since the first civilization that was Sumeria, so they had their myth. When we have the first legislation, which is Babylon, is the Code of Hammurabi, you realize there that it refers to the god Marduque who told me the laws.

The Christian religion creates a moral that has in itself some values inherited at the beginning of Greco-Roman cultural it is not the and other values that concern the salvation of the soul, among them love love translated from the Latin "caritas", and caritas love is charity love love of sexual enjoyment that would be in Greek "Eros", So it's this "agape" or "caritas" love, so it's the love in which you devote yourself selflessly to other people. you have the figure of forgiveness, so forgiveness is very clear, self-sacrifice for a greater value Even from a spiritual point of

view you need to consider yourself an individual soul If someone is going to be saved is not such the party, the party which... is not such a company If anyone is going to be saved or convicted it will be the individual soul. If you depersonalize yourself, your actions are no longer judged as acts of a conscious person who chooses what you will do and in that sense you cannot be judged, how are you going to be judged? As a person who acted because "ah, my party sent, because my group does so and etc.", you depersonalized

you leave up to, so to speak, the main characteristic of humanity which is the ability of intelligence, ability to rational. We are free and intelligent, from this fact that our beings free and intelligent deduce three fundamental principles for the socioeconomic stability of a nation, what are they? Free enterprise, respect for private property and the principle of subsidiarity. What is the property? Property is the guarantee of freedom, if I am not the owner of the fruit of my labour; I am a slave of the state. The shortest definition of property I know is from Pope Leo

XIII in the encyclical Rerum Novarum: accumulated work. So these ideals are part of the cultural broth that, let's say feed our souls What do I live for? How am I supposed to behave? How should I get organized? What should my government be like? What is a good ruler? All these questions can be answered within the cultural broth of a religion. Gilberto Freyre used this notion that not necessarily every brazilian to be brazilian would have to be a Catholic who goes to Mass and etc., no, but is part of the Brazilian identity the social and cultural

influence of Catholicism, he said as an agnostic The Jesuits also landed in India, China, Japan, and North America. Its training system was the largest in the world at the time and it was the first time that it was seen the advantage of having information about anywhere in the world. To teach Western culture they learned the language of the local people and absorbed what they had best. For example, the Japanese can teach us about hygiene, or metallurgy itself, but we also have to teach what we have best. The music of these Indians here has four notes,

my God; let's teach here a scale of twelve notes. So they take indigenous communities here in Brazil and take it from the Paleolithic to the Baroque in 20 years. Finding these sources on the Jesuits does not require an immersion in archives, because many of these works have already been published, only they are not valued which is worse. Father João de Azpilcueta Navarro wrote: "they had just killed a girl... - he was talking about the Indians - and they showed me the house and going into it I realized that they were cooking her to eat her.

her head was hanging from a stick, and then I went to other houses where I found men's feet, hands, and heads in the background." Father Manuel da Nobrega wrote: "the Gentiles, who seem to put their bliss in killing their opposites, eating human flesh and having many women, are very much mending and all work consists in separating them from it". You see, a society that has this custom, well, it's not a prime of morality. They will say "Ah but this judged by the Western parameter". yes, it's just that eventually you're going to have to choose one

parameter or another isn't that it? In addition, the Western parameter is rationally indefensible. You have two millennia of tradition, argument, examination, analysis, etc, etc, etc. And this indigenous culture, uh, doesn't even have an alphabet. I venture to say that Western civilization is the highest point mankind has reached so far. And Brazil is the fruit of it. Tomé de Souza built the first capital of Brazil: Salvador Providing an administration, justice, warehouses, council houses and the outline of what would be the next periods around here. Before there is a people, what comes up? A state. Which makes

in our contemporary, people still understand in the State their motive... its avant-garde Or in a perverse relationship that the State has acquired at certain times associated with the patronage In other words, the State holding also clerical measures So it is a state that not only solves social problems, but is a state that is also aligned with religious values... is therefore a metaphysical state. The mission of building a state required the governor himself and the priests to work helping the craftsman in the construction of a new Brazil. A new life on this side of the ocean

required them to give up their privileges in Portugal. To defend the territory of foreigners more effectively, he armed the population by distributing weapons to the settlers. The thriving of organization and security, allowed trade to really begin the sugar mills to be built, were now a reality and would come accompanied by one of the greatest wounds in the history of the world. Of the great moral stains of human biography, it is impossible not to remember slavery... ...as one of the greatest. When we talk about slaves, we remember the struggle and dedication of abolitionists for freedom and

the peoples who took so long to awaken and see a free future. It's hard to think how horrible it was to be born and die without owning your own life. The fact that we can look at things that way is the privilege of living on the side... ...of humanity's timeline. The commitment to keeping humanity free comes from the reminder that it took us millennia to overcome the evil of slavery. It was evil that for a long time did not outline the prospect of freeing ourselves. The ancient Hebrew and Assyrian peoples, the Greeks and Romans, the

Europeans, Aztecs, Incas, Mayans and so many others failed to overcome the status quo in which they were born and lived. If we look back and see the stain of slavery, it is history throwing spotlight on us, hoping to deliberate on our actions to know who we are and how we will be remembered. It is history fulfilling its role, teaching us the great mistakes and remembering that many of our ancestors lost their dreams in the absence of freedom. Slavery from a moral-ethical point of view there is no doubt, there is no discussion, it is a moral

aberration, right, I think there is no conversation, and no one disagrees with it. As to what historical point of view unfortunately was normality worldwide for much of the story in fact, it is a very recent period that we have economic systems based on non-slavery. What it was like to be a slave, right, to be a slave was to be defeated in a just war and lose your freedom, or to be born of a woman in that condition. That's what defined the legal basis for being a slave. So there is much talk of historical reparation in

relation to race and ethnicity, but the foundation of slavery was never ethnic origin, in Brazil it never was. It is not racial, it becomes racial in the nineteenth century, when eugenics theses arise, it is that there is used this issue of trying to connect or associate the african or descendant of african to the slave. But this is very late, so it wasn't, it was slavery, first, opportunity, so much so that it was not difficult for you to find blacks who became lords and who had their slaves as well. So I mean, within a slave economy,

if I'm a master of ingenuity I have slaves. "Alforria" ("freedom") was a concession from you, even if the black man had the money to pay it. Then we have a problem, they could not buy their freedom... "well, I have this money, I will invest this capital", they bought slaves. And they had that possibility and we have cases, realize the level of specificity of our slavery, of former slaves who paid their bail with their own slaves. Of course they are cases that are minority in the sense of the history of slavery as a whole, but are

specificities that are not commented on, that are not debated. And even the African continent was highly slaved so, internally... so I mean, the Portuguese did not get there on the African coast and went beating and shooting and dragging the African into the ships, there was already an intense slave trade on the coast. When we talk about black people who came from Africa, from different regions, we need to understand that slavery already existed on the African continent but it was specific in each of the places, that is, it is very dangerous to say this: black Africans

enslaved themselves because they were Muslims, because not all nations were Muslim And it is even worth saying that those who were practiced slavery worse than those who were not. Muslim slavery is a relatively recent subject in historiographical research. There is a book that I recommend from the African historian called N'Diaye, which is called Le Génocide Voilé, The Veiled Genocide, which is the disgrace that Muslim slavery has made in Africa. Slaves, let's say, who went to the Muslim world, Muslims preferred to buy women... and when they bought men they castrated them because it was largely for

the sexual purpose. The slave in Africa was buried with a rope tied around his neck stretched by the end of the rope out of the burial pit to be pulled out when needed. When the chief died in some regions of Africa, it could mean that they would be killed... 20, 30, 40, 50 slaves to accompany in the other world the chief who had died. Slavery was an accepted situation and had become the sugarcane workforce in Brazil. First, the men of Guinea, then those of the Congo and those of Angola, then the trafficking involved the entire

south of the continent to Mozambique, making the slave business the most profitable and broad on the planet. The government of Tomé de Souza was succeeded by a senator from the courts of Lisbon named: Duarte da Costa. Duarte's troubled expedition featured two little-similar biographies that of Father Anchieta, a Jesuit pioneer in Native American catechesis and founder of the Pátio do Coégio the first school in Brazil. If today we can study tupi culture, it is because one day, in the past, Anchieta spent long periods of his life dedicated to recording the day-day of the Indians and educating

them. Dedication that led him to be the author of the first grammar in the Tupi language. The other biography that accompanied Duarte da costa was of his son who tried to enslave indigenous people, being reprimanded by the Jesuits. As the local government did not heed the complaints, and continued to enslave the Indians, a Jesuit sought to take them personally to the king of Portugal, but sank and was devoured by anthropophagous Indians. Duarte da Costa would make a bad government and allow the French invaders to settle in the region that now houses Rio de Janeiro. The

people appealed to the crown asking for the governor's replacement. And in 1556 he was exonerated and replaced by Mem de Sá. The third governor of Brazil came with the mission of confronting the French invaders, his nephew, allied with the tribe of the Indians of the chief Araribóia, commanded the resumption of the region and expelled the foreigners, founding the city of Rio de Janeiro. The history of Brazil remained linked to Portugal, and a new crisis of succession of the throne would generate strong interference in the lands overseas. In 1578, Portuguese King Dom Sebastião was fighting Muslims

in North Africa when he disappeared in battle. There is a part in the history of Brazil, which we pay little attention to, but it was fundamental to the configuration of the country that we have today which was the period of the so-called "Iberian Union". It was a time when a succession crisis in Portugal led to the king of Castile also being declared king of Portugal. And then you get a few decades of Portugal dissolved in Spain. The Netherlands had healthy business relations with Portugal, but was at war with Spain. When the kingdoms were united in

1580, the ports closed to trade relations and the Netherlands decided to attack north-eastern Brazil to ensure control over the production and marketing of sugar. They didn't have the treaty, the agreements of the time the legal right to be here. So, the use of the term invasion is correct, so much so that the choice of Pernambuco already demonstrated that, demonstrated what was the interest of the Dutch here, was a mercantile interest, and chose precisely the then richest place in Brazil. So unlike the process Portuguese, in which they actually emigrated, the Dutch, on the other hand, chose

the specific place that was profitable. The Dutch had no human enterprise and never proposed it, which the Portuguese, for example, had. They even took the state of Pernambuco, Recife, Olinda, finally... which already had a civilizing process constituted in that place. This is important to say too, because there is a value given to the Dutch process in Brazil as if they had civilized Brazil that was once beastly. In fact, the Portuguese were the ones who civilized Brazil that once had barbaric, prehistoric characteristics. The Dutch stole and blocked sugar production in Brazil and slave trade points on

the African continent. Suddenly, the region had no more manpower and its trade was compromised. The 60 years that united Portugal and Spain by a common sovereign did not only generate the damage of Dutch greed, when we compared a map of Brazil with the maps of the time we saw that there is a big difference in the size of the territory. For a century, the Portuguese was hesitant at the door of what seemed like... ...an immense desert, unable to enter Brazil inside. Brazil would only really be discovered, end to end, with the Bandeirantes. The Bandeirantes became

a kind of nomads of the hinter gates. They penetrated Brazil in search of silver, gold and slaves. They were descendants of Portuguese from São Paulo, but most of the troops were composed of Indians and Caboclos, from the top of the Amazon, to the savannah of Rio Grande do Sul, they took the language, religion, and the beginning of national identity. His race in search of virgin lands was unceasing. Baptized evenly the land in all corners of Brazil we will find a good view... ...and a great turn. The bandeirantes also spoke Tupi and named many of the

places they passed with the language, such as Jundiaí, Piracicaba, Taubaté, Sorocaba and many others. So this period from 1580 to the end of this union in 1640 was a very rich period in the history of Brazil, in which not only was configured, in general terms, the current map of Brazil because it was this circumstance that allowed the advance of the bandeirantes, for example, in lands that were Castilian, but also the Brazilian institutions were established in this period. Portugal would only regain its independence when the families of the nobles of Braganza claimed the kingdom. It was

the agreement that ended a long war of separation from Spain and ushered in a new era of the Portuguese dynasty. Portugal is once again an independent country of Europe and wants to re-establish its areas. Portugal, already having to maintain a war with Spain to ensure its independence made a deal with Holland, where they were they would stay, and where were they? They were in the Northeast and also in Angola. Brazilians did not accept this situation so they formed thirds as they were called the military units and met to face the Dutch invader even without the

support of the King of Portugal. The religious and market differences were many and the first Brazilian army was about to be born. The Portuguese have a way of dealing with debts, credits and trade the Portuguese of the time inclusive, the Brazilians were, let's say, inheriting this. The Dutch arrive with other commercial practices, the commercial practices are of absolute punctuality, continuous and constant and high interest, and they try to implement this here, it was one of the reasons for revolt since I said that the national civilization it is born of this mixture between medieval mentality and

modern mentality. The Dutch mentality was much more modern in that sense so it was all optimisation for better results. It didn't have these relationships to think about each other, to understand... "okay, hey, next time you better pay", you didn't have that, it was "oh, I came here to charge"... "I'm not going to give", "oh, so your house is mine now", "how about?", "bye!". the Dutchman took care of things like that. As they were more formal, they had a different view of slaves and Indians, so they left the Indians more distant and they treated the slaves

more harshly which is something that characterizes the Portuguese as well, this greater familiarity, ability to diplomacy and friendship management Aristotle himself said that friendship is one of the foundations of political society. This dissatisfaction gave rise to the Battle of Guararapes, where Indians, blacks and Portuguese came together to expel the Netherlands and reconquering the lost territory. So it was battle that united what? First, a re-enactment of Portugal as an independent nation, second point, you had a battle of Catholics against Protestants, third point, you had competing ways of life, then the Dutch way of life that defended

certain religious freedom, but that was very rigid with business or the way of life Portuguese... ...that was more rigid with religious issues and more tolerant of business. You create a lot of problems and a war happens. You see pictures of this battle you see there black and Indian war groups you have Felipe Camarão, for example, was an indigenous leader. Then you have the myth that in the Battle of Guararapes you have first a pre-army as if it were the first moment of the Brazilian army, and secondly you have the three races united against the invading

element and thirdly you have catholics fighting protestants wanting to avoid... Protestants and Jews, wanting to avoid then the Catholic faith of Brazil. When a Dutch armada became aware of Brazil, it was a portrait of the colonial style of its time, disaggregated, impressive and separated by enormous distances, which spread the population by sugar mills. In 1654, when Recife was reconquered, there was only one people there. Within a short time, the Brazilian formula was found, allies against intruders, Indians, white and black men, encouraged by their love of the adopted land or the cradle, and attached to their

ways of life, carried within them the blossoming of Brazilianness. There were European military chiefs like Fernandes Vieira, Indians like Felipe Camarão... ...and black men like Henrique Dias. The struggle generated a sense of identity with the land itself and gave rise to the first Brazilian army. The Dutchman was removed, but the spirit of regionalism was left that would no longer be lost. The feeling of nationality, it does not arise at once, and of course, I think it is clear to everyone that it is gradually emerging. So when we first talk about nationality we have to remember

that if we are going to refer to the colony, to the colonial period, we are not talking about a union between national identity and state, this is impossible since not even an independent state there was. We're just talking about one nation as a culture of its own. Expelled from Brazil in 1654, they settled in Suriname, Barbados, Curacao and other regions of Africa. When we will consider the question of the possibility of Brazil being colonized by others by other peoples, for example, France was here, in two places, Rio de Janeiro and Maranhão. The Netherlands was here

for a long time in Pernambuco. So we think of Holland, which is the country that was colonized by the Netherlands that today has a great strength of world prominence? Suriname? South Africa? And South Africa spent a long time in the hands of the British... and we've had very serious cases of racism there, like Apartheid and it's still a country considered quite backward and problematic. Country colonized by the English, then you will say "come on, there's Australia" there's the United States of America. The United States was a country of fugitives, religious fugitives, because in England religious

persecution was tremendous and Australia was the first country of exiled, similar to Brazil. And there is also always the example that we can remember from English Guiana and the many African countries that had under the English yoke from which nothing came up. In France... Haiti? French Guiana? So, I use these examples to make us think that it's no use "ah, I was colonized by that one" It comes at a time when the people who are there are no longer "that one". During the 60 years that had lasted the unification of Portugal and Spain the Portuguese

trade was ruined. Business with India went into complete decline and the merchant navy was virtually destroyed. But Brazil already had a life of its own, and economic activity had increased greatly on this side of the ocean. The bandeirantes had torn the paths of the hinterland in search of precious stones and places to raise cattle. Making Brazil the leading supplier of leather in Europe. The first cotton plantations appeared and, in Bahia, Salvador de Sá had even built the largest ship in the world at the time. But Brazil still had a big economic surprise ahead of it.

With the fall in the value of sugar, the Portuguese crown implemented incentives to explore lands still unknown in search of gold. The biggest incentive was a decree that gave possession rights to the gold discovered, The Bandeirantes... and now ore hunters, began to make discoveries. News of the gold quickly arrived in São Paulo and convulsed the small village. "The Gold Rush" was starting. All the residents who had conditions left behind the wealth lacking everything the good news ran fast through Brazil, causing the settlers from other states to also cross the hinterland to Minas Gerais. In three

years, six mining camps became villages; they were precarious places lacking everything imaginable but of gold The scheme that emerged to supply the mines changed life, not only in Brazil, but also in the metropolis. In less than half a century, the population of Minas Gerais became larger than New York, surpassing 600 thousand inhabitants of the time while the entire population of Brazil and Portugal was only 4 million. The cities gained importance and Portuguese nobles came to Brazil, the symbol of wealth and the main mining town of the 18th century, Vila Rica which today bears the name

of Ouro Preto. The atmosphere in the village was euphoric, the miners, merchants, craftsmen and employees became rich. Art accompanied prosperity and gave birth to the splendour of the Baroque of Minas Gerais, a style marked by the richness of the decorative elements. Even with European influence, the Baroque of Minas Gerais can be considered, since 1500, the first artistic manifestation of a local culture and no longer the reproduction of European standards. Among the great artists of the period, the best known are the painter Manuel da Costa Ataíde and the sculptor and architect Aleijadinho, maximum representative of a

true artistic school. Education also advanced. Until then, the only study available in Brazil was that of jesuit colleges. With enrichment, the habit of having at least one of the children study at the university coimbra became the rule among the wealthiest. With the rich nobility and their literate children, Vila Rica gained theatre, orchestra and literary circles, was the birth of a Brazilian aristocracy. On the first day of November 1755, Lisbon suffered an earthquake that would destroy thousands of homes and buildings. At least 15 thousand men died and despair was widespread. The first attempts to restore order

only began the next day and were commanded by the secretariat of state of the kingdom, an ambitious man with plans to reform Portugal through the centralization of power Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, the Marquis of Pombal. Pombal organized Lisbon after the earthquake and had a continuous increase in Brazilian gold production for the reconstruction of Portugal’s capital. Contrary to his wishes, production fell rapidly in the mines, Pombal instead of adapting the rhythms of his plans, decided to resort to violence and accelerate them. He creates a very serious problem within Portugal and then in Brazil because

he is a man who... ...grounded in these French Enlightenment ideals, he has an idea that the church is a threat, although he himself was someone who in a somewhat ambiguous way did not question the existence of the Church and the church's relationship with the state Portuguese at the time. But the way he found to insert French Enlightenment ideals within Portugal through teaching was to persecute the Jesuits. Enlightened despot is the vision or definition that I am most aligned with. The antithesis, as an antonym, as an opposition to enlightenment behaviour is that Pombal will have stressed,

and more than that, he will embody the power of the Inquisition. That is something later in an Enlightenment sense than the Inquisition? and Pombal will have stressed the power of the Inquisition by even appointing inquisitors and giving strength to the inquisitorial courts... that they had not before had. One night, King Joseph returned to the palace when a gunshot struck his arm and chest. The injuries forced him to rest for several months and the Marquis of Pombal took advantage of the fright to convince him of the existence of a great conspiracy that needed to be faced.

Pombal imagined a source of money that could pay for his projects: the Jesuit Order. He secretly set up an inquiry in which he accused them of organizing a major plot with some nobles to kill the king. In December 1758, prisons began that took more than 1000 people to prisons in less than 30 days. The Jesuit convents in Portugal were surrounded by troops and the prisoners were interrogated and tortured. Pombal claimed to the king to have the evidence that confirmed all the allegations Jesuit priests would have convinced members of the nobility to plan the attack. The

trial led to the death of 11 nobles, the arrest of jesuit priests the confiscation of the order's assets and their expulsion from all domains of Portugal, including Brazil. And the issue of that also involves power because they were already, shall we say... they were as powerful as the Vatican itself. It is not that there were only saints who wrote beautiful things that everything was perfectly in accordance with the teachings of the church. There is priest advocating abortion, authors advocating murder... "if it is Jewish you can kill" you got all this, for issues that had already

been solved morally at least in the customs and theology of the church long ago. Often, Dom José is exempted from a process in which he was not only an accomplice but also an agent. The decline of the Jesuits themselves, which was also a truth, the decay of other religious orders and the misdirected that Brazil was more or less moving forward. In 200 years, the Jesuits had been responsible for the policy of treatment of indians and for the education of Brazilians. When they were expelled, the schools were closed and entire regions went into stagnation. With this,

Pombal begins a process of statization of various dimensions of civil life in Portugal and, therefore, in the colonies, which until then were not nationalized, starting with teaching. And this is interesting because this will have very lasting results which I think persist to this day in Portugal and Brazil, which is a type of education formed to train citizens for the state and not this idea of forming citizens is an idea already somewhat dangerous and somewhat authoritarian, but when you turn teaching into an instrument of citizen formation for the State, this gets even more complicated if the

state has a power project or who dominates the state or in a certain historical period has a power project to form, forge mentalities. So Pombal does this with various dimensions of civil society, nationalizes these dimensions of civil society and this will also have repercussions in Brazil. The influence in Brazil was catastrophic this was in fact the worst thing that happened for the cultural development of Brazil because by expelling the Jesuits he destroyed a work of culture that had continued Brazil would be more developed than the United States of America, without a doubt. And to think

that there were initial schools and higher education schools that taught science, medicine, geometry and fortifications, i.e. architecture... all this existed in Brazil at that time. Pombal's true goals began to reveal themselves. The minister became the absolute lord of Portugal and concentrates wealth in the hands of friends, distributed monopolies of regions and sectors of the Portuguese and Brazilian economy making state investment, land donations and applying tax privileges, in addition to giving state assistance to crush competitors. The companies consumed a lot of money and did not deliver any progress; Pombal followed his plan firmly and sought to

take more money from the only available source Brazil It created new taxes and banned various economic activities to favour the Portuguese economy and weaken the Brazilian economy. He ended the captaincies, moved the capital of Salvador to Rio de Janeiro and nationalized education for a state that had no teachers. Portugal plunged into a severe economic crisis due to state spending and intervention in the economy. Brazilians began to demonstrate a series of revolts against the Portuguese measures. Tensions arose, when decreasing the extraction, the depletion of the deposits the crown continued to charge producers a fixed amount of

gold regardless of production. And that caused the revolt that gave rise to Inconfidência Mineira was the one "derrama" And then they had to deliver this amount annually, which was the "derrama" so there was a time when the "derrama" was going to be charged and even those who had not reached the fifth this amount had to pay this minimum and sometimes this minimum was a lot because in fact the gold in Minas Gerais begins to be scarce then they gather and revolt against this The Inconfidência Mineira is born basically of this, only that the revolt does

not burst because there is a gossip over there... and everyone knows that before the revolt broke out, he denounces everything that was happening, to the Portuguese authorities, and with a very heavy hand, they persecute those who were the leaders and hang some and dismember the famous Tiradentes and exposed his parts, around Rio de Janeiro and some important cities like Vila Rica. Then you realize that what was happening there was a revolt of the native element against those who organized things for the good of Portugal. And we will see several other uprisings in Brazil that are

called "nativist revolts". The European who immigrated made America a very different from the one that had so far The environment, the climate, and the people who found and transformed him. We forget in the Brazilian case that Brazil was made more from the outside in than from the inside out. It was almost three centuries since the Indians and the Portuguese had met. The miscegenation had gone forward from generation to generation and finally there was what seemed to be the Brazilian people: black, Indian and European. The miscegenation much more than a framework in the light of oppression

I understand it as a Brazilian virtue. Let's say, the great thing about Brazil was obviously miscegenation. That's what hastened the boundaries between races and allowed... today I think half of our population is mixed race, is black or mixed race, right? If this had happened in the United States, well, maybe you wouldn't even have a civil war. Brazil still had many problems to face. In front of the mirror, we account to all the generations who gave us the mission... ...of never giving up and overcoming our history. The difficulties we left behind have made us a single

people who bring together a great memory of the past. From our blood flows every Portuguese vessel, which said goodbye to the old world every indigenous tribe that taught us to be free in this land. Every drop of slave sweat knocked down on this floor, every emigrant who once promised a better life for his family. We are descendants of the Greeks, but we are also descendants of Meroé, we are descendants of those who made the medieval Castles of Europe and those who made the great Zimbabwe. Our blood is the peace treaty of humanity. No people are

aware of their destiny and the certainty of their value... ...is ignored by their past or if they simply do not understand it. All this enormous cultural weight, all this tradition, this whole story, needs to be returned. The great nations have been able to build admirable historical legends that give them their noble traditions poetry, soul and meaning. Brazil can dispense with these legends, it is enough to rescue its slow elaboration, the authentic romance of its origins, of the most different lives that have merged here and forged this vast panel of our history so distressed and heroic.

To be continued