Principais ideias do Filósofo Platão (2013) - Prof. Lúcia Helena Galvão de Nova Acrópole

[Music] ae [Music] good night everybody welcome! The idea is an old project that I still intend to return to make that same lecture in the future that is including more and more arguments from platonic dialogues we have in new own reading group where we look all the Platonic dialogues was to make an overview where we get the ideas of the Platonic work as a all and did a little sampling today we should have about 50 minutes chat where some of these main ideas are presented here is very common for those who already do philosophy courses

with us that we have an idea of plato very through of the republic of laws that we study right at the beginning of our philosophy course of the work as a whole is attributed to going although it has a number of dialogues that are hardly debatable but attributed if in about 26 dialogues plus the letters so it is a big voluminous work entirely preserve until our days and much of what he goes through in the military camps is sometimes to meet only a cave myth has an idea global of all that he transmitted through his

work and then generate a chat where we go through some general ideas we will realize that much of what we we have in the West today through filtering a middle age after a iluminism are platonic ideas that were being were being distorted but which at its base were conceptions platonic so I hope we can get out from here with a slightly more global view of plato understanding a little better his work let's go over some general ideas one tiny biography that most of us have already knows it very well and we end up celebrating the

day of philosophy where we must but the tribute the two thousand and four hundred years of plato's academy celebrates today this year right this year marks 2400 years since that academy that lasted 800 years, that is to say a school of philosophy probably the one with the longest lifespan in history and that deeply marked the human thought then we'll take a look at short biography, I won't go on in this and we will pass on some of the ideas general which is 15 of several dialogues him because some a few thoughts from some dialogues wanting

less known some that normally not discussed so much is that people get a sense of the thinking platonic in a more global way at the end we opened for questions if there are doubts and I hope that we leave here a little more intimate with platonic thought getting to know a little best right good everybody knows more or minus helping the 428 347 everyone knows that he stays ten years in the company of that which was historically considered his master who is socrates everyone knows too that this is not his only master who plato he

receives a lot of knowledge is what we call pre socratic and parmenides charges heraclitus including one of his dialogues is called exactly for less we also know that he takes a lot of egypt heir to much tradition Egyptian is finally a mixture of several knowledge in the amalgamation of various knowledge but this young plato then born into only family aristocratic he even when he climbs to power the 30 tyrants of athens after the defeat of Athens and Sparta 1 of this year was uncle Plato's he was from an influential family by the way you know

that when he is sent to listening to socrates speaking in a public square because his family wanted him learn oratory to be a politician wanted him to have a career politics since they sent him to the wrong person at the wrong time another right person at the right time depending on the point of view of ours was the person right at the right time because by knowing socrates he gave up completely something other than philosophy then he was a young family man aristocratic had with his family all had a history of posts in the government

at last of prominence in just said that maybe this is not very proven that his name was aristoclides today there are those who argue what are said to be an invention that in fact his name was plato even though he exists this possibility that arises that maybe there I get tired of seeing if the fact that he had a shoulder blade that this would have given him and if this nickname is not very safe either but brain disciple of socrates in the truth you know it is known that socrates writes absolutely nothing and we know

Socrates especially through Plato and also to a lesser extent through xenophon who is another disciple who writes the memorable sayings and deeds of Socrates but basically most of of the dialogue all the Platonic dialogues but most of what is known of socrates 20 button is now too much it is important that we have a notion because it often seems to whom knows more superficially than plato was just a scribe of the ideas of socrates which is not true it is logical that all his works are a tribute to the master but there is even a

dividing line at a given moment when you exit the dialogue with young people where button a line totally own are the thoughts of him although he continues honoring socrates as a spokesman as a character central to all his dialogues already then it is difficult to attribute today's academic thought is attributed a line of Socratic dialogue and the platonic dialogues that would be this young plato when he still suffers a very big influence of his master mature plato when he begins to speak for on its own I particularly know the dialogue of one phase of another

and I can't sleep it is very well where it cuddles I think she is a little bit imaginary right master of aristotle though history has followed its own line but you know that it was also one of his most famous students in the academy like socrates demarcated his life in such a way who dedicated his work to perhaps Socrates did not have for us the projection the historical knowledge we have if was not through plato because thinkers who walked the streets discussing ideas at that moment history it is not so rare that that plato has

set himself homage his master made him project himself if historically you may not remember we have that much of socrates if not if it were Plato it would certainly be a minor character in the story right founded a school that we know a much talked-about little chair that was made in tribute to this hero academus that only that's where you get it button is very subtle although today we don't have much vision yes look who doesn't get it in dialogue of him that is the main message is in the between the lines we have just

included in our Thursday reading one of these polizzi dialogues I think talking that there is forgiveness that speaks about courage a the main message is between the lines is in context is quite symbolic so he doesn't say much but when he dedicates his academy to a hero named academus a number of things still the between the lines of this message that the hero academus very little known in the our days is that when thesesu quick helena of troia her brothers john only castor and polux try will recover there and nobody tells where she is the

only thing that counts is academics and if academus o a casai nos far from the people is the the only one who disapproved of the diesel in athens considered that he was a demagogue that is washing the tastes people and that these people would end up turning about him that it was exactly what happened this populist habit of adorning the popular pockets that was also very common in the only time it was so subtly makes a criticism of this when dedicates his academy the name of the academy itself comes from the name of the academic

hero subtly without speaking nothing he says everything because academics why not another one in the place where it was prodigal in so many heroes as the Greek mythology we know then that his great work most of the letters but most of it estimates around 26 dialogues I put the name of some more famous there for you but it doesn't mean that are the most important only the best known is not the fedra banquet apology of socrates the christian feared republic especially to the republic that is a model by the way, I recommend it to you

if one day have to go to a desert island taking a few books if remember my advice at that time, right? republic because it is almost an oracle whatever you want within this book talks about politics talks about art talks of man's way of dealing with scientific thought speaks to education speaks of the love of justice of goodness of beauty and only the cake recipe is missing the rest all tent the repulse republic very broad a in the beginning the idea was to search for the concept of justice and from this concept of Justice build

a political model that is its republic your public thing res publica but ends up in the middle of the dialog an unusual amount of subjects if I were to talk only about the republic detailed nery a cultural cycle but it is certainly one of the most importance to the republic that has the myth of the cave is a much-vaunted and I dare say it gives a little understood in its symbolic depth right each one is dedicated to a theme specific to the tone of today's dialogue the people almost don't know each other anymore and neither

do several people around a driver that is proposed is to dialog about the theme it can be about love it can be about friendship can be about knowledge can be about justice various topics are addressed about the origin of words then this driver he has the commitment of not knowing him and puts the group service but he doesn't know where the dialogue will give he humbly assumes his ignorance about that subject and whether it does not manipulate the dialog he gets the arguments of the group goes sewing looking for a logical line and plato said

a lot wisely because it is a fact that any group that gets together to have a dialog of this type while respecting the laws of the dialogue we are going to have a little bit more ahead how would that come to a conclusion and is superior to common sense in this same respect he considered the dialectic that the art of dialogue as something sacred almost ceremonial such so that for example within your ideal republic he did not accept that the many young people participated because they did not I wanted dialectics to be used play that

was not played with arguments because it is cruel when you does that the person who knows how to play well with the arguments she breaks all the beliefs of a human being and is not capable of rebuilding put nothing woman then he did not like to play with words and words have a content sacred to plato he did not like that if he used this as a chair term for him and janet was a sacred discipline right then the books are all inscribed in form of dialogue each of them dedicated to a theme specific and

then we will get into áquila used to be the day I had to try pick up some of the main ideas considering plato's work as a this whole theory of ideas for sure is the one that in the first place when plato's speech if you remember it he says that everything that exists in the world infested first part of the theory of ideas everything that exists in the world we manifested there is an ideal plane where all the ideas were conceived ave eo world manifested as if it were a mirror that will gradually reflecting these

ideas that are brought from there to here or more the more perfect is this transport the more it is empowering of the person who go there and get it and bring it here when it is made in a very perfect way arrives down here and generates things very that meets the need for to which they were invoked does not needs an object I go there and get it the model and bring it in a very perfect way I am object fulfills perfectly the objective for which it was conceived now if this transport is half handicapped

in the middle of the road happens but malfunctions and arrives down here the damaged one that does not fulfill the purpose for which it was designed is that it will generate a whole cycle of pain and corrections throughout history so that this object takes the shape it should have taken from the beginning then first place the things president has since the universe was formed in the world of ideas he says that the great question of man really access this world let's talk already about this when we discussed the question of the demiurge is on the

bridge between these two worlds first thing the things to exist in the realm of ideas second thing even bolder this the world of ideas is the real world this one is illusory this one is shadow me to say that this time/space game these mutations where nothing is permanent that is proper to reality is proper to a world of shadows be a world illusory and we came to it to live an experience that corresponds to us learn how to evolve our awareness to learn not to do bridge between the two worlds and in the certain moment

to cross that bridge and definitely return to the real world that is the destiny of all at the end of evolution but this is a world illusory pedagogic made so that the gentlemen here looking through the shadows said its original and through of longing for this original that he called reminiscences came back to home that is, the things of the world well understood are invitations back to home in the theory of ideas basically deals with of this I brought to you I don't think mine I found very interesting that shows a little bit schematically no

I'm going to go into too much detail would be destroyed better schemes than I found about the myth of the cave I found it quite interesting you will realize that outside the cave in the lake that tree or the light of the sun here in the real world and in the world of ideas here below you have a simile one imitation of that real world that is the cave where the fire is as if to represent the sun of the world to manifest that the sun of the real world is the idea of good this

is something very deep and very interesting then in this world of perfect ideas there on top it is similar is this one from low and occupying the position of the sun there in up the idea of good and here within cave that the world manifested a it's the physical sun she goes to say that everything that happens inside of this cave is a reflection of what happens there more or less perfect and that at a certain moment men will have to stop watching the reflexes go up and in the direction of the source and then

they become wise when they no longer see only reflexes can fill some real things in the real world and its wise than to see things illuminated by the light of sun if the true sun is the idea of good as we often comment a lot in the philosophy course to see things illuminated by the idea of good one of the best conceived ideas that I have seen it from the symbolic point of view means to look at all things seek to know what the good of things is without wanting anything for just creating benefit them

and says that this is characteristic of the wise man he looks at the things not wanting to hold anything back seems just trying to figure out what it is the good of each thing and conduct them in toward the good that is theirs I knew it would be this then comes a whole sequence of ten that are subordinates is what you are going to realize that from the set of ideas of plato the idea of good practically the touchstone justifies all the others every week from it and the wisdom also week from it he will

say that it is the great divider for example when talking about love not saying more about this a little bit later imagine every theme like this for whom have you ever taken a philosophy course know one class is a class talking about each theme of 70 passing very briefly but in a certain moment he is going to talk about the divisor of human love that when people stop looking at things and asks what good it does me when we begin to look at things and asks how I can serve this be what is the good

of things and how I I can contribute to it then man's relationship with all manifested world is through the idea of how well man captures this idea he will be wise will be realized will be happy as long as he doesn't get it he will get nothing against the part of this is that unhappiness the frustration the lack of fulfillment as human being right then theory of ideas basically that's it there is one world the perfect real world of ideas and its pedagogical way not false because it is a pejorative word but pedagogical one illusion

set up so that we get to see through it the reality that is not is to see things is to see through of things resolve something very beautiful in relation to what he talks about jajá when you will talk about the idea of beauty then in addition to this first idea is important that the idea is the theory of das ideas I have selected some of them to say our how is she going to be able to talk about all this well basically well basically we will see that he define almost all of this for

example the idea of the good and the beautiful of the just he will define if the ideas all in one dialogue that the republic I spoke of for you that is an oracle for you use on the island when you go robinson crusoe robinson crusoe with the republic is another technology quality of life not least because it defines all these concepts within the republic and imagines are basically the parameters for the people's lives knows in practice what all this is I I have the parameters of life talking about in a very synthetic way that is

what it is possible and it is our objective within a lecture it is not that the good it relates the unit also that which unites the beautiful that which is taken in the direction of the unit that is to say, beauty always leads man in direction of the unit in the direction of good consequently and fair what order puts each thing in the right place he relates all these things interconnected that is unity is where you are headed the whole universe the universe came from unit back to him the evolution always gives a unity where

each thing fits together as if it were a big puzzle every being when it finds the itself into account its own identity as a form that fits perfectly with the rest of the universe its form is in friction is because it is still is not your way when you meet its deep identity that knows you yourself you fit into the universe in a way harmonious that the universe is all of it art cells of a great unity you to evolve is to perceive yourself more and more as cell of a large unit and work not

only for the cells but for the body this is an element that is super interesting that would fit in any consideration we make of respect of values that is one of the things more absent in today's society right to to be ethical you have to think as a whole as a society as humanity selfishness makes ethics impossible to be honest you have to think like everyone as humanity selfishness makes honesty impossible for think what is the virtue what is the value that coexists well with selfishness the selfishness the antipode of unity leads man to evolution

leads man to what Tibetan tradition calls the heresy of separate the activity then good is defined by unity the good that which unites which brings beings together is a ever greater unity if you are going to consider the scheme Egyptian pyramid will perceive a quite interesting thing in a pyramid imagine that up here there is the idea of good the more human beings go up but are close to this idea and most are close together is also this as they give what is going to happen moves away so if you want to know if you

are up and down and if you are more united or more separate more selfish or more altruistic is an infallible symptom a moral condition of evaluation if we climb or draw the pyramid there as here parents of the idea of good associated with the unit the rooster's idea he says look at one of most mistaken ideas child ever at that time imagine today because I there are several things that can have various functions within society but the beautiful necessarily is that which leads to man's consciousness towards or well there is a very interesting consideration this

a passage from one of the dialogues that does not it's republic that I'll remember now what it is he says that beauty does not is the invitation is to possess something else one invitation to him to resign he says true beauty is not I don't know, I think this chair of hers I I want her for myself I'm going to take her home we do not penetrate we do not possess the objects are not really us that of wanting something for me can be a attraction can be a passion the real beauty doesn't give you

that impulse to want possess true say as if that object was a symbol that referred to something through him through it you remember something when you see a beautiful act when you see a her music when you see a painting beautiful is as if you inside yourself had a reminiscent longing for nostalgia for a world where all things are like this it reminds me of something it is as if I had lived in the world where all these things are of this quality are harmonious so then through the beautiful things I I remember myself through

beautiful things does not find the way home and not wishing things worse than it says no one owns anything in the material world is an illusion and wishing build things on your instinct that is attraction that is not really a sense of beauty attractiveness and beauty are two very different things. different beauty makes you a beautiful object symbolic and you see through it your evolutionary path you see through it to yourself be which is the true beautiful act or true beautiful object he is a symbol that refers to something higher is beauty and brings man

closer to a good man and as I told you also the touchstone of everything and justice is an even more complex idea and even more beautiful he will say justice has a lot to do with order and said that there is nothing left in the universe all things have a meaning things have manifested themselves to fulfill the purpose they have a nature has a essence and has a role for it within of the universe nothing is good or evil in itself is the good or bad use that one makes of things so when things are

in place wrong they become negative when you find the right place where all things are justified good all of them is realized and to find the place where all things are justified the role of the just is justice I know if it would be to give to each one corresponds according to nature and its grandchildren imagine you, whatever is the example old that we always give inside classroom a knife one cannot say whether it is good or bad depends on what you use it for in the hand of a good excellent cook in the hand

of a lousy bandit to find a place where all things are justified even within of us we comment a lot on this sometimes in a a stubbornness is nothing more than a determination designed in the wrong place barely organized to know the nature of things to know how to give them their place corresponds to means to be fair to meet nature intimate of himself in the first place and a place that corresponds to you as a being human in nature because once you do it by correspondence you can find nature of each thing and gives

to each one that corresponds to him and every thing in its place not bad at universe would be a tremendous idea metaphysics and if there was something absolutely not the universe would have two absolute bad and absolutely good 2 absolute none of the two is absolute or relative and absolutes have to be one and therefore if there is something absolutely manega god nego absolute positive cannot to exist is illogical he has a whole argument he makes in in relation to that the need to give that thing that corresponding to you find a place where all

things justified are already three concepts beautifully important imagining one can imagine the power of this experienced in any company of any time the power said taken into consideration in the life of man in any society any time imagine how explosive this is current how much we need this conception in our life are then fundamental concepts but let's go ahead, there's still a lot left the demiurge and the creator man this dn hugo's concept that is interesting is a concept of a divine being that when created the universe and a bridge between that plan of ideas

and the concrete bank both built by himself he bridges this plane of the ideas and concrete plan and brings perfect in such a way that nature all of it fulfills its role in a way exact and perfect there comes a certain moment that when awakens in man the reason he enters into category of creative man that from a in a way should also simulate this Sunday that it is also up to him to create what he would have to do would have stature enough morale to be with your head in the sky and the feet

on the ground, that is, to be able to capture these ideas from the plan of ideas and build on the concrete level in image and likeness when man lacks moral stature for this he creates deformations and these deformations will be a source of suffering ne then the demiurge and the creator man was more or less like that idea biblical image and likeness of the other and ameliorate pain and suffering when he does not have the moral stature to make that bridge to be a pontiff to bring into the world exactly that which he sees on

the plane of ideas as the needs exist he will fill the needs in a crooked way of inconvenient way incomplete and this filling of these needs in an incomplete manner will bring misfortune he will say including at the political level that within one company there are certain men certain categories certain professions that necessarily would have to be would have to be pontiffs for example educator because he does not see the plan of the ideas and it will go bad that in the world for example a legislator artist curiously are bridges that do not could you

not put the man leave without moral stature me giving for society would be too great because they are form producers producer of elements that will generate influence within society the producer of civilization culture and if they don't do it, all humanity suffers because who cannot see through his eyes this is an artist without lawmakers one educator who cannot see the plan of 10,000 through their eyes so they don't see anyone else either understand this then the idea that the creator man he the image and likeness of the milpo curiously enough I always comment in class

recently I read a book of a current researcher who is a physicist quantum and works is and started to do some bridges with philosophy from of laboratory observations and he made an observation within the micro matters must know if it is called admitted the swami he has a book that is called physics of the soul that speaks something very looks like this obviously inspired also in platonic ideas né but also from his observations he said that within the micro matter there is an observer's influence on phenomena so if you have for example a small particle

you film a process she behaves in a way said the observer tends to interfere in this process and this particle has to behave according to the expectation of this observer he found this very curious to wonder what would happen if several observers stood in front of of that particle how would it take a decision about so many observers and then he comes to a conclusion that is not more from a laboratory and a his philosophical conclusion that I found very interesting that he says look at the men when they have a connection with a cosmic

mind they have a category of creators and interfere with the course of events when they disconnects out of selfishness and becomes work for themselves they belongs to the category of creators and falls in the creations category someone thinks what they are someone thinks what they live he are no longer creators is then a man connected with this plan of the ideas a man connected with this mind cosmic he would also have a category of the creator he is able to interfere in the course of history but for man's selfishness if blocks and falls into the

stuff category created and someone will think what he is living fell unconscious collective someone will think the ideas he has are not his own are all copied from some archive of the collective unconscious then it is quite current also would give a a lot of reflections that the most true knowledge and our opinion dreams are many dialogues talk about this is very handy at all with 3g but he will talk about the stages one of the things he considers to have levels is that man and what he will voicing opinions is inevitable but wants and

of opinions a status of truth and when man begins to give his opinions of a real status he means that he has lost the love for truth no longer interests him is more interested in how he likes see life for what it really is I find it interesting that it is as if you to take a modern example from that movie matrix that we recently commented on here at school including those who attended matrix and an almost everyone not so much me I like to use it as an example because it is very known that

citizen who left the matrix saw how everything worked but for a commodity preferred to enter the matrix and lived an illusion remember this realize that we sometimes experience this can realize that our opinions are not very correct but they are comfortable they give me a certain state of comfort psychological and also has a universe and terrible to change so he says man clings to opinions and give them a status of truth exists and yet he suspects that his opinions do not correspond to the truth he prefers opinions to settle in the world illusory and ceases

to have the impetus to search for the truth he says that this is dehumanization a man who has no within you the thirst the urge to search the truth is that you don't want to leave matrix is as if it had lost its fundamental characteristic of the human being of the background ultimately there is something within us a voice that is I want getting out of the matrix by adapting to the language platonic or to our days anything else secondary in in relation to this and when man exchanges this legitimate urge of human nature of

searching for the truth by another toy any means that it dehumanizes itself and then what comes from that is unpredictable society totally loses its way and especially when people who have this kind of behavior leads to a society that will create a culture that institutionalizes that these opinion leaders create culture when they are not inspired by a search philosophical truth entitled institutionalize alienation will talk basically these four categories renan then I left home and the conjecture that is pure opinion you know that joke that people usually says I don't know and I don't want to

know and I am angry with those who know I won't give it to you a Greek name she is called and if someone says this to you say you are practicing at home it not understand anything but that's what it is correct in kicks that belief is when the person takes a set of opinions as true and averse to any questioning goes a little further than home because at least he selected a fixed group icasa is volatile like wind where the wind blows opinion of the citizen changes with each season and lia embodies a new

intellectual fashion child sets a set of values but fixed without any research bias takes it as absolute truth and is averse to research but at least already had the ability to fix something in the sequence would come the day nokia that the deduced truth to day nokia is already doing through reason is already a man who begins to want use an uncontaminated reason to try to find the logic of life o what is true behind the illusions but it is logical and it will develop enough in his dialogues that reason that takes you to a

certain point it takes you to the exhaustion of appearances but she does not go as far as on the scene things she can show contradictions in sufficient appearances to show that things are not quite so but take the essence of things you go through intuition through a deep perception an experience deep of the things he will call of noesis that the truth included very interesting aside for those who have read republic or some other dialogue platonic that this is so common that almost he makes some mention of it where he will say that in anything

there remains a lot of attention on this any thing in your life or anywhere of the universe that worked is that behind of that there is a universal law and you can abstract from the facts themselves if you have a good symbolic capacity intuitive abstracts from facts and takes law that is behind what if you take this law you want to be able to apply in anything in life that she also works behind something in the your life that worked out you abstract a universal law that can be applied in anything else in your life

I often comment to my students one very silly example that all of them know it by heart but as there are some here who still don't are our students will allow me to tell this old story again we are volunteers in new acropolis you know and when we have some the need, for example, to paint a wall we build ourselves and all of this here with a regime of mutirão and we in general cir years and do we same at the time this building was built when we do the painting of the walls there was

something that was mystery and esoteric we have to plaster of the wall is who has already made it known that this is business as exotic as it is because the mason to do that with an ease out of the ordinary you will do for that dough fell to the ground it's not like that I'm going to make public but falling on the ground until a certain the moment you meet the distance the right way the right force or if the machine sticks to the wall hostesses die of josé one thing very funny they do it

there with tremendous ease eternally a mason will be better than me to paste the mark on the wall but what can a philosopher do from that experience when you realize when you put the correct distance correct intensity correct concentration the thing does not stick you can abstract from this the principle that you use in any other situation you are going to advise a person already it happened exactly to me it was very curious to advise a person who was with emotions a bit muddled a a little anxious and I realized that I had to let

him talk a little but not very position and get into an activity and so there was no longer any need to wait for the right time and I have to speak in a way that she took seriously what I was going to say but not too hard and if it doesn't offend day then right intensity and talk to a certain softness but at the same time a certain firmness is the right distance and if I could find that point at the time that I spoke the figuraria I I think I remembered what then is a

element I find interesting this history because in practice I saw it happen in several other situations that nothing else is than the idea of justice intensity right time at the right place to Justice but you realize that you abstract from a practical situation something that can serve for everything in life this is much more than reason it is a intuitive element that abstracts from anything that has worked in life a general law that allows better living understand this by speaking very well in a nutshell what he means when speaks of noesis the man through life

experiences he abstracts the laws of life and the one who knows the laws of life dominates life and therefore can successfully crossing the his bridge that led him to the world of ideas then it is very interesting and a I repeat the keynote of many dialogues platonic how to overcome using the mind in first and then came his their higher, shall we say, levels more that even awakens something of symbolic vision intuition theory of rave inefficiency is quite interesting remembers that we used to talk only a little about beauty has a lot of reminiscences says

that the real beauty was the nostalgia of home it's like a memory of something that you have ever had the place where you have been something in you the memory of a place that apparently you never were but he was said that if there was no man if the soul really does not exist as matá la raza empty there would be no difference among men as for example the tendency to be fair the tendency is to search for the truth the tendency to vitally need coherence the thirst for soul that drives some men in need

of coherence and others no and lisbon would all be the same about this really has to be different it has to do with the intensity with which they remember because they have been there level of recall will give the level of maturity of the soul was you remember because you have experienced something reminiscent says that the soul of man has impregnated of citing that Socrates who was his master used to say that education educates more by what it takes away than by what it gives and takes away all obstructions of divestitures vanity opinions those opinions

that you don't want to give up that if clinging to them out of pride takes it all away and what will come to light is truth that already is there the socratic geologist who was maieutics if you ask something socrates he was not going to answer you nor is it worth it you enter the time machine from long ago two thousand four hundred years waiting that he gave you an answer would be you teaching to find answers within you she wanted to make it is driven through of questions and prove that within you already had

an answer from the beginning but that by a series of sand nations you have obscured the contact this answer therefore within man there are all the truths he needs to learn is remembering that is reminiscence too basic all platonic dialogues he tries to bring up memories and how much the man remembers will define your maturity of soul essential that question of the soul maturity of animism ethics the absolute morality that is logically is inspired by the idea of good because everything is inspired and the morals concerning this ethical dualism of plato also very present in

political dialogues but in general in several dialogs where he will talk that he is absolute morality is that which leads to 16 what drives men one improvement to get to the unit then what is a man who really could you say if it is moral and ethical that in fact morals and ethics are the same thing is a man that his conduct has as anyone in order to bring him closer to very close to unity and is for him a decree that imposes on the charges my decisions my actions necessarily has to contribute to the

unit has to contribute to a larger human group than simply the even has to be a sum factor be has to contribute to a uno that even the mathematical operations plato speaks sum which leads in the direction of the one, that is your decisions are a good sum factor this is a moral decision now moral relative are those that I do because there is a law that punishes because there is interest to generate an image because the I get something out of it, that is there is another interest there in the account that not the

good it will never go constitute an ethical man to forget is whether this interest is also the their discipline and practice this morality a once he is no longer interested on the object you offered right too your moral interest is you will have a superficial moral facade a training and not really a ethical training i.e. by changing 'none kids in a society where men do not seek the good does not seek unity consciously there are no ethical men and end of the conversation for plato if not agree and fights with him in the folder and

half of them for you that is for him an axiom of the men do not seek unity do not seek the well but it's ethical why isn't it a game of interests I don't play coercion games I don't play this one will be punished I do this one do not lose my job once was a collection and if you have the assurance that you will not will be punished will not lose his job and I do anything that is very famous that chalk myth that you may have heard that chalk ring citizen put the ring

on finger was invisible to do any be that man who, when he was visible was so ethical when he put that ring on the summer finger minozzo eliete whose doctor for english see right as we usually comment on facade then if there is no deep search for the well the search for unity in the search for being one factor of sum of units in the world in that you live is a concern systemic with humanity as my act contributes to humanity if my act was taken as an example would be a uniting factor or not

if everyone me cacém is if not considering actions of this nature this name is unethical he has a training according to certain rules that serve interests is a pact social as he says but it is not a society is that no one is this kind of interest-based training is like the puppy you leave her to do a lot of juggling because in the end you will give there a wi fi or whether she is a circus animal in the background ends up being that then its strong ideas and well current how many times you see

talk for is of endless discussions about ethics about values about the today's world that has or does not have ethics is or not is corrupt and whether since Plato they are of a simplicity of a depth out of the ordinary who understands and uses them nowadays would simply be a final word I I don't know anyone who has gone beyond that I i hope the pilots who are going to moreover because humanity continues walking on this subject I don't know no one who has been so definitive and when these ideas are brought to these numerous

debates that the society makes around ethics but are brought out the first none general embarrassment because deep down who accuses who is accused everyone gets would feel in the same boat because that is very rare in our days that is true very little understood - due still is then we live the moral of training for social interests and let's go the social pact for him is moral relative cannot be called a ethical man nor an ethical society of the political body and if then republic especially more laws also incisive and what is it about the

idea of the state perfect of the states in perfect bring what happens to the man who happens with a society and a simple thing and clear ethical man leads a society if he leads society man of integrity leads to be inter o man who is good leads to be good logical in the same way inside you we are from haiti we all have one a lot of voices inside of us is that voice that says be upright but has that little voice in the background that God do anything no one is looking what is the

voice that leads in your actions daily it's always that human voice good you go take a human direction always be a voice of inertia voice of as my grandparents say of instincts and disinterest you will live an animalized life one life as a function of instincts and sometimes very crude interests very basic is that man humanizes himself delegated for what it has to the better society humanizes itself coder guided by the men who walk in the direction of what they have best that he logically play the keynote of the society just as the head gives

the tonic of the right body then it will say that a perfect state in a car driven by values by men and then it all comes down to a set of elements that is curious because from of the moment he was living inside a society where this was no longer so will in our days he said good men who are in power are the men who please the majority and not those who are guided by values that hardly the majority would understand values to understand if I would have between that come in and give an

example and a of his already on the ground, my memory fails me no I remember now it's the republic and the laws I think the republic he says he imagines you are a person who has to drive and to treat an animal in the zoo and that he kept observing that this animal caged does inside this cage of yours and he realizes that this animal has certain habits he always sleeps in a corner he I always ate in the other corner in a a certain time has a food that he likes it better imagine that

for some reason he has here to rule this animal and this animal have to choose him as ruler he would make a political platform that would be the following if elected is everyone slept on that field as a hero in this I sing such a thing then the time is yours political platform will not think about the good of the animal but what he likes teaching and will not be chosen is that what he calls demagogy where one a certain moment the rulers think of themselves and not of those who are governed and therefore do

not lead us in the direction of good and this he will call of an imperfect saying imagine an example that also there was a lot in the classroom that you can people to make a relationship understood this imagine you have a city small countryside there you have a half a dozen pediatricians and that suddenly the city hall launches a contest the pediatrician who is voted most favorable by children will win a brand new car and boots of a brand new car in the bandstand of the super square inviting singer then the children will vote for

you one pediatrician you would be on the same level as him car can be yours imagines are few in the city is suddenly a child enters the your office and you realize that you have a very acute infection that if you have been enter an oral medication of suddenly it may not give time is that it may spreading can cost the child's life she needs a medicine injectable and fast child likes injection if you give one injection she will vote for you but she will live if you pass a strawberry syrup she votes for you

but maybe she doesn't live that you will get past that child depends on that you are if you are really the pediatrician you will want to have as a main goal her health will hate you crossing the street when I meet you on the street but will stay alive there you will see there blushing cute and feels fulfilled with it you won't have a need, you won't want she likes you for you is a demagogue you will want that she likes you what will happen to her after they receive he will say that when the

men who lead to society are really men who drive themselves they will lead society in a correct way and therefore you will have a state the mayor now when we design our vices our weaknesses and we put in power people who are very similar to those that the government says we don't have much of a chance, right? society where all pediatricians killed the little children because the dream of them is not the health of the children but win a new car basically it would be this idea schematically so that you understand good continuing the dialectic

consciousness its the science that has as its object world of ideas is how I used to tell you are dialectic the day soon both or two or more intelligence seeking not other than the truth he is a science gets worse I launched a group of men who have no interest in projecting your personality have no interest in showing that they know more but are humble enough of knowing that they know nothing has love for truth I didn't go, they won't think about experiences that they lived and not invoke authorities of the that is, in a

dialog it is not worth you say one thing is true because so-and-so spoke a dialogue that runs the life experience that each one had of use starting grounds with life and not with intellectualist nothing true by argument of authority because someone said when the devil is led according to these rules he gets much closer to the truth than the common sense one had respect then humility to know that nothing if you know how to love the truth and work with arguments based on life is nothing true because you my name true because you lived in

having me then the dialog for him to read something that required a lot of maturity because it was something who was able to take you the closest of human science that any discipline is able to take you then will realize that not only all of their works are through dialogues such as also all the teaching that he transmitted within the academy within the his ideal city that the republic he allows dialectics only for young people to from 30 years of age he considered that playing with arguments intellectually deflate the words that cause terrible harm to

humanity such a dialectic for him is the one that bridges the gap between world of ideas when reason no longer can no longer postpone ethics as it invokes the symbolic reflection in mouth round trip to the union of several intelligences seeking the path is able beyond that which acts reason individually would take it she is capable of take you across the bridge to the world of ideas already then vital to france discipline that today we do not know but almost nothing education and directing the impulses on education goes where he talks a lot about all

in dialogue Saturday to the laws basically a short summary it goes say that education consists of taking the human impulses that every human being there are courses to like certain things and reject others these resources are worked on culturally in such a way that through of a culture that is a bit distorted you can be taught to like a series of things that are negative to your human nature and reject others that are good this generates a of character formation and says that education consists of taking human impulse to like and reject and make man

like what he likes is good and reject evil in such a way that he walks for good because he must because he likes it is much easier he rejects evil because he must he likes to direct human impulses so that they will lean toward the good and reject poorly that would be good character formation that would be the responsibility of education he will develop a long thinking that it will not be possible to talk here about the educator the educator who would be able to awaken that in your student is the one who has it

awakens in you it will represent what that learners do not yet have, due to immaturity but for him to represent something in the other and has to have this present in himself he does not can represent something that he does not has the educator is a fundamental condition of educator is to have contact from his consciousness with this plane of ideas and values had all this knowledge even technical he is secondary and says the educator who perceives the needs of your child are in need of information for the love of his craft he has very

fast but values are not so fast so get 60 that's it imagine that old example a we always give in class too entrepreneur who hires employees today when you ask for an employee of the experience is normally required technique in what he is going to do is this then you have a resume that you don't know how to tinker with with computer with such programs with this with that this person begins to work what guarantees that this citizen with all that resume the technician like this that you turn your back if you entrepreneur he won't

rob you he won't deceive you will sell secrets of your company by a competitor such as happens all the time who guarantees this now imagine that you hired a employee who is honest and upright and has the will to grow has the will to serve, i.e. a person who has values but he doesn't know anything about computing and format that you put he at the cursinho and learns six months one year he learns now have you ever seen anyone do it with five six months one year of honesty will it give the six-month course a

year of value integrity will not give with this he does not have people who does not have technical knowledge gives to resolve then from the viewpoint and the educator plato that is one of the proofs of the fundamental professions he has to have values have to have contact from awareness that this plane of ideas he has to have values because this does not it's something you improvise a bone notices of convocation of educators would be quite different from what they are the face of the information for him secondary to training is essential both originale on

top of it and it was only said 2400 years ago, that is, we are still didn't get to the semi there almost at all love and moral virtues I will enter a lot in detail about it but he will talk about love is always a union from the essence of beings human from the appearance that the idea of soul mates nor of the three worlds we are the physical world pretty much summing up the story you have physical affinities and we have a world metaphysical that have affinities metaphysical when you are united by metaphysical activities

by affinities lost 6 physics the more time goes by the more this union becomes closer because if I I unite someone because that person loves justice and me too as time goes by she becomes comes closer to justice and so do I so we get one step closer to another but if I join for a bigger physical or psychological affinity to the extent that time passes these affinities decreases because both physical and psychologically we change throughout life is that which was very close to a point goes away and this relationship is emptied then that a

relationship love as in all relationships within of society is a factor in the form in the lives of others and therefore becomes unite above on wings to each other not come together to mutually clip their wings in others that unite around values that unite around metaphysical elements around quests transcendent in time around ideals this idea briefly of love and the moral virtues that do not I'm going to go into a lot of detail regarding them he says that they are the foundation that sustains society and will talk about some com prudence as temperance as courage

which are very different from what people understand us each of them has a meaning for example the courage for us nowadays the impetuous courageous impetus to and courageous a lucid man who knows himself keeping pike in the face of danger and make the most appropriate decision is almost a reconstruction of our concepts all report reconstructs the bases with which it is used with the life is this is very interesting it gives a new meaning that I actually I'm feeling the oldest of all the words then we go to the important passages I brought you some

excerpts on truth excerpts that relate a a little with these ideas that we have already talked about dialogues I tried to bring some a little bit of each that would not remain just inside the republic a little bit of each one so that you get to know some these ideas borges that is a beautiful dialogue to be of little-known passage is very beautiful it is always better to suffer an injustice than that practicing it curious isn't it that he says that the damage suffers when you do an injustice much worse than the damage you suffer

when will you be a victim of this injustice being a victim of injustice and taking things away that necessarily in death and you I would lose more practicing an injustice takes things away that not even death could do of taking from you if a man is righteous if a man is good if man has values neither death is able to take it away from him but the lack of it of ethics is able to take away now if a man suffers a justice that will take away of him in your image our image with death

goes away even our material objects or even our physical life all with death we would lose anyway anticipated perhaps the loss of things that were never ours but it doesn't take away from us the essential to suffer justice does not take away from we the essential with and would have justice so he realizes then he suffers much more one who commits injustices and even invokes to have compassion of those men who are the most miserable of men and in a way should be those that arouse our attention the most compassion because they ask for things

that not even the death would be able to take them away deliver through injustice into their lucrative gorji socrates a small very beautiful dialogue that talks about origin of words and whether a passage of him and so who assigns the names does not contradict each other speaks of legislators who they created the names back in the beginning of time of these languages that we have been erring ne who assigns the names is not contradicts denoting over distinct names the principle of the order of motion for the virtues and the constraint and grimi o amento para

os vícios que quer saying that he makes an enviable collection of virtue names of goodness and beauty honesty integrity all that is can imagine he goes back to the origin of these names and discovers that the root of the name of all virtues has to do with the flow movement move if he picks up the vices and goes at the root of all he finds that all they have to do with aggregate pension regret to have if the name of the gods Greeks he takes their technology and discovers that the Greek gods in their etymology

those who push a man of the movement the evolution to the flow of life for wanting to be more than we are today going to search for the human ideal human completeness in terms of values and virtues and wisdom acquired pushes in that direction I wear and has then it is very interesting and gives a long reflection about it he is just about your idea to give a lecture quietly the republic the education must provide body and soul with all the perfection and beauty that can be education provides beauty to the body and to soul

i.e. elevates body and soul to direction of good as we have already talked a lot is not as much about the good as it is about in relation to beauty this is also a very nice banquet that is a dialog about love where he will talk about the instinct of reproduce that says that man has no production instinct only in the body generates new bodies to put in place of those old ones that have worn out and this is a search for eternity of the body how he cannot be eternal physically and puts new bodies

in the place of old but the soul has another form of breeding she also has the same impetus as procreation he will say but there are some urgent red creator lodges in the soul and that they wish to create not by the body but spiritually begetting children who are proper to the nature of the soul conceive and give birth to what is proper to nature of the soul to procreate wisdom and virtues in general or is perhaps that phrase that we so much repeats of man's life goals what it is to write a book to

have a child plant a tree maybe they are not only physical children and you say that man's goals to have only a good physical son all nature procreation is not so human to generate spiritual children or bring virtues to the world that when you do a bridge and brings virtue to the world even if it is small and even if it is only at the moment you contributed something positive to the world a son that you left what will generate an offspring this process continues because it sets an example absorbed by others embodied by others

generates other people who will following this we are to this day impacted by Platonic thought that saw two thousand four hundred years ago that we are seeing the issue son of plato his ideas and look how still reproduces as it still generates offspring be that the man does not below and that his need to generate children as to soul its spirit of procreation mex and not who makes you depend on yourself if not everything, then almost everything that contributes for your happiness and does not get stuck nor does it change according to the good or

bad success of his conduct is in fact prepared for life is wise in true meaning of the term courageous and temperance rather be the principle of autonomy that much later a thinker named emmanuel kant goes work with this concept to exhaustion autonomy is to make your happiness depends only on you does not make your happiness Buddhist principle does not depends on nothing external there never has been and never will be a man who be exclusively praised criticized and of the Buddhist jowl so it doesn't make your happiness depends neither on praise nor on critical i.e.

the elements circumstantial cannot make you a plaything meets inside you and all the reasons for his happiness for its realization the external elements are recognize it or not is secondary as Confucius said that the other thinker who speaks in this same direction it worries us if you are recognized but cares if you are worthy of the seal be the your awareness that you now recognize the external circumstances that will make whether this happens or not depends on world but of me I have done my part to fulfill my role is for the man to feel

at peace before his own conscience the man who has inner life and once that does not depend on anything external this ideal of the golden man that plato to say that it depends on nothing external because has gold inside of it so it does not depends on gold out of all the wealth that needs has within it is autonomous and how it is autonomous in relation to the world it does not depend on the world the world begins depending on it you can start doing history he turns the game is quite interesting is there has

a long history that we could develop in relation to this also but that will leave it to you scenes from the next chapters do not take a philosophy course from of this we could also talk about many things john learning is nothing else remember if this is in fact true there is no doubt that in an earlier era have learned what we have not now we remember now this is not could happen if our soul did not had somewhere before taking over by generation the human form therefore still for that reason it is it is

likely that the soul is immortal do you remember that Socrates that ceiling did not speaks of suffering of the last moments before of being run events and cultured imagine a man who is minutes away to be executed I see he is talking about his existential anguish by teaching to his disciples because the immortal soul quietly dialoguing and a5 too waiting for him dialoguing he says no if the knowledge that people understand perfectly that they were with us when we get here is because there is a human because there is existence human and if it is

to exist after it exists and I am sure that I have arrived in the world void I brought precious things with me and if I brought with me from somewhere I would preside so I also continue to exist with those things my love for truth my values they came with me they who give me the certainty of eternity basically that would be it then all this dialogue he will develop a series of reasoning to demonstrate the immortality of the soul and this is one of them perry if women by the way this is a beautiful

black book here the lack of loyalty consists of tabulate the dialog without doing the necessary distinction between what the discussion dialectical research itself of the teté on the knowledge about science is that he is making a criticism of the way the dialogue like the sophists use a dialogue who used dialogue to manipulate imagine he didn't know the refinement that this art would reach today we have a technology to manipulate through his of the dialogue that is no joke in the first case of fighter has fun with an opponent and seeks to achieve as much as

possible from the the dialectic other proceeds with seriousness and strives to lift the opponent and show him only the mistakes in which he will incur or would incur on its own behalf or by misguidance of other directors if and its interlocutors only may complain about themselves in its uncertainties and perplexities not from ti The following are all over the place showed friends and testing whether running away of themselves to welcome in a philosophy and if they change others without more continue to be what they were before look how beautiful true dialogue gives the man the

urge to improve to hate one's own ignorance to want change in you in others but if you do On the contrary, following the example of the majority the exact opposite if you go to with you instead of philosophers or friends 17 of wisdom you will make your companions enemies of knowledge when they become older ones see the well-conducted dialogue makes men become friends of wisdom enemies of ignorance study them a impulse to want to sweep away says ignorant and to become better and better men today in skin men in the direction of self-building very nice

isn't it continuing last close this is a passage from republic of the world's last limits intelligible is the idea of good that can only be perceived with difficulty but which however cannot be perceived in that it can be concluded that it is the cause first of all what is good and beautiful in the universe that is, the idea of good comes from everything there is good and beautiful in the universe all concepts all values can be defined on its basis the idea of good the ultimate inspiration that cannot be wiped from the human soul without

you taking away of man to human nature itself and is the rational animal as we are used to say good this is basically what I wanted to bring for you as I told you or small pockets in the future I intend to do this more elaborate including more but there It would have to be a cultural cycle, right, for fit all the Platonic dialogues are many but some general ideas of Platonic thought as a whole I think that I chose in a very strategic way and hope this is useful for you is asks if you

have any questions