O tempo segundo EINSTEIN | GRAVIDADE e o TEMPO em Mercúrio | Astrum Brasil

A portion of this video is provided by the Open Sky Project. Learn more at the end of this video. Time moves slower on Mercury than it does on Earth.

A day on Mercury is 58 days, 15 hours and 30 minutes on Earth. We can tell this by looking at Mercury through telescopes and timing how long it would take Mercury to complete one orbit around the Sun. However, if we traveled to Mercury and started our timer there, we would not get the same result.

This is because time does not move as “constantly” as we might imagine. Time can be affected by speed – the faster we go, the slower time passes for us. But time can also be affected by gravity.

And Mercury is much closer to a huge source of gravity in our solar system: the Sun. But how much does gravity affect time? Could we live to incredible ages if we all went to live on Mercury?

I'm Dennis Ariel, and you're watching Astrum Brasil. Come with us on this journey of discovery as we answer this question, and explore the strange and twisted world of general relativity and gravitational time dilation. I hope that by the end of this video you have won your like and your subscription.

For starters, what exactly is time? Mark Twain once said that “time is what keeps everything from happening at the same time”. Time separates the events of yesterday from those of today and those of today from those of tomorrow.

As you watch this video, you are not doing what you were doing yesterday, or what you will be doing tomorrow. We are constantly traveling through time towards the future at a rate of 1 second per second. This is the normal speed at which we travel through time, and it is shared by all of us who live on planet Earth.

But this speed is not constant at all times. As discovered by Albert Einstein, the faster we travel through space, the slower our time becomes, to the point where, if we could somehow travel at the speed of light, time would stop completely for us. If we were to travel to an object 4 light-years away from us, for people here on Earth it would look like it took us 4 years.

To us, it would seem that we arrived at our destination instantly. Although it sounds incredible, scientists have proved that this really happens. They took 2 watches; one of the clocks was placed on an airplane on a trip around the world, increasing its speed for a long period of time; the other clock remained in a stationary location.

When they finally went back and compared the clocks, they found that the clock that traveled the fastest actually recorded the least time; which is in line with what general relativity had predicted. General relativity is a reality. But Einstein also predicted that this would happen with gravity.

The closer you are to a large gravity source, and the more mass that gravity source has, the slower time will pass for you. This was proven in 1959 with the Pound-Rebka experiment, where they shot gamma rays from the top of a tall building to the ground and recorded whether anything had happened to the light waves. They found that the frequency of the waves increased as they approached Earth.

Like cars piling into congested traffic, radiation spikes approached. The time slightly slowed down for the gamma radiation as it got closer to Earth. This effect is significant enough that orbiting satellites have to be programmed to account for it, because when they are farther away from Earth's gravity, time moves faster for them.

Without this fix, your internal clocks would be out of sync with our Earth clocks - which could cause problems. And yes, Earth's gravity is enough to make time slow down for us. So, you're probably thinking right now: How much faster would time be passing for me if I weren't on Earth, or if Earth didn't have gravity?

Well, it's a matter of perspective. The passage of time will always look the same from your perspective; you won't feel like you 're slowing down, although you may notice some strange things happening around you. It is the external observer who perceives this change in the procession of time.

To find an exact answer to the question, Einstein devised the following equation: We'll be using this equation a lot for the rest of the video, so let's try to understand it. I know it might sound a little scary, but it's not as complicated an equation as it sounds. “t0” is the answer we are looking for – how much time would pass on the object we are interested in, in this case the Earth.

“tf” is how long it would spend in a place completely unaffected by gravity. By the way, that place doesn't exist. But it is our hypothetical, stationary clock.

“G” is the gravitational constant – a number they added to basically make the sums work. Let's not worry about where it came from, all we care about is the fact that it's always this: Don't worry too much about the metric in the end. “M” is mass, specifically the mass of the object that creates gravity.

“r” is the distance from the center of this object, and “c” is the speed of light, a value that we know to be approximately 300,000 kilometers per second. So to find out how much time passes slower on Earth compared to somewhere where there is no gravity, all we need to know is how much mass the Earth has, how far we are from its center, and then we can decide how long we want to compare. Just to make it easier, I decided to try this equation with 60 seconds.

If 60 seconds pass in our place unaffected by gravity, how much time passes on Earth? Solving the equation with this information, I got the following result: For every 60 seconds that pass, people on Earth experience only 59. 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 seconds.

In other words, 6,000,000,000 (6 billion) seconds have to pass before we notice a 4 second difference. This happens approximately once every 190 years. So realistically, you'll only gain about 2 seconds over your entire lifetime because of Earth's gravity, compared to a place with no gravity.

That's it's a little. . .

disappointing. However, we here on Earth are not just affected by our planet's gravity. We are also affected by the Sun's gravity, which in terms of our equation is much more significant.

So let's try again by plugging the mass of the Sun and our distance from it into our equation. This gives us a new result. How much time passes for us on Earth for every 60 seconds of real time that passes?

59. 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 seconds. While this is a more expressive number, it means you are only seeing a difference of one second every 3 years or so.

Or, in other words, about 24 seconds over the course of an average human lifetime. But Mercury is much closer to the Sun than it is to Earth. Certainly time is significantly altered here compared to Earth with a massive object like the Sun so close.

How much more would time slow down for us if we were on Mercury? The equation is essentially the same as before – the only new number we need is the distance between the Sun and Mercury. The answer to our final question of “how much time passes on Mercury every 60 seconds” is: 59.

9 9 9 9 9 9 0. . .

seconds. 60,000,000 seconds must pass before there is a single second difference. This happens approximately once every 1.

9 years, which increases over a lifetime equals about 38 seconds of difference. Just 14 seconds longer than Earth. But on Mercury, from our point of view, we wouldn't even be gaining those seconds, because from our point of view, time would be moving normally.

It would be Earth moving a little faster from our point of view. So if we pointed a telescope at Earth, we would only see 14 seconds more history on Earth than if we were living there. As Mercury is quite inhospitable, it probably wouldn't be worth it.

So does Mercury's proximity to the Sun allow time to move slower for us compared to Earth? Yes. But only by a difference of about 14 seconds over a lifetime.

In reality, time dilation due to gravity is not that significant. At least, not in our own solar system. The Sun's mass isn't enough to really stretch time that far for us, even if we were as close to it as Mercury.

The Sun would need to be millions of times more massive before we would begin to experience time dilation to any significant degree. However, it's still a fascinating look at the way time flows in our universe and reveals that time isn't as constant as we might think. And, of course, this suggests one last question.

Are there objects in our universe that are massive enough for us to experience significant time dilation around them? Yes. And this is where things start to get pretty “clear” to an outside observer.

At the center of galaxies are objects known as supermassive black holes. These objects have masses of millions to billions of times the mass of our Sun. In other words, if you were to fall towards them, time could slow down so much for you that it would approach 0.

If you get close enough to one of these giants and then escape it, you can spend half an hour there and emerge to find out that hundreds of years have passed for people on Earth. People on Earth with a powerful enough telescope would barely see you move – from their point of view, even your breath would take days to complete. In fact, there would be a point right on the edge of such an object that, as you got closer, your time would stop completely.

What would happen if you passed that point? Our equations cannot explain what lies beyond that horizon. Science still doesn't have the answer, although it certainly has many theories.

But this may be a subject better explored in another video. General and Special Relativity can be quite confusing topics. .

. but did this video help you to understand the topic? Is it a subject you would like to know more about?

Let me know in the comments below. Then that's it. A place you could live FOREVER.

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