How does Starlink Satellite Internet Work?📡☄🖥

Beaming internet from the middle of the  woods using an extra-large pizza-sized satellite dish placed on top of your house up  to a satellite orbiting 550 kilometers outside Earth’s atmosphere, well let’s be honest, is  technologically mind-blowing. What’s even crazier is that the Starlink satellites move incredibly  fast, around 27,000 kilometers per hour, and data is being sent back and forth between them  at hundreds of megabits per second, all while the dish and satellite are continuously angling  or steering the beam of data pointed directly between them. On top of that, the dish switches  between different satellites every 4 or so minutes because they move out of the dishes’ field of  view rather quickly.

If you have no clue as to how this is possible, stick around because we’re  going to dive into the multiple key technologies which enable satellite internet to magically work. First, we’ll explore inside the satellite dish and see how it generates a beam of data that is able  to reach space. Second, we’ll see how this dish continuously steers the beam so that it points  directly at a satellite moving across the sky.

And third, we’ll dive into what exactly the dish and  satellite are sending inside the beam that results in your ability to stream five HD movies or shows  simultaneously. This video is quite long as it’s full of in-depth details. We recommend watching  it first at one point two five times speed, and then a second time at one and a half speed  to understand it as a complete technology.

So, stick around, and let’s jump right in. First, let’s start by clarifying the difference between a television satellite dish  such as this one, and the Starlink ground dish, which Elon Musk dubbed Dishy McFlatface or Dishy  for short. TV dishes use a parabolic reflector to focus the electromagnetic waves which are  the TV signals sent from broadcast satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of 35 thousand  kilometers.

TV satellite dishes only receive TV signals from space, they can’t send data. Dishy, however, both sends and receives internet data from a Starlink satellite orbiting 550  kilometers away. While the Starlink satellite is 60 times closer than TV satellites, it’s still an  incredible distance to wirelessly send a signal, and thus the beams between Dishy and the Starlink  satellite need to be focused into tight powerful beams that are continuously angled or steered to  point at one another.

Compare this to TV broadcast signals which come from a satellite the size of  a van, and whose signals propagate in a wide fan that covers land masses larger than North  America. Table size Starlink satellites, however, need to be in a low earth orbit  to provide for 20-millisecond latencies, which is critical for smoothly playing internet  games or surfing the web, and as a result, their coverage is much smaller. Thus 10,000 or more  Starlink satellites, all orbiting at incredibly fast speeds in a low earth orbit, are required to  provide satellite internet to the entire earth.

Let’s now open up Dishy McFlatface. At the back,  we have a pair of motors and an ethernet cable that connects to the router. Note that these  motors don’t continuously move Dishy to point directly at the Starlink satellite; they’re used  only for initial setup to get the dish pointed in the proper general direction.

Opening up Dishy,  we find an aluminum structural back-plate and on the other side, we find a massive printed circuit  board or PCB. One side has 640 small microchips and 20 larger microchips organized in  a pattern with very intricate traces fanning out from the larger to smaller microchips,  along with additional chips including the main CPU and GPS module on the edge of the PCB. On the  other side are 1,400ish copper circles with a grid of squares between the circles.

On the next layer,  there’s a rubber honeycomb pattern with small, notched cop-per circles, and behind that, we find  another honeycomb pattern and then the front side of Dishy. So, what are we looking at? Well, in  essence, we have 1280 antennas arranged in a hexagonal honeycomb pattern, with each stack of  copper circles being a single antenna controlled by the microchips on the PCB.

This massive array  works together in what’s called a phased array in order to send and receive electromagnetic  waves that are angled to and from a Starlink satellite orbiting 550 kilometers above. Let’s  zoom in and see how a single antenna operates. Here we have an aperture coupled patch antenna  composed of 6 layers, most of which are inside the PCB.

It looks very different from the  antenna of an old-school radio, and is honestly, incredibly complicated, so let’s simplify  it. We’ll remove a few of the layers for now, and step through the basic principles of  how we generate an electromagnetic wave that propagates out from this antenna. To start, at the bottom we have a microstrip transmission line feed coming from one of the  small microchips.

This transmission line feed is just a copper PCB trace or wire that abruptly ends  under the antenna stack. We send a 12 Gigahertz high-frequency voltage or signal to the feed  wire which is a voltage that goes up and down in a sinusoidal fashion, going from positive  to negative and back to positive once every 83 pico-seconds, 12 billion times a second, or 12  Gigahertz. Note that high-frequency electricity works differently from direct current or low  frequency 50 or 60-hertz household electricity.

For example, above the copper feed wire, we  have a copper circle with notches cut into it called an antenna patch. With DC or  low-frequency alternating current, there wouldn’t be much happening because the patch  is isolated, but with a high-frequency signal, the power sent to the feed wire is coupled or sent  to the patch. How exactly does this happen?

Well, as mentioned earlier, a 12 Gigahertz signal is  applied to the copper feed wire. When the voltage is at the bottom of its sinusoidal, or trough,  we have a concentration of electrons pushed to the end of the feed wire thus creating a zone of  negative charge which corresponds to the maximum negative voltage. This concentration of electrons  on the tip of the wire repels all electrons away, including the electrons on the top of the patch,  and as a result, these electrons are pushed to the other side of the circular patch.

Thus, one  side of the patch becomes positively charged, while the other becomes negatively  charged, thereby creating electric fields between the patch and feed wire like so. However, when we reverse the voltage to the copper feed wire 42 picoseconds later, we have a  concentration of positive charges, or a lack of electrons at the end of the wire, and thus the  electrons in the patch flow to the other side, the voltage in the patch is flipped, and the  direction of the electric fields are also flipped. Because the feed wire voltage oscillates back and  forth, 42 picoseconds between one peak and trough, the electric fields in the patch will also  oscillate as the electrons, or current, flows back and forth.

If we pause the oscillation we can see some of these electric field vectors,  or arrows, from the patch, are vertical, and because they are equal and opposite, they cancel  out. However, other electric fields are horizontal in the same plane of the patch and are called  fringing fields. These fringing fields are in the same direction and thus they add to each other,  resulting in a combined electric field pointing in this direction.

At the same time, electrons  flowing from one side of the disk to the other, which is an electric current, generate a  magnetic field with a strength and direction, or vector, perpendicular to the fringing  electric field vector. As a result, we have an electric field pointing one way, and  a magnetic field pointing perpendicular to that. Let’s move forward in time to where the  voltage on the feedline becomes positive, and now, we’re at the peak of the sinusoid, 42  picoseconds later.

The charge concentrations, or voltage, as well as the current, is all  flipped, and thus the electric and magnetic fields point in the opposite directions. Electric  and magnetic fields propagate in all directions, and by creating these oscillating fields,  we’ve generated an electromagnetic wave which travels in the direction perpendicular to  both the electric and magnetic field vectors. Because the two sets of field vectors are not  all in the same plane, but rather are curved, the propagating electromagnetic wave travels outwards  in an expanding shell or balloon-like fashion, kind of like a light bulb on the ceiling.

Let’s  simplify the visual so we only see the peak and trough or top and bottom of each wave and note  that the trough is just a vector pointed in the opposite direction. Additionally, the strengths  of these field vectors directly relate back to the voltage and signal that we originally sent  to the copper microstrip feed wire at the bottom of the stack. Which means, if we want to make  these electric and magnetic fields stronger, we just have to increase the voltage sent to the  feedline.

It’s like a dimmer on a light switch: more power equals a brighter light. Thus far we’ve been talking about this aperture-coupled patch-antenna as transmitting;  however, it can also be used for receiving a signal. In this microchip, called a front-end  module, we switch the antenna from transmit to receive and turn off the 12 Gigahertz signal. 

When an electromagnetic wave from the satellite is directed towards Dishy, the electric fields  from this incoming signal will influence the electrons in the copper patch, thus generating  an oscillating flow of electrons. This received high-frequency signal is then coupled to the  feedline where it’s sent to the front-end module chip which amplifies the signal. Thus, these  antennas can be used to both transmit and receive electromagnetic waves, but, not at the same time.

Two quick things to note. First, as seen earlier, this antenna has many more layers and is more  complicated than we’ve discussed. For example, here are two circular patches.

The bottom is  used to transmit at 13 Gigahertz while the top to receive at 11. 7 Gigahertz. Additionally,  there are two H slots and two feed wires to support circular polarization, a reflective plane  in the back, and also, there are multiple features for isolating the operation of one antenna from  the adjacent antennas.

We’ve included these and many more details in the creator’s comments which  you can find in the English Canadian subtitles. The second note is that there are electromagnetic  waves of all different frequencies from thousands of different sources passing through  every point on Earth, whether it be visible light from the sun, radio waves from radio or  cell towers, or TV signals from satellites or towers. Therefore in order to block out all  other frequencies of electromagnetic waves, these antenna patches are designed with  very exact dimensions so that they receive and transmit only a very narrow range of  frequencies, and all the other frequencies outside this range are essentially ignored  by the antenna.

Let’s move on and see how a single antenna can be combined with others in  order to amplify the beam to reach outer space. This single antenna is only a centimeter or  so in diameter and using only it would be like turning on and off one light bulb and trying  to see it from the international space station. What we need is a way to make the light a few  thousand times brighter, and then focus all the electromagnetic waves into a single powerful  beam.

Enter the massive Mr McFlatface PCB, 55 centimeters wide with a total of 1280  identical antennas in a hexagonal array. The technique of combining all the antennas’  power together is called beamforming. So how does it work?

Well, let’s first see what  happens when we have two simplified antennas spaced a short distance away. As mentioned before,  one antenna generates an electromagnetic wave that propagates outwards in a balloon shape. At every  single point in space, there’s only one electric field vector with a strength and direction and  thus the two antennas’ oscillating electric field vectors combine together at all points in  space.

In some areas, the electric fields from the antennas are pointing in the same direction  with overlapping peaks, and thus add together via constructive interference, and in other locations,  they’re oppo-site with one peak and one trough, and thus they cancel each other via destructive  interference. We can now see that the zone where they add together constructively is far tighter,  or more focused, than a single antenna alone. When we add even more antennas, the zone of  constructive interference becomes even more focused in what is called a beam front. 

Thus, by adding 1280 antennas together we can form a beam with so much intensity and  directionality that it can reach outer space. Now you might be thinking that the strength of 1  antenna duplicated 1280 times over would result in a combined power of, well, 1280 times a single  antenna, but you’d be mistaken. The effective power and range of the main beam from all these  antennas combined is actually closer to 3500 times that of a single antenna.

The quick explanation  is that by having these patterns of constructive and destructive interference, it’s as if we  took a single antenna, multiplied it by 1280, and then placed a whole bunch of mirrors around  it and left only a single hole for the main beam to exit through. The long explanation requires  a ton of math and physics, so let’s move on. Dishy McFlatface and the Starlink Satellites  undoubtedly have some rather complicated science and engineering inside and to fully comprehend it  all you have to be a multidisciplinary student.

To help you do that, check out Brilliant, which  is sponsoring this video. Brilliant is an amazing tool for learning. They teach a wide range  of STEM topics in hands-on, interactive ways, many of which directly relate to Starlink  and other cutting-edge technologies such as electric cars, quantum computers,  rocketry, or neural networks.

For example, they have an entire course dedicated  to Waves and Light, and another one on gravitational physics which will greatly help  in understanding Starlink and SpaceX rockets. Brilliant is nothing like a boring textbook,  but rather all the courses use interactive modules to make the lessons entertaining  and to help the concepts stick in your head. To really understand today’s frontier technologies  and to help you become a revolutionary engineer and entrepreneur like Elon Musk, you have  to be versed in a wide range of fields in science and engineering.

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org/brancheducation.  You can find that link in the description below. Now let’s continue exploring how a powerful  beam can be continuously swept across the sky, and then how we fill it with hundreds  of megabits of data every second.

As a quick refresher from before, here’s  an array of 1280 antennas and we fed them all with the same 12 Gigahertz signal in order to  create a laser-like beam propagating perpendicular to Dishy. However, as mentioned earlier, we need  to be able to angle this beam so that it points directly at the Starlink satellite zooming  across the sky at 27,000 kilometers per hour. Using the motors isn’t feasible because they would  break within a month and aren’t accurate enough.

So, the solution is to use what’s  called phased array beam steering. Let’s go back to our two-antenna  example. Before we were feeding the same signal to the two antennas, and thus  the antennas were in phase with one another.

Understanding phase is critical, so quickly:  changing the height or amplitude of the signal is done by changing the power sent to the  antenna, thus making the signal stronger or weaker. The frequency is how many peaks and  troughs, or wavelengths there are in one second, and changing the phase is shifting the signal left  or right. Phase shifting is measured in degrees between 0 and 359, because, if we shift the signal  360 degrees, or one full wavelength, then we’re back at the beginning, exactly as if we were to  loop around a circle.

For example, here’s a signal with a 45-degree phase shift, here’s another  with a 180-degree shift, and then another with a 315-degree shift. Your eyes can’t see differences  in phase shifted visible light, however, high-tech circuitry such as what’s inside Dishy is really  good at detecting and working with phase shifts. So then, how do we use phase shifting to angle the  beam and have it point directly at the satellite?

The solution is to phase shift the signal sent to  one antenna with respect to the other antenna and, as a result, the timing of the peaks and troughs  emitted from one antenna is different from the other. These peaks and troughs propagate  outwards, and the location of the constructive interference is now angled to the left with  destructive interference everywhere else. If we change the phase of the antennas again, the  zone of constructive interference is angled to the right.

Therefore, by continuously changing  the phase of the signals sent to the antennas, we can create a sweeping zone of  the constructive interference. Let's bring in six more antennas and simplify  the visual so that we only see a section of the peaks from each wave. Far away from the  antennas, the waves join to form a wave front that is a planar wave.

Kind of like ocean  waves crashing on a shoreline. Just as before, by continuously changing the timing of when  each wave peak is emitted by each antenna, we can change the angle at which the wave front  is formed, essentially steering the beam in one direction or another. And, if we bring in  more antennas in a two-dimensional array, we can now steer the beam in any direction  within a one-hundred-degree field of view.

Let’s move back to view all 1280 antennas in  Dishy. In order to know the exact angle the beam needs to be pointed or steered, we use the GPS  coordinates of Dishy from this chip over here, along with the orbital position of the Starlink  satellite which is known in Dishy’s software. The software computes the exact set of 3D angles and  the required phase shift for each of the antennas.

These phase shift results are then sent  to the 20 larger chips called beamformers, and each beamformer coordinates between 32 smaller  chips called front end modules, each of which controls 2 antennas. Every few microseconds, these  computations are recalculated and disseminated to all the microchips in order to perfectly aim the  beam at the satellite. As a result, the beam can be steered anywhere in a 100-degree field of view.

There are a few quick notes. First, the main beam, also called the main lobe looks like this.  However, constructive and destructive interference isn’t perfect, and as a result  there are additional side lobes of lesser power.

Third, Mr McFlatface holds is a single phased  array, however, on the Starlink satellite, there are in fact 4 phased array antennas. Two  are used to communicate with multiple Dishys, and 2 are used to communicate with the ground  stations to relay the internet traffic. And fourth, phased arrays are used in many  applications, and interestingly they’re used on commercial airlines to allow for mid-flight  internet.

So this video also tangentially explains how mid-flight internet works. Before we explore how actual data is sent, we want to mention that this video took a month  to research, two dozen script revisions, and two months to model and animate. If your mind is blown  by the complexity of this technology and the depth of this video click the subscribe button, like  this video, write a comment below, and we’ll be sure to create more videos like this one.

The third topic we’re going to dive into is how information gets sent between Dishy and  the Starlink satellite. For example, we’ve talked about high-frequency  sinusoid-shaped electromagnetic waves, but that doesn’t look anything like binary  and even less like your favorite TV show. So, what’s happening?

Well, Dishy and the  satellite indeed send a signal that looks like this; however, they vary the amplitude and the  phase of the transmitted signal and then assign or encode 6-bit binary values to each different  combination or permutation of amplitude and phase. With 6 bits, there are 64 different  values, and thus we need 64 different permutations of amplitude and phase. However,  instead of listing all the permutations, it’s more easily visualized by arranging the 64  different values in a graph called a constellation diagram as shown.

Let’s look at the point 011 101  and draw a line from the origin to this point. The distance from the origin is the amplitude  of the signal, and the angle from the positive-X axis is the phase. It’s a bit like using polar  coordinates.

Thus, for Dishy to send these 6-bits, it transmits a signal with an amplitude  of 59% and a phase shift of 121 degrees. Then, if the next value being sent is 101 000, the  signal switches to an 87% amplitude or brightness, and a 305-degree phase shift. After that it sends  the next value with a different amplitude and phase shift.

Each of these 6-bit groupings are  called symbols and they last for only 10 or so nanoseconds before the next symbol is sent. Lots of times you see the signal scrunched up like this however, because the frequency of  the signal is just once every 83 picoseconds, or 12 Gigahertz, and since a symbol lasts 10  nanoseconds, it’s more accurate to have around 120 wavelengths per symbol before the next symbol  is sent. Because we’re dealing on the order of pico and nanoseconds, that means that we  can fit 90 million 6-bit groups or symbols, resulting in 540 million bits per second.

However,  note that this data transfer is shared between download and upload. Since this particular antenna  can’t transmit and receive data at the same time, about 74 milliseconds of every second is  used to send data from Dishy to the Starlink satellite and 926 milliseconds is used to send  data from the satellite down to Dishy. And, for the sake of reducing latency, these time  slots get distributed throughout a single second instead of grouping them all together.

This technique of sending 6-bit values using different variations of amplitude and  phase is called 64QAM or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation and is more complicated than we  discussed but let’s not get sidetracked. Now that we have a stream of millions of 6-bit  symbols yielding hundreds of megabits of data per second, in order to turn it into your favorite  TV show we use the advanced video codec, or h. 264 format.

You can learn more about that in our  video that explores image compression shown here. I’m sure you have many questions, and by  all means put them in the comments below, but before we finish let’s clarify two things. First, the scale of practically everything in this video is off.

Here’s the correct scale of Dishy  and the Starlink Satellite, however Dishy is 550 kilometers away which we can’t correctly show. In  stark contrast, the emitted electromagnetic waves are only around 2. 5 centimeters apart, and thus  between Dishy and the satellite there are around 22 million wavelengths which is many more than the  few waves that you see here.

Additionally, in this animation we’re showing the wavelengths slowly  making their way up and down, when in reality it only takes around 2 milliseconds for an  electromagnetic wave emitted from Dishy or the Starlink satellite to reach the other. The second clarification is that we disproportionately show Dishy emitting  electromagnetic waves and sending them to the satellite. In reality the satellite dish  is more frequently in receive mode and the steps and physics of receiving an electromagnetic wave  are similar to emitting one, just in reverse.

That’s pretty much it for how Starlink and Dishy  send data to each other. The original script for this video was over 45 minutes long, so all the  details that were cut got thrown in the creator’s comments found in the English Canada subtitles. Thank you to all of our Patreon and YouTube Membership Sponsors for helping to make  this video.

Also, thank you to Colin O’Flynn at NewAE Technology for lending us a  Starlink Dishy PCB for imaging and research. This is Branch Education, and we  create 3D animations that dive deep into the technology that drives our  modern world. Watch another Branch video by clicking one of these cards or click here  to subscribe.

Thanks for watching to the end!