hey 42 here there's an enduring mystery surrounding black holes specifically super massive black holes no matter how much the world's greatest thinkers have mused upon super massive black holes we still have no idea how they were created super massive black holes are literally the center of everything almost every Galaxy we've observed has a super massive black hole at its Center their unfathomable gravit pole literally holds galaxies together your average black hole is about 10 to 20 times the mass of our sun a super massive black hole however is anywhere from Millions to billions of times
the mass of our sun yet they are only about 177 times the diameter of our sun that's denser than Amber herd's dog yet despite their essential role to all known Celestial systems and Life as We Know It astrophysicists still can't work out how they came to exist in the first place you see super massive black holes are the most massive singular objects in the entire universe and to create something of such immense Mass requires a tremendous force and we don't know of such a force when the universe was still a baby over 10 billion years
ago enormous clouds of primordial gas mostly hydrogen and helium were Common Place when these collapse they usually form stars but if the collapse happened quickly enough they could have bypassed star creation altogether and formed a super massive black hole instead the problem is as a gas cloud collapses it rapidly cools which causes it to fragment and form Stars instead of black holes and it's thought it might not have even been possible for it to collapse quickly enough to skip the whole cooling process a more exotic idea is that of primordial black holes these would have
formed directly from density fluctuations in the hot early Universe just fractions of a second after the big bang these later coales to form super massive black holes but finding evidence for primordial black holes has proven incredibly challenging so this is still speculative rather than solid science but what if the answer lies not in black holes or gas clouds but another entity entirely what if the answer lies in stars for every Photon a visible matter that you can see there is estimated to be six times as much dark matter visible matter otherwise known as bionic matter
makes up 5% of the universe but it's estimated that dark matter comprises 27% oh in case you're wondering the other 68% is dark energy but the craziest part about dark matter is that we have no idea what it is we do know one thing it exists that we are 99% sure of We've ran enough experiments and have enough evidence by now to know of its existence and we can even detect where it is but we still don't know what it is AD do is an all-in-one management software that provides entrepreneurs with a range of applications
to simplify their day-to-day management of their business personally I use a bunch of different business applications that are all really pricey so having them all under one room Pro with Ado is a game Cher for me the first Ado application is free for life including hosting and support once you have two or more Standalone applications you can then switch to a paid plan I particularly like the Ado project application which offers a comprehensive and flexible project management solution that allows anyone or any business to track project progress deadlines budgets resources and collaborate with your team
in real time with a Do's project manager you get a clear and customizable dashboard making it easy to manage your tasks track deadlines and view your team's progress as well as schedule calls and meetings and synchronize them with your calendar all in one place there are different views such as Gant for timelines but I really enjoy using the Canan view allowing me to organize my tasks into their individual stages which keeps my production pipeline for this channel flowing seamlessly you can even record the time spent on each task using the time sheets application and invoice
hours work directly to the client Ado has been a game changer for my various business application needs from website building to project planning and much more so click the link in the description to try out to do for yourself and a big thanks to Ado for sponsoring this video it's even possible that dark matter could be a bit of a wimp no I'm not throwing shade at dark matter I'm trying to say it's a weekly interacting massive particle a hypothetical type of particle that has been proposed as a candidate for dark matter you see wimps
don't interact with regular mattera but they do interact with each other hence the name when two wimps meet they destroy each other producing a massive burst of Gamay energy all known stars like our own sustain themselves with nuclear fusion in the core of stars hydrogen atoms Collide at high speed producing helium and releasing energy energy which lights and warms our planet but what if that same process could be mirrored in a kind of unseen Shadow world inside a so-called Dark Star What If instead of a big ball of colliding hydrogen atoms there was a big
ball of colliding dark energy or wimps that destroy each other on contact and produce energy I started this video by saying that astrophysics has an enduring mystery how did super massive black holes come to exist what if the answer has always proved so elusive because the solution has been sequestered in the shadows what if super massive black holes were created not by the collapse of some kind of visible matter but by the annihilation of dark matter what if supermassive black holes were created by dark stars picture an early Universe filled with these colossal invisible stars
burning with the destruction of Dark Matter particles as they grew more massive their CES could have collapsed under their own gravity forming black holes of immense Mass this idea while still speculative could be the key to unlocking one of the greatest Mysteries of the cosmos but then why can't regular stars produce super massive black holes well regular stars are powered by nuclear fusion as we've said a process that can only happen when mass is compressed extremely tightly by gravity so the size of regular stars is always limited by the fact that the gravity of its
core is Contracting the star's diameter to within certain limits dark stars however don't need to contract so tightly to ignite a chain reaction a dark star can stabilize it much larger sizes and still burn away because they don't rely on Fusion but the mutual annihilation of wimps before collapsing to form super massive black holes these early Universe dark stars could have been as wide as our entire solar system for the time being dark stars remain theoretical they are simply an interesting thought experiment that if true would explain a long and frustrating mystery surrounding a type
of black hole that very much does exist but that might all be about to change because despite all of the skepticism and controversy surrounding dark stars in the scientific community and there is plenty we think we have actually seen one not just one in fact but a few in 2021 NASA launched the largest telescope currently in Space the James web Space Telescope from a tropical rainforest to the Edge of Time itself it was designed as the next step forward from the Hubble Space Telescope with brand new super high sensitivity instruments jwst is able to do
something unique it can observe the longer wavelength of the infrared Spectrum which happens to contain photons from the very beginning of the universe essentially jwst allows us to peer back in time all the way back to the first fledgling days following the birth of our universe well I say days it actually observed galaxies from the first few hundred million years after the big bang but that's still a hell of a lot older than anything observed by previous telescopes and when jwst peered way back back in time it spotted something strange really really bright galaxies and
that's odd because astrophysicists had long thought that galaxies that bright couldn't have possibly existed until at least 1 billion years after the birth of the universe yet here they are caught on camera well infrared telescope existing hundreds of millions of years before they were supposed to one of these surprise Galaxy was dated at a spritely 302 million years after the big bang according to existing models of the universe that simply shouldn't be possible Katherine freze is a theoretical astrophysicist at the University of Texas and she along with her colleagues were the first to proposed the
concept of dark stars when freeze looked at these images specifically these three so-called galaxies captured by jwst CE suggested that they are not in fact galaxies but dark stars the first ever knowingly captured by a telescope these objects are estimated to be about a million times the mass of our sun and I'm sure you'll agree they all appear to be round in shape and miss the fine wispy features typically associated with galaxies but the science Community is still heavily divided on this conclusion it could just be that we are looking at free unus usually round
galaxies all right so I think it's about time we addressed the dark elephant in the cosmos how the bloody hell can we see a dark star let alone capture an image of one surely they're invisible to the naked eye and even to an advanced goldplated telescope the dimension jwst is goldplated pretty sexy right we can't see dark matter and it would stand to reason that we could have see dark stars either no matter how gargantuan they happen to be but here's the thing the kind of unexpected thing dark stars if they exist or ever did
exist were bright shockingly blindingly blisteringly bright Dark Matter annihilations still create light just like a regular old Fusion star or to be more precise Dark Matter interactions convert the mass of their particles into energy which in turn heats the surrounding visible gases which emit light in fact when wimps Collide they would create significantly more light than a fusion reaction it's believed that in the early Universe a single Dark Star would have outshone an entire galaxy and that's how those 13.4 billion year old photons from those early dark stars reached the sexy goldplated lens of the
jwst just a couple of years ago go but in order for dark stars to be born there would need to be an extremely high density of dark matter in a particular region of space that's why we've been talking about dark stars in the past tense this entire video the universe has become more homogeneous over time so dark stars were likely born during the first few million years of the universe when concentrated clumps of Dark Matter were found all over the place such conditions may not exist in this much more mature version of the universe We
Now find ourselves in but some scientists believe there are places in the universe where brand new dark stars could still be birthed today near the very center of galaxies in fact there is a spot in our own galaxy The Milky Way that might be a breeding ground for dark stars it's called the SAR cluster a collection of stars in very close orbit to the super massive black hole at our galaxy Center we've known about the existence of this cluster since 1996 but just this year astrophysicists noticed something odd the S star cluster is made up
of unusually young Stars most of them are only a few million years old and there is also a surprising lack of old stars in this region when you get this close to a super massive black hole there will be a higher density of dark matter and it could be that the overwhelming amount of dark matter in this region is constantly spawning new Young dark stars burning away and producing light using nothing more than the annihilation of Dark Matter particles as fuel the idea that dark stars could be the engines behind the creation of super massive
black holes challenges everything we thought we knew it suggests that the universe is more Dynamic more mysterious and more interconnected than we ever imagined and although the concept of dark stars is still unproven it's an interesting thought experiment that opens the doors to other shadowy objects that might make up major parts of our universe without us even knowing of their existence thanks for watching just a quick word to say that I couldn't make these videos without the support of my patreon members consider joining the exclusive 42 Discord Community by supporting me on patreon it's a
great place to discuss my videos with like-minded individuals and myself the Link's in the description but if you don't want to or you can't join my patreon on then please don't worry a simple like or comment to say thanks would also put a huge smile on my face thank you
