Ep : 3 | Search for Ultimate Reality in Metaphysics | Dr. Vikas Divyakirti

Hello, a very warm welcome to all of you. Today we are going to start with the third session of the philosophy series we have started. I had decided that we will talk about Charvak philosophy today, which is in a sense the most popular philosophy of India and in another is the most infamous philosophy. Both the ideas are applicable on it, and anyway those that are infamous are more popular, you know, this is what usually happens in society. But when I did a little planning for today's class and when I thought that a person who does

not know anything about philosophy, it will not be justice if we directly start with Charvak. it will be injustice Because in order to understand any one philosophy properly, first it is necessary that you know the basic vocabulary of that subject, and the basic terms. and know the concept about that subject Then I decided to bring up the topic of Charvak after two to four days, but first understand some basic concepts for 2-4 days. The concepts from which Charvak is automatically understood, and why only Charvak, the Jainism, Buddhism, Vedanta, Shankaracharya all are understood through these concepts

with the help of those concepts and even the people of the West also understand them. So today we will understand that what is the most basic question of philosophy i.e. what is ultimate reality? what is ultimate reality? What is this question, where did this question came from? What were the ways to find the answer to this question, who all used which path. What answers were found and is there any importance left in those answers in front of us today? If it is left then how much is left. we will understand all this and then from

there your curiosity will be a little better. Now, I'll write a word, ultimate truth What is the ultimate truth? Truth and existence are also two different things in philosophy. When I say that truth is one thing that does not mean it the one which we consider as the ultimate truth. And what I am about to talk today, it is ultimate existence that is, actually what is that thing from which everything is made, how was this whole world made? Who made it? It was made by which process? And when we get into the details of the

philophy then these words truth and existence also become two different words. In the first sessions I told you that philopshy has three basic branches - metaphyscis, epistemology, axiology. The main branch of these philosphy that interests us all is metaphysics only. What is metaphysics? what does it mean? To answer the last questions related to this universe. Its known as tatvmimansa in hindi Broadly metaphysics is also known as ontology. so if you read this word ontology then For your level they both means the same. one word is said with two different ways in philosphy I have told

you about the three basic questions about metaphysics among which one was about this world, about this cosmos. How did this universe, earth, world, was formed, why was it fomed? All these questions are there. the second question that will create more interest is about the soul, consciousness bacically. And the third question is about the God Questions related to cosmos is known as cosmology, which is srishtimimansi in Hindi. Questions related to the soul, are known as phsycology in philosphy and the those related to God are called theology or ishwar mimansa. We will talk about these later. We

will talk about the fundamental questions of these today. Looking at your face it feels like you will understand the ultimate secret today. I am already clearling that will be diffuclt to understand. This is not a matter of play or those of saints. We do not tell lies, we will just telll about what all people have thought and the truth is that no one knows about the ultimate truth. Everyone has their own path, their own rumours, and their own views . Opinions हैं। All we need to know is what all are the different opinions And if

we know everything then no one will be able to misguide us We would be able to question him. Do you know the actual aim of studies? You can ask anyone questions and if someone tells you few things you can reveal the truth by asking further questions. The real aim is also that no one should mislead us just like that So we will start with what is the ultimate truth? What is the ultimate existence? Now, see what is crisis? This question came into whose mind? If I talk about the present era, then you must have studied

geography, science in your school. And when someone tells to me that I have way too much confidence in myself, and when someone tells me that I can do this and that then I tell them child read the first chapter of geography and then the confidence level lowers down. it should lower down as well Overconfidence is not a good thing. And what do you learn after reading that chapter? you get to know that There are infinite number of galaxies in this universe Among those is one galay named milky way. that is our galaxy There are infinite

starts in that one galaxy. a small star among those stars is the sun which is our neighbour, neighbour means at a distance of around 15 crore light years, the known planets around the sun are around 9, which is a topic of constant debate. Earth is one of those 9 planets and there are around 1 trillion species in that earth.1,00,000 crore species One specie among those is homosapiens, sapiens Today only 800 crore of the homosapiens, sapiens are alive in this earth. I am one of them. This is my status. The status of all of us is

actually the same. A thought comes to mind that this world is running because of me only. If I won’t be there than how will this world run. This thought does come to the mind, right? Especially in your age. When ever you start to have over confidence do read this chapter of geography. When it starts to get low then listen to motivational speech. that you can do anything. Listen to all these then the confidence will rise again for some time and it gives a very good feeling. Both have their own values. Confidence is must in life

but having over confidence is not, this is also important We all know that the human was unaware about the galaxies in the beginning of the philosphy. he did not know what is galaxy How could the poor human know about the stars, he was just dropped into this world like you all must have seen the movie PK. A man fell from some other planet and he is trying to figure out about what all is these where am I? so around 3 lakh years from now when the homo sapeins, sapeins were formed and 70-72 years from now

when the ability to think developed in him which is known as cognitive devolution. Now he is an unarmed human in this world and has the ability to think. He has logic and reasoning. He can see that there is sun, the moon, the mountains, the rivers, he can see that it rains, there are birds and animals. Many animals come and they attack. There is a society being built slowly The slow efforts of creating a language are there. The attempts of making states are being carried out for the first time where one person will rule. This person

is trying to under this entire structure, this complete world, he is not a scientist. Because he has no concepts of science, and is not even a spiritual person, because the religion has also not evolved at that time. He is trying to understand the secret of where I am? and in which world am I with his basic knowledge. How should I understand what this world is? How was it formed and what is my status in it? The people dying around me, have they completely destroyed? Where have we come from and where will we go? Nothing is

known. Now what will people do in such situation, what will they think? are they filled with curiousity? The person with curiousity has very less input. See, when a scientist takes out a result, how does he do it? He has logic, reasoning, processing but he also has a lot of input, he researches a lot, does experiments and on the basis of the results of those experiments, he takes out the correct results by processing them therefore, it is said in philosphy that the philosphor can be of two types, he will either be like a honeybee or like

a spider and these concepts of spider and honey why does these two concepts are there? these are present in the philophy and in science as well. A good scientist is like a honey bee, so the ideal of a scientist is honeybee, not because of its biting but honeybees have two capabilties. How does a honeybee work? it sits on one flower than another and collects nectar from them and then processes them all on its own and what does it make after processing? It makes honey out of it. That is it will do the processing on its

own. But the thing on which the processing will be done, it will get that input from outside. It will collect that input from here and there and those will be real inputs and will process those with its abilities that the God and nature has given to it. will process it nd then the nectar that comes out we call it honey. Consider it has the result in the world of knowledge, assume it as judgement. But to be a honeybee the input must be available from outside . what should be done when there is no input or

if there is less input? Then you have to be a spider. And the special thing about the spider is that it makes web and its does the processing also itself and also gets the raw material to make that web from within it. That is in the world of causation do not get stressed, it is a technical term just understand that the spider does all the work from giving out the raw material and processing it on its own. And in words of philosphy it is said that it is both the material cause and the efficient cause

itself. that is the cause of creation both itself So, until we do not have a lot of inputs, and a lot of facts we work like a spider and most of the philosphers follow the path of spider. They do imagine within themselves and justify their imaginations with their reasoning power. They process it, take out the doubts, correct them. And that’s is the reason why different-different philosphers define the same thing differently. and every definition seems logically correct Because they have thought all the things by their mind. What does that scientist does? He researches? He takes out

result after doing research? The ultimate question of science is also how the universe was formed? The ultimate question of philosphy is also how the universe was formed? The religions are also interested in the same question the difference is only of their ways and their methods the religions works on the bsis of devotion and faith, and it provides the easy answer to human that are not very deep and logical but provides such confusing answers that the common man gets satisfied with. philospher gives logical answers like spiders And science gives judgement after collecting the experienced Empirical evidences

and accepts that I may be proved wrong tommorow. The moment any new experiment proves me wrong I will accept it. Einstein did so many great experiments and he was awarded with the noble prize in 1921. the same Einstein was proved wrong in the intial days for his work on photons. when an experiment was done on quantum physics in his time, it is known as the double skill experiment and some more experiments were done at that time. An experiment named quantum entanglement was done at that time. The one that got the noble prize in 2022 for

physics, that concept came in Einstein’s time. And Einstein with two fellow scientists mentioned about the EPR paradox and said that the rules of quantum physics are incorrect as they are against the basic laws of physics and they rejected it and after Einstein’s death, an experiment was conducted in the decade of 1960 which is known as the bell experiment, in 1972 and then in the decade of 1980 and then 3 different scientists proved that Einstein's concept of quantum entanglement matters was incorrect. And these three scientists that were working in different time periods all were given noble

proze in 2022 altogther because they could find the mistake of Einstein. This is the fun part about science. There is no force in science that what I have said is the ultimate truth, even Newton can be proved wrong in science, Einstein can be proved wrong. everyone can be proved wrong. Darwin was proved wrong in many cases. and proved great in many religion does not have that much freedom, but philopshy and science have. The basic question of all three is same. We have to understand what possiblities philosphy has found in it. Do remember, science is a

later thing. The intial efforts were being done by philophers. later science has taken many things into its own hands and explained it in a better way. The ultimate question of metaphyscis from philopshy is about the ultimate truth or the Ultimate Existence, to whom does it belong? This question basically has two questions. Lets break it into two questions. One question is how many ultimate existence are there? What is the count? Ultimately what is the count the total existence in the end? Is it just one or more than that or 10 or 50 or its 1000. the

second question is what is the nature of the ultimate existence. Nature means how is it? Whats its name? What are its features, what is the nature of the ultimate reality? Now its obvious that both the questions would have appeared together in the mind of the curious person. It is not that one question will appear first and one later. they must have appeared together And when we think we generally have two ways of thinking. The third comes later on. if someone asks you how many ultimate existences are there in this wolrd. So at first thought, it

comes to yur mind that all these diversities that are being seen, everthing is truth, what should we reject. So the first answer that generally comes into the mind of most people is what we call pluralism, that is there are many utimate existences, there is not just two. In simple terms, even iron is the ultimate existence. Wood is also is the ultimate existence. water is also is the ultimate existence, fire, air everything is the ultimate existence. how can I say that air and water are same How can I say that fire and water are same, they

are different and when so many things are different so let us assume that all of these are the ultimate existence. There is no problem in it. When you will say there are a lot of existences, the human can see a lot of those then why will it give you importance. He will think you are talking about things which he himself can also see. then how come you are a philospher. So the philosphers and the spiritual people are not content in this. They think there must be something in the centre of all these diversities. And the

mind wants to impose it on only one thing. Finally that one thing that their mind feels content is that finally they have found what it is. This satisfaction gives so much trouble that many people have said that the ultimate existence is only one and those who say so they are known as monism or monist. that is simply monosim, But in between these there are pluraist who believe that the ultimate existence is many सत्‍ताएं बहुत सारी हैं, monoist are those who believe that the ultimate existence is only one But in between these there are some people

who said that the ultimate existence is neither many nor just one but instead its two, and they are refered as dualism which means the utimate existence is of two. Now you will think where did this dualism came from? You are able to understand that pluralism means there are many, just like you guys are a lot in number over here, how can I say that Laxman and the other person Sanjeev are one person they are two different people, all of you are different person. and if I have to reduce you all then will do that in

just one that there is only one God He has created us all then from where does this talk about two appeared. But there is a problem in philosphy due to which some people talk about dualism and its their compulsion to do that. Why do they do it? if you will listen to the answer of dualism then everything will be clear Dualism states that there is one existence of matter and one of conciousness. Matter is known as jad padrarth or bhautik padarth in hindi conciousness is known as chetna or chetan padarth. How is this whole game

being played. If we will understand both of these then the complete story will be clear. now lets see how this matter-consciousness theory works. lets try to set all the things in this world so that they are set inside only one. Let's try it, okay. So whatever things I will divide, I will find that either I can set them in the word matter or I can adjust them in another class consciousness. that is can adjust it in chetna Just like there is iron, where will you place the iron, iron will be placed here, where will the

water be placed? here only, where will the fire be placed? fire will also come here where will the air placed, here only some people say air will be placed here, it will be placed there air will also be placed in matter, everything will come in it Iron, wood, whatever you think, such things will come here, but if I ask you that there is one thing called thought. Thought is also there in the world, isn't it? We all think. Thoughts come to our mind. Then one thing comes in your mind, the emotion When people are in

love and they say I can give my life for you. This is nonsense. The heart here only does the work of pumping the blood. When there is a lot of emotion, put your hand on the right side of your head and say, I can give my life for you. Because emotions come in the right hemisphere of mind. Emotions don't come here. These are imaginations, emotions appear here, they appear on the right side, so next time when you put a a ring on someone's finger, then say in this way that I can give my life for

you. in the right side Logic is more in the left, emotions work more in the right. So when you have more thoughts in your mind, then the left part of your brain is more active. When the emotion is high, then the right part of the brain is active and it is very active. Assume that it always remains active. Its work is to pump the blood, to clean the blood. if it will not clean the blood then we will die in just 2 minutes so it will continue doing that it has link no to your emotions,

but the rumor is there. People are writing poems on heart but actually heart has no role in emotions. There are thoughts, there are emotions, Apart from this, sometimes your will power also works. Like I will quit smoking today. I swear on my mother, if I smoke a cigarette. Many times a man leaves some things with will power or starts something new, Like from tomorrow at five in the morning, I have to do Pranayama. And if you really do it, then you have will power, that means, if you are not able to do it, then there

is a lack of will power. What is this will power, this will power is also a conscious thing isn't it, be it a matter of thinking, be it a matter of emotions, be it a matter of will power. There are many other things related to these. Do you have an opinion, what is this opinion? you have some belief even assume you believe in superstition, what is that superstition. Now sometimes it must have occurred in your mind that what is the basis of these classifications, let me tell you the basis. You must have heard few people

that, you know that while doing research on the soul, a person told the weight of the soul. There soul is of 21 grams. There is a research. though later those results were rejected, but for some reason I avoid using such words, but I want to say that don't believe such fools, it is a very foolish thing if someone tells the weight of the soul as 21 grams. Why, because most of the people who believe in the soul believe that souls are conscious things. And a conscious thing cannot have weight. That's why telling the weight of

the soul is a kind of nonsense. If you are considering it as conscious, then, although some people do not consider the soul to be conscious, it is understandable that they talk like this, but those who consider it to be conscious are most of the people. You must have also heard that once a man was about to die. All the windows and doors of his room were closed. there was no space left and when he died the glass broke. I don't know why the glass broke Whether it was broken or not, But if it has broken

then it must have been due to some other reason. it must be due to excess heat Because there is no need to break the glass to get out the soul because the soul is like a thought. It is such a thing that the room is closed. Thoughts are not coming in my mind, try and think, Or there is a mirror, the sun is not coming through it, the sun is a physical thing, when physical thing like sun what is sunlight, what is light, what is electromagnetic wave, which Einstein proved that light is not just a

wave. it is a particle too, it was only named as photon and got noble prize for same. something like sunlight which is light which is a physical object when it can penetrate without breaking the glass So consciousness, pure consciousness which means thought, feeling And if someone tells you that I am very upset, I am locked inside the room and I can't remember anything, my thoughts were lost outside and i am stuck inside i had to go out to get my thoughts open the door open the window so that the thoughts could enter it is something

similar thus do no believe such people you have to use logic and your brain. what is physical thing, many people tried to define it but at the end no one could but few things became clear the first symptom of physical thing is that it occupies space it has extension that is it takes space, it has volume it is the most basic characteristics anything that occupies space is a physical thing it's not that it will be fat or thin or could be touched you cannot touch many things but they will take space you can say any

volume in simple terms it takes space Second, whatever the physical object may be, it Sometimes in some way or the other our senses, The senses you know, the eyes, the ears, Nose, tongue, skin, these are the five senses, sense organs, it can be perceived by any one of these sense organs can be seen knowledge can be acquired, but it does not mean you can see it with the naked eyes if we make microscope then also we will see fromthe eyes only it may happen that we could see with the microscope May be you will be

able to see after making telescope. But if there is so much power in the telescope, then it should see on its own, this is not possible telescope can only enhance your power of vision microscope can create the ability to see small things some instruments will ehnace your ability to hear, but the ability is present in your senses only, it will no be acquired from outside all the physical objects can be known through any one of the sense organs Of course it can be known with the help of some instruments and devices. now tell me what

is air many say the air can be felt it takes space our electromagnetic wave, like light, you can see it, you can feel it If there is sunlight, it touches your body, it is understood that there is light. those electrons that are flowing within a wire,whichwe call as current touch it once an dyou will get to know that it is physical object or not Some people give indirect statement that energy is, not conscious. energy is also physical object because you convert mass and energy that is it is a physical object flow of electron is a

physical object and not conscious someone said very beautiful thing and it gave energy in your mind you felt motivated, that is a different energy. we are not talking about it over here. here the energy formed from physical things is also physical energy whether it is in the flowing form or any other form today you burned coal and with its heat its steam you created electricity by running a turbine all these is physical electricty is also physical steam/vapour is also physical running of turbine, the speed is also physical all these are material things Consciousness is the

one on which both these things do no apply they do not take space Nor the sixth sense from these five senses which you call mind, is a different thing. You cannot perceive these things with these five senses. So whatever you cannot perceive with the five senses and anything that does not takl space broadly consider that it is consciousness or something that comes out of it is thought can you tell which idea of yours is longer than other thought you cannot tell its fat or standing in front or sitting behind it does not takes space emotion

also does not takes space right, Have you ever said to yourself that I want to bring a feeling of goodness But the evil feeling is standing ahead, and not giving it place. get aside evil so that the goodness could come forward no, there is no meaning of such talks because it does not takes space and you cannot see with five sense, you cannot see your thoughts with your eyes, whatever you do you have to conceptualize and the proces of making concept is conscious process over which Socrates has worked a lot Many people in India did

a lot of work in the philosophy of justice. but no one says that it is a physical thing Now see how deeply some philosophers are thinking. thinking so deeply they believe that we will consider all these material things as one tha all these are within one only Seemingly iron, wood, water, electricity are all the same, wind is also same because all of these have one factor in common that they take space and all these things are same from the inside as well because they also have one common factor that they do not take space and

are not perceptible it cannot be percepted by our five senses cannot be observed cannot be experienced but if someone says make them one by merging how will I do that and those who stop here they are called dualist that there are two existences in the ultimate form. one physical and one conscious combine all the physical things and conisder them as one, thats okay but how can I prove by any argument that the physical is the conscious and the conscious is the physical. How do I make thoughts out of iron? and How do I make wood

out of emotions? how to do this? but those who wish to do something then they talk about, Monolism saying that only one existence will survive in the end and can yo understand how big the challenge is for them to face? if i sum up the entire conversation until now in simple language, all of you are present right physically means with both body and mind? Sometimes what happens is that the body is there but the mind is not there. The question is about it. whatever little we talked so far is that what is the reality ultimately

if we talk about it using numbers there are three options The most common idea is that there are many existencies and like we read in the Indian philosphy the charvak in India also believe that there are many existencies, even Jains also believe it there are many existencies, Buddhas also believe that there are many existencies, Justice also believes that Vaisheshikas also believe in this. Mimamsa people also believe this. those who do not believe Only Sankhya Yoga does not believe in it and Vedanta does not believe in it, others believe in it. that there are many existencies,

so if I tell a broad thing to you that Which path do most of India's philosophers follow? they follow pluralism they follow pluralism that there are many existencies. now lets go more deeper, as it is said will consider all material things as one will consider all conscious things as one, but how toconsider these as one what is dualism and the philosphy of dualism in India is followed by Sankhya and a little bit by Yoga Because they both have the same metaphylics. Sankhya and Yoga in India Mainly Sankhya is Real Dualist Philosophy. Absolute dualism. Later on,

Ramanuja spoke of a Monism Advaita. I said that the special Monism is theirs There is dualism inside, and later a veil has been put over it from outside from above, The next element will be there Monism will remain, but inside they also believe in Dualism and Madhvacharya is a staunch Dualist, his name itself is Advaitavad of philosophy. These two or three branches believe in monism. But some people's mind does not agree. they want the ultimate existence to be one And among those who consider the ultimate existence as one, the biggest philosopher in India is Shankaracharya

What is his philosophy called? Advaita Vedanta The fact is that even Ramanuja as well as Vallabhacharya, Nimbarkacharya Whose philosophy are Vishishtadvaita Vad Shuddhadvaita and Advaita Ved Ultimately they also talk about monism. but they put some ifs and buts in it a philosphy that does not have ifs and buts is Advaita Vedanta or Advaita Vedanta of Shankaracharya. To a lesser extent, we will keep the tradition of Buddhist philosophy of secondary nihilism as base But when you will read it, then you will understand that you do not have to get into the doubts yet similarly there are

many philosphers in the west Now I think everyone has understood that there are three types of philosophy according to numbers. Now let's go by nature and the real problem is that what is the ultimate existence like. and it means what happened You can consider one option regarding the ultimate existence Especially if you are a monist, if you are a monotheist. you have to tell if it is inert or conscious Only one of these can be accepted. one way is that you accept that the ultimate existence is of matter that is of inert matter not of

conscious But are you understanding how much trouble is going to come in front of you. you will have to prove how the thoughts appeared from iron and wood because you are not accepting the existence of consciousness are you understanding or am I revising for myself it does not seems like you are understanding did we chose the wrong subject listening to songs was better consider that was also good and so is this Life should not be one sided. there is fun in each side there was a poet Raghuveer Sahay in the m,odern era of Hindi and

he wrote beautifully ham to sara ka sara lenge jeevan ham to sara ka sara lenge jeevan kam se kam wali baat na humse kahiye its not like we will just listen to songs or just study philosphy Philosophy in the day, listen to songs in the evening, what is the problem. The fun is in diversity. why walk on just one path, walk over every path one way is that we accept that the ultimate existence is phsyical and of inert matter too. challenge is that you have to prove That how consciousness i.e. the feeling of thought arises

from inert matter. this isn't a easy task proving it is a diffcult ask for scientists All the scientists till date could not prove this even together. Meaning we can theoretically assume that life must have arisen from matter if we follow Darwin. Although Darwin also put a complexity in it, but till date it has not happened in any laboratory that you can create life from material objects Till date it has not happened. This effort is going on, it has been going on for many years, there are stories Hypotheses are too many, assumptions are too many But

not a single such real experience has happened so far So life from physical matter and consciousness with life, how to create it, the question will definitely come after that. the second way is that you say no the ultimate existence is only one and that is Consciousness Consciousness is the ultimate existence Thought, feeling, contemplation, meditation, resolution which we call soul or in today's language we call it brain. thoughst appearing in the mind say that is the ultimate existence , there is no harm in accepting it but then you have to tell how did the iron appeared

from thought prove it if you can think in your mind about the thought of iron If iron appears, then we will accept that iron is formed from thought. and if the iron is not appearing because by thinking only the thought of iron appears, it does not actually appears so the people of the other class are believers of consciousness as ultimate existence as ultimate existence, the problem in front of them is how to prove matter from consciousness and believers of consciousness generally believe that the ultimate existence is of God he is ultimate Consciousness the world was

created from him the earlier ones do not believe in God they accept the world as the ultimate existence the third kind go further deep and say its neither this nor that, the ultimate existence is neutral to both of them. The ultimate existence is there, but it is neither of matter nor of consciousness. is neutral to both of them, do you understand it One person in particular, you might have heard the name. A person named Spinoza has been very important in philosophy, he said this And the rest when some people become very tired and lose, then

they say, no man, We do not accept Dualism and Dualism means that The ultimate existence is of matter as well as of consciousness. why should we get into the debate but dualism also does not gives the solution Very difficult, a poor philosopher in the West was injured trying to prove it, his name was Decart, You might have heard. He said that we have one body, one soul. You have heard that very famous sentence, that, I think therefore I am. I think, therefore I am, what is the whole story of this thought, he is doing research

But the research of philosophy does not take place in the laboratory. That research is done by sitting in a separate corner in a forest. because it has to be done by thinking he said that i will doubt abou everything in the world I will doubt This is called method of doubt, he used to doubt everything. People said it is religion, he said it is useless talk, I will not agree. Until all my questions are answered, I will not believe anything, he doubted a lot. He doubted everything. These are visible around, he also doubted on them

whether it is actually there or not. Finally a question came to his mind That I am doubting everything. But who is raising this doubt? I'm the one doing it. if i'm doubting everything then at least one thing is certain that there is definitely someone to doubt. So in the process of doubting at least there has to be one who is doubting. How happy are you guys right now? Yes, what a good conclusion. This was a completely out of date conclusion that came out later. Later came to know that this is nonsense, but at that time

people became very crazy about it. that in the process of doubt one cannot doubt one thing And that is that someone is doubting So who is doubting? i think means i doubt basically I doubt therfore I am basically if this is So who is doubting, my hand is not doing it, my leg is not doing it, my eye is not doing it, my head is not doing it. So someone who doubts can be conscious. That doubt is happening. This means that there is some consciousness within me. And after sharing this story, he proved that there

is a soul. nothing was proved through this but he tried He tried to prove that there is a soul. Now a big dilemma came in front of him. He said that the soul is conscious, and what is this body, it is you only. We don't speak like this that my body is moving. You say, I am walking. you calll it as me only And when there is sorrow, consciousness arises, then what do you say, I am thinking So I am the one who thinks, I am also the one who walks. while the thinker me is

consciousness. The walking self is physical, the body. , Now there is a big crisis in front of him, he accepted that The body is a completely different thing. Consciousness is a different thing altogether. Soul is a different thing altogether. Now he has to make others understand that sometimes what happens is that my body becomes inactive due to my bad mood. It happens with everyone. If your mind is not right then the body also does not work and if the body gets hurt then the mind also remains disturbed. It starts to hurt. Discomfort begins to occur.

If these two are completely different, then how do they interact with each other? How does the stress of the mind affect the body and how does the problem of the body affect the mind? And the big problem of philosophy that came in front of Decart is that if physical object and consciousness are completely different then you can't interact between them. And is the name of his idea only ineractionism which he got tired of doing but could not prove anything. Imagine how to prove it. An iron is kept in a room. here is a thought Iron

wants to say something to thought. however he tries to say but how will it say qand then the thoughts want that they should say something to iron how will they? That poor fellow had so many fantasies, he said that there is a gland inside the skull, there is a pineal gland, interaction takes place on the basis of these glands, then people smiled and asked a question, what is the pineal gland. physical or unconscious If it is physical then it becomes iron. If it is conscious then it is a thought and the problem is still there.

he was injured The poor fellow could not prove anything. That means the people of that time applauded a lot, 'Wah! Wow! What have you thought, what have you thought' But the rest of the people said what do you think man? Did you think like this? there is so much crisis And see some people in this crisis are stubborn people they study day and night They feel like reading and writing so much, they think day and night that's why the family of a true philosopher does not runs well he keeps thinking throughout the day. People go

to the same house with food He keeps looking what is this? Is it for real? Whether it is physical or conscious or what it is. That poor thing comes to that level. That's why you will see, great artist, great writer great philosopher, great politician are usually alone. Nowadays there are great politicians too, but but earlier all these people used to walk alone, Because who will be able to communicate with the person who is continuously involved in it So do those who believe that the ultimate existence is matter. They are called, their thoughts are called Materialism.

Materialism is called bhautikwaad and jadwaad they both mean the same Materialism, bhautikwaad and jadwaad The only crisis in front of them is how to explain consciousness with physical matter. We will explain this question clearly. But today I want to explain to you the names of all these thinkers, then we will pick them up one by one because evolutionism will also come in materialism, Darwin will also be involved will talk about quantum theory, about Einstein Now the quantum theory has crossed the limit. Quantum means the physics at the atomic and sub-atomic level, which is called modern

physics, it is called quantum physics or quantum mechanics. When physics started, if we talk about the scientific revolution of the West. Science is very old in India, After that, we rarely saw new research like this. Science has developed since Renaissance in Europe. We start seeing science from fifteenth, sixteenth century, when Copernicus, Galileo all these people, all these people faced opposition by religion because these people made some conclusions which were against the Bible Like in the Bible it is believed that the Earth is in the center and the Sun revolves around it. Which is referred as

the belief, that geocentric belief is in the Bible that the earth is in the center. Copernicus proved that the earth revolves around the sun, it is said that he gave the heliocentric concept that the sun is in the center. he was opposed for this thing on this point that you are falsifying what the Bible says. He said what should I do? Meaning this is what is being proved, what can I do? He was criticized a lot. He was beaten a lot. But it was later proved that Copernicus was right. Galileo said such things that he

was beaten a lot and Galileo was told to apologize quietly. if he wanted to live Then he apologized, but he apologized so interestingly, do read Galileo's apology by going to the net, search. He apologized in such language. He said, the research I did, I did it honestly, the conclusions I gave were given honestly and I think the conclusion are right, but still if someone feels bad, I apologize. He asked for forgiveness in this language, and the church forgave him 500 years after his death. While these are individual questions, who will forgive whom, but he was

forgiven after 500 years, It was only some 15, 20, 25 years ago that he was forgiven. So the scientist, the philosophers has to face dangers because when he speaks the truth, its obvious many people envy him When this revolution of science happened, then Newton came in the seventeenth century. Newton became a prominent i.e. an important scientist, Gravity and its rules all were formed we believe that Physics moved forward on a fast path because of Newton, but Einstein rejected some of the things that Newton said. Einstein is talking about relativity, while the science before him believes

that things are absolutely objective, absolutely fixed. Einstein is saying that all things are relative. And for the first time the possibility of subjectivity in science appears. But Einstein is also not agreeing to that. Later on, when it came to quantum, he said that reading quantum physics feels like God is throwing dice. god does not play rises, God dose not throw dices. no it means We are not understanding it completely. There are some hidden variables which we are not able to understand. Opinion but time is important Einstein died around 1955. Some experiments were done during his

life which were rejecting his theories and now it is proved that he was wrong And the new concept that has come in quantum physics will shock everyone And some people have started believing that quantum physics has proved that Advaita Vedanta is correct. This is also an explanation, whether it is proved or not, that is a matter of time what is experiment, try and understand it there is one famous experiment if you have interest in science, I have great interest in science i do not know much of science so i try to understand it as per

my work because when it was time to study it in school I didn't now I learn by dedication whatever little I can understand I try understand it do search about double slit experiment on the internet this is a very famous experiment and it is in contnously use from last 50-100 years The experiment is that we will send any subatomic particle through a path and see the pattern and the concept is that if it is a wave then the pattern will be formed in a different way in the front wall. if it is a partcile then

the pattern will be formned differently Broadly speaking, if there is a particle, then you should understand that like if there are two windows, then two streams will be formed. if there If there is a wave, because if the waves collide with each other, then more than two currents will be formed. on the wall of time It's a basic experiment like this, there are thousands of videos on the net about it. so many experiments were carried out The atomic concept came in the early 19th century. at the very end of the 19th century, the electron was

discovered around 1897. Neutrons were discovered in the early 20th century. Proton was discovered, nucleus was discovered and the study of all these is called quantum physics It is interesting that the world which was going on above the atom. With the advent of quantum physics, all the concepts changed. it was completely shaken complete physics has changed at present and it is called modern physics what experiment is done nowadays experiment was when we tried and observed by sending light Einstein for the first time said that light is a wave as well as a particle. earlier it was

accepted as wave only we considered it as wave Einstein said it is wave and particle both it behaves like both and called it has photon in the particle form and now you will be shocked to know this thing it is very interesting Einstein was shocked with the same in his time light was sent and light was behaving like wave but few things are unclear so to understand them properly a device was created that will observe that experiment and as soon as the device was connected the behaviour of light was like that of a particle he

said , what is this spectacle this is a weird spectacle as soon as the device was removed it was again behaving like wave How did it become like a wave? It was found out from the images being made on the front wall. As soon as the device was connected it became particle now this experiment was repeated hundred of times and everytime the result was same And what is the belief of the winners of the 2022 Nobel Prize, that light is photons, on seeing them their behaviour changes this is complete transformation of the physical object Otherwise

what difference will it make to the physical object that I am seeing it. Sartre said, many philosphers said that human are effected If I start seeing you continuously, or you see someone continuously, then the behavior starts changing, gets upset. This happens in humans, happens in animals too But has it ever happened that you are constantly looking at your pen and the pen starts moving. do not try it, it has never happened Although Sahaja Yoga practitioners and many others claim that they bend spoons with their eyes, this claim is of many traditions. But people also doubt

it, how will they believe until they see it on their own But quantum physics is says that when observed, the behavior of light becomes that of a particle. otherwise it is of wave, and I am not saying this three scientists have got noble prize for this ther are not just random people, they have received noble prize. for this year, 2022, they are saying this and quantum physics has told another dangerous thing on which also Einstein was furious the complete philosphy is based on one theory of causation, that is everything has a reason quantum physics has

destroyed the theory of causation maybe the theory of causation will be rejected from quantum physics And what is that research, these people have proved that research. it is called quantum entanglement Entanglement means the joining of two things. Till now what do we think, that if there is a physical object, anything will come in it only when there is some pressure on it, some touch. Even if it is air, if something touches it, it will change. we do not believe that it will change just by someone's sight Firstly, it has been proved that changes are taking

place by seeing, And if change is taking place by seeing, then it means the belief of Sakshi Chaitanya in the philosophy of Shankaracharya that Brahma is just the observer of the world like a dream. th whole world is only one observation and from that observation only things are changing. Sankhya Darshan is saying that just by being close to the Purusha, that is, the soul, changes start coming in nature, that is, in material things. The situation is strange, the things which we used to think as a joke, it seems that some way is coming out of

it. this has happened for the first time that by observing some physical object its nature has changed and the second explination is even We believe that if there will be some external influence, if there will be pressure then there will be change in any physical object. Now there is a concept of quantum entanglement, which means that at the subatomic level, at any electron, proton, neutron level, it is possible that a subatomic particle may be connected to another subatomic particle somewhere else, Somewhere else can mean not only on the earth but also on the moon. It

can also happen on the Sun. Could be in some other galaxy too. could be billions of light years away too and what is the interesting thing in it There is such a connection between them that the particle that behaves here will have exactly the opposite behavior there. and the most dangerous thing there is no time lapse in these two incidents not even a lapse of 1/1000th part of second it will happen together on both the places and Einstein and physics were of the beleif that nothing travels faster than light in simple terms, what is the

speed of light around 3 lakh kilometers per second sunlight reaches here after 8 minutes whenever you see the sun it is the eight-minute old ray not the current one this is so because the rays have reached after 8 minutes to us that is the sunlight has reached to us in 8 minutes But if there are two particles that are entangled, one is on the Earth and one is on the Sun. Communication is happening between them in zero seconds and on this Einstein had said that no, something is wrong. There are some hidden variables which we

are not able to understand, But these three scientists proved that it is absolutely correct. but if it's the right thing If it is true, then it is possible that if something happens on this earth, its reason may not be on this earth. something may shake there and then shakes here as well and we ask it why are you shaking and slap it that why are you shaking that poor fellow is entangles with something in another galaxy And if there are any conditions rejecting the speed of light, communication is so fast then probably in the near

future big changes are going to come in Philosophy along with Physics. A good philosopher in today's world is one who goes along with physics, goes along with chemistry, goes along with biology. You cannot study philosophy without reading Darwin's Evolution. In today's world, it would be foolish if you work only by studying philosophy and do not study science. However, what does materialism mean, which believes that the ultimate existence is material. And the consciousness, the thoughts, where are they all made from? They are made of physical existence, they are made of matter. If you want to know

who these people are, then if you look at Indian philosophy, then there is only one philosophy called Charvak. the reason why you came for class today In the whole of Indian philosophy there is only one philosopher, there is only one tradition, Charvaka, which is materialistic. In simple terms, if nothing is conscious then everything is physical. ask them how it became consciousness how are we able to think Their examples are very interesting, those people always enjoy eating i am just saying this in fun their thoughts are very deep when you read them. After two to four

lectures, you will find that the matter is very deep. He has spoken very deeply and some of his words can prove to be true even today. there is still such possibility At that time he was saying and all his original books were finished. We do not have a single book which is his original book. Generally, what we read about him, we read in the context of his critics, which idea was criticized, condemned, criticized by the critics. And those critics who will read through critics, it is a obvious their side will not come out properly. Some

arguments may have been omitted, some may have been brought wrongly, there is a danger of all those things, isn't there? charvak said that consciousness is no different thing like if you eat paan his examples are like these only, he uses betel, alcohol in every example means its not sure what he say, it just what is is said. like alcohol at that time might be made from jaggery so he gave the example of jaggery kinaw dibhyo, madya shakti vad vigyanam his statement is very famous, kinaw means like there is jaggery jaggery does not contain intoxication But

in the same jaggery when the process of fermentation will happen. When the process of fermentation takes place, intoxication happens. There is betel, the betel leaf is not turn red. have you seen betel nut, it also isn't red, catechu is also not red, chuna is also not red. But when all these are mixed and chewed, it turns red. In the same way this whole universe is made up of four great elements. It must have come to your mind that there are five, no no, there are four in Charvak. Many people consider four, leave the sky. earth,

water, air, fire All things are created by mixing these four things in different proportions. and consciousness also develops from a special proportion of this. His answer is that consciousness is nothing, it is made of material things. people say how is this possible But in today's time there is one more thing. The computer has all the physical things but the computer is capable of thinking and processing. playing language games and even doing translation. is capable of artificial intelligence. Because such things can happen in a computer made of physical things, then why can't it happen in a

body made of physical things. Nowadays, ever since computers and artificial intelligence etc., have evolved, virtual reality has evolved followers of Charvak are very happy that our words are going to prove to be quite right. Just then quantum appeared. They are saying that the behavior of a physical object will change by seeing it. They are very happy with it that Consciousness can change material things as well. They are praising quantum nowadays And Charvak are focusing on computer. So there are Charvakas in India. And if you look at modern times, you must have heard the name of

a person, MN Roy, have you? Manabendra Nath Roy, he was a Marxist thinker. Later he separated from Marxism.When the Soviet Union was formed, Lenin was the head of it and he was Lenin's advisor. He was a very famous person. He was Lenin's advisor, after that when Stalin came there were some differences with him, so he came back to India. After differences with Stalin, the path is usually towards the other world. But it was his good fortune that even after living in this world, they kept discussing for a long time. There are many materialistic people in

the West. The early people in the West were able to think materialistically. The first philosopher was Thales, some people call him Thales, some people call him Thaelis, I don’t know how they think of it He said that the ultimate existence is water. The universe is created from water. People said explain a bit about how fire was created with water You are not able to explain properly but saying its created from water He had a neighbor who said Its made of air. His name was Anaximenes The third Helictites said that this world is made of fire.

So this was going on, that it is made of fire, made of water, made of air. After that, a man named Empedocles, we will read about all this, he told, He is similar to Charvak Maybe like two brothers who got separated One went to Greece and the other stayed here and his name is Empedocles He says world is made of four great elements, the same four that Charvak was saying. Then there was a very famous philosopher named Democrats Who says that The world is made of atoms. In India, they talk about humanism over four philosophies.

Some people in the West also believe this. That is, there are many people and in modern times, if you want to remember the name of one person, You must be familiar to Karl Marx. Who is the biggest materialist of modern times, Karl Marx. Those who do not believe in him say that Consciousness is the ultimate existence and the person who believes in Consciousness speaks the ideology of that person. Idealism or many times referred as Spiritualism Pratyaywaad or vigyanwaad or adhyatmawaad in Hindi But if we use English words Then there will be ease in understanding Don’t

get confused, at times the Hindi translation is different in different books Whenever someone says idealism, consider that their existence is of conscious matter. what is the crisis in front of them that how to prove physical from conscious. How to explain, how the iron formed from thought There are two ways One is, that there is no iron It’s just thought And the second is that the thought is, a delusion, a confusion. it's an illusion. Talking of Indian tradition, Shankaracharya is at the apex Advaita Vedanta which believes that the material things are illusory. You must have heard

the word illusory Illusory means it is not ultimately true. The ultimate existence is consciousness only and Hegel was a person in the West, for now you just keep these two names in mind, Hegel believes that the world. is not illusory but the material things that are seen those are actually thoughts You must be feeling strange, so let me tell you by playing a little game. There is another philosophy in India, very dangerous, which is called Yogachar Vigyanvad, It appeared in the Buddhist tradition and in Berkeley in the West Both of them have said almost the

same thing and have said such a dangerous thing, I will explain it in 2 minutes Both of them believe that physical things do not exist. The chair you are sitting on is not physical Don’t worry you won’t fall but According to them you are not sitting on a physical thing This pen is not physical You must be thinking they are weird They do not even have common sense and are philosophers You must be thinking e will be better philosophers than hem The truth is that you will not even be able to reject them. When you

will listen to them properly, you will not be able to reject them. Lets play a short game Will get in the details later This is a pen You have to decide whether this pen is real or not, a physical object or not. How will you decide First you will see Because you can see it, you will not smell or taste it Because tongue has nothing to do in it This is a case of touch and see These two senses will work in this, isn’t it? You saw and Said it’s a pen, there’s nothing to think

in it But when you saw then what did you observed You are saying you saw the pen but no you didn’t Because the concept of pen is already there in your mind. That's why you saw it and said that it is a pen. If you had seen a pen, then when a very small child. would have seen it for the first time, would he have called it a pen? But a very small child who has never seen a pen, will not call it a pen. He will call it a pen when you will tell him

that So did you understood You saw a 5-6 inch thin image which is long A little round and it pointed at one end You saw such an image not a pen Pen is what you have called it See all of you are laughing It feels like magic is going to happen and it does happens When you will get into the yogachar vigyanwaad Brekley, Then its difficult to get out of those ideas It’s difficult to understand it So what you saw was A black image Then you touched Sometime there are click pens as well So you

clicked it this way But since you know that a thing to e clicked this way is called a pen so You said its a pen otherwise you wouldn’t Otherwise what would have you said, something that is hard Is round, is this much long and is not pointed Its not too soft as well And then what did you do? When the experience of hardness is Also added to the special image Then you gave it the name pen By fixing that image in your mind And whenever those experiences started matching, you said I have a pen in

my hand. That’s all You must be thinking you are stuck n the wrong place You must be feeling like a juggler Right? But if you see Philosophy is a very big problem And Kant who happened to be the greatest philosopher for me. He said in the end Are there things in the world or not We cannot learn about them as Our range is only up to the experiences that we are experiencing What are we experiencing, hard and black that’s it Are there things beyond it or not, are they like this or not We cannot claim

And that day he said that what all we know That is the phenomenon that we all are seeing. What we are not able to know is nominal, we cannot know about the actual thing Now the one who reaches this level says that we may not get material things, we get two types of experiences and whatever experiences we got, the consciousness gets them In the form of thoughts So there is a world of thoughts Some thoughts are being perceived by the two senses, some thoughts are being perceived by 3 and some by one Understand these little

things We will continue if you are interested Otherwise don’t taket oo much load Shankara said that the ultimate existence is of Brahma And this world is illusory and Hegel said that accept it of Brahman only. The world is also not illusory, it is in the form of thoughts, I have used this example many times. Imagine that you are sleeping and dreaming. You must be dreaming these days. We see dreams in every age its just the nature of dreams changes So in your dream you saw that You are playing. Here are 4-5 friends with you Or

you are sitting in a party at a restaurant You are enjoying and a lot of food and drinks are placed there Everyone is doing Cheers that is It is someone’s birthday Then you Celebrated, and then everyone had food consumed some food and drinks, In your dream Now you have to tell that you are also in the dreams and Other people are also there The friends in your dreams are physical They are conscious Its very interesting, you are feeling that everything in the dream Is real, but The friends in your dreams are physical. They are conscious

That is a thought Its only conscious and you are able to live it That is also conscious and whatever you were eating Samosa or chicken or whatever you eat What is that, that means you had conscious samosa basically And you drank conscious beverages And your friends who are living humans are conscious in your dreams and those who are conscious friends, friend number one and friend number two, what they are for each other, they are also conscious. They are a part of your conscious Ut they seem to be physical In the dream you feel that everything

is physical, but everything is conscious. So what Hegal is trying to say is that assume that God is dreaming and we are all in that dream. Next level And whatever you are doing You are doing in his consciousness Like you friends are dancing in your deam What are we all, got it? Maybe we are just thoughts in God's dream. Like my friends come in my dream And many physical things appear But at that time all of them are conscious But now all the people in the dream are feeling that they are physical, they are drinking,

eating and dancing as well. Music is also playing and upon waking up in the morning you get to know it was a dream. Everything was only Consciousness. There is a good possibility and the sign of quantum physics is also very dangerous that light is changing by seeing, photons are made by seeing. And if it is true then a lot can happen with God’s sight So I am just hinting that the people of spiritualism, people of etherealism, interpret this universe in this way. Then you will ask how can iron be manufactured from thought They will say,

dream Get iron in dreams. What is iron in dream? that is a thought itself. And you are rote learning the periodic table You crammed 118 elements. You memorized their isotopes, the number of protons. At the end, you got to know they are just thought. So there is one aspect of philosophy. Some have gone crazy They don’t wish to get involved into this They gave a stream of thought Which is known as neutralism Here, remember the name of Spinoza, however William, James, Burton, Russell Are also there. In India this thought is not supported. Thus there is

no Indian philosopher in this thought. Around 18th century, Spinoza Was a famous person. And Burton Russell and William James belonged to 20th century James is from America, Russell from England You will understand Spinoza In a minute They are of view that God has Infinite qualities. To understand this, imagine this There are five senses And I’ve heard many fools say that there is no God. Because God cannot be seen. This is a sign of foolishness. Means if You claim God, that is a sign of foolishness. But if they negate His presence, that is also a sign.

They say, they cannot see God. Thus there is no God. If He wishes to fool around Then God can, by making five senses And the sixth sense through which we get to know God God will not give you that. And people are roaming around as if there is no God. Imagine this, I had heard about a city When I used to hear stories, even you must gave heard that A person with good sight Went to a land of blinds. Have you heard the story? I cannot recall the name of story but it was in school

curriculum. I will make you understand. A person with good sight Healthy, and by mistake went to a place where everyone is blind. There must have been some problem, pandemic, epidemic. Thus everyone is blind. And let’s assume that for past 10 thousand years Nobody cannot see thus they have forgotten that anyone can see Around them. They don’t know what is sight. Somebody went there. Nobody could see, but the remaining Became stronger through which they are doing all the work There are many organisms who cannot see. There are organsisms with three senses, two senses. They are also

alive then what difference does this makes. We can see So, who is five-senses being, its human beings, Like donkey Dog, horse don’t compare all this. But yes, we are some of the living beings with five senses. We are considered to be the most intelligent creatures in that category. well, lets assume that you are in a civilization where no one can see. Now he is a man. I read the story in school. School means it was in our syllabus. now the man went there Some people caught him thinking that he is foreigner. He asked, can't you

see? they are talking among themselves that this man is talking nonsense. He is saying that he cannot see, what is this. Arrest him, take him away. they went to the police to register a complaint that this man talks in a nonsense way Says he can't see, speaks meaningless things. He is saying to the policeman that I can really see. Even you can't see. Police says that I am the witness that he talks nonsense, He was doing it in front of me too. police Arrested him and case started. Judges' bench was sitting. the Judges asked about

the matter , the lawyer asked what is the matter, sir, I can see but you don't know what it is to see. I can see you You are sitting in front of me, you are wearing such clothes that I can see you. Judges are talking among themselves, that the allegations are correct, even in front of us He is committing a crime. Then it was decided that this man speaks wrong things. incites everyone, speaks about some supernatural powers that no human can ever have. He seems to be an quack, a Tantrik type of man. disturbing the

whole society. He should be punished severely. He was imprisoned for 10 years. Now he is upset thinking that he is telling the truth that he can see So go to the next level of it. Because we are able to see, isn't it? next level, may be there is certain way to know the god There must be sixth or seventh sense which God has not given us. And may be he is enjoying sitting around us. as if someone can't see him That guy is making such guesses. But someone is troubling him who is following him. He

is trying but not able to catch him. Or going back and forth. It could also be that God is having fun behind our back. because He has not given us the power by which we can know Him. The rest of the powers were given to have fun with each other, but the man cannot know the god. I will not give such a power through which you can know me, rest of all you can know, enjoy. And that's why a poet has written a very good couplet, they do not the way to feel the god who

says, if there is god It must be visible. Why it is to be visible, It can exist even without being seen. A number of invisible things exists, So you should understand Spinoza so assume that there is a god Who has thousands, millions of innumerable qualities And he created the situation that man And the rest of the creatures will be able to see only my two qualities And one of those Qualities will be called Matter. another would be consciousness the power to know the rest of my qualities I will not give other powers to them And

you are with these two powers whether it is matter or consciousness, consciousness or matter, and God is enjoying that there are 500 more powers that I haven't even told you yet He didn't even tell. That's why Spinoza is saying that The ultimate element is neutral, it is neither matter nor consciousness. Our limitation is that we are able to see only two power of that neutral. Matter, Consciousness.. material or conscious cannot be ultimate truth, There is no such boundation, there is no such compulsion. you can see how deep is philosophy, in this, Spinoza was a very

deep philosopher, very deep philosopher and Spinoza is among the people of the world who believe in determinism which mean whatever is happening we are not doing it is decided from there. And people told him that the this will not work they Said, the truth will remain true if it does not work. Now if I tell a lie for the sake of the world, not possible. Really it is so. Everything is predestined, pre determined you all are nodding very well, but it is also being directed from above. We are all puppets, the strings are in someone

else's hands. he controls and the people think that they are controlling themselves. Nothing, even we cannot move our hand, it is moving from there. Determinism, the perfect determinism. Very few people believed, one of whom is Spinoza. we will discuss about spinoza someday The last is dualism, these are the people who say We accept both and conclude the matter. they accept matter and Consciousness both, like the Samkhya philosophy which I mentioned to a certain extent Ramanuja, in the west Plato and Aristotle also almost accept dualism And the decart that I had told you, the man who

was trapped. In the end, he also does not believe, makes up a story, brings God. But as long as he comes to God, he remains a dualist. now to sum up If I try to sum it up in a diagram, If you can understand then you will enjoy it. Don't lose your enthusiasm for life after listening all this. You should enjoy and have party in the evening. party must go on as usual. Now party on the fact that no one knows, Even I do not know. Eat a samosa on this, what is the problem. Samosa

I'm saying, whatever you eat means I do not know. What you all like? Let's take a look at these two things together What we have discussed so far I said that there are three views by number. what is the first, you do not remember The first is Monism. what does Monism meaning in Hindi? it is Ekvaad simply means that the ultimate truth or power, is only one. What will happen if we move on from monotheism? then Dualism comes and in hindi it is dwaitvaad What will be the third? Pluralism, you can call it Anekvaad, i

am using simple words. Some people call it bahulvaad, some call it बहुतत्ववाद. bahu does not mean daughter-in-law here it means It means in the sense of variety. So there are three paths, the ultimate power is one, or two. There are many power, it is so simple, it is okay. Now whoever believes that there is one, he does not have option, either accept material, Or he will become idealist. What does idealism mean? Consciousness. Or he will assume to be neutral. Tell me, can I explain you three words? First, there are some people who believe in materialistic

monism. The ultimate power is one and is physical. Some believe in idealistic monism That the ultimate power is one but it is conscious. Some say that the ultimate power is one but neutral, believing in neutralistic monism. With these words, people create fear in philosophy that I am a neutral monist I am a pluralistic, plurolistic, those people create fear. Don't be afraid, all these words are very easy, just understand once. You will understand the meaning, you will understand what is the problem. who is materialistic monist ? they believe that the ultimate power is one, that is

physical, as thales What did he say, what is the ultimate power? water Water is the ultimate power. i.e. the ultimate entity is one but physical Those who say that the ultimate power is one but conscious, mention Shankaracharya. Brahman or Hegel or the Absolute Idea say, one is conscious One is neutral, Spinoza when i used to teach philosophy Ten years ago, for the ease of students, i used to say that it would not be possible there was a bowler in cricket, he was not getting the ball to spin, so he said to the ball spin ho

jaa naa with this trick the student used to remember, yes, spin ho jaa, spin ho jaa, spin ho jaa.Used to remember who the philosopher is, Spinoza, Whenever I say his name, I remember that scene, spin ho jaa. Some say dualism... dualism is very simple. Whoever believes in dualism, will believe the existence of both the Matter and Consciousness. for them the matter is over. you can put sankhya darshan, Plato and Aristotle in that category. Now the people who believe in Pluralism saying that there are many powers. What options do they have, There are many powers, but

all are material so pluralistic materialism or Will call it materialistic pluralism. There are many powers, but all are Conscious. There are many power, but all are neutral. There are many power and some of them are matter, Some are Conscious. we have Four options, The person who says that there are many powers. But everything is material, Keep Charvak in it. You like Charvak a lot, so I have put it here. they are saying that four great spirits exists, take it four, it means pluralistic, But the people who talks about matter, One who says that there are

many powers but they are consciousness, we call that, pluralistic idealism, or spiritualism. Leibniz, it is a new name this is the person who invented calculus in mathematics. He was a great philosopher. he believed that the world is made of conscious atoms. There are innumerable atoms, but they are conscious atoms, they are called Monet. it is neutral, but there are many powers, like william james or Bertrand Russell, who I just mentioned A while ago. Means Spinoza accepts one, so we put it list of people who accepts as one They believe that there are many But that

means they cannot be called matter and conscious. And some people believe that there are many powers Some of them are matter. Some are conscious and we cannot mix them. Almost all the philosophers of India follow this idea. Whether it is Jain philosophy, Buddhism, nyaya philosophy, Vaisheshika, Mimamsakas, All of them believe in this. Leave the Samkhya. Leave yoga. leave Vedanta Because Samkhya and Yoga will come into dualism, Vedanta will come here. Except him, all other Indian philosophers consider that there are many powers and some of them are matter. Some are conscious. If you want to see

in the west, many people will agree to this point . like I think some people like Empedocles Maybe we will be able to adjust in somehow. This idea is more prevalent in India. Less in the West, more in India. There is a poem. When I teach literature, students come to this posture after a while Kailash Vajpayee was a poet the meaning of his poem is Neither do we have eyes. nor we have soul, we are sad Bored very much and that is the limit, now you can do anything And Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena is my very

favorite poet, his poem is, One wants to write a poem in it. some people say that Poetry doesn't come from wanting to write, actually it is a divine revelation, when god shower his grace Poetry will be written from above, cannot write by will. So there is a poet, he has taken an oath that he will write a poem at any how. a copy is made for writing Poems. I have thought of poetry many times, have made a copy thereof That today at eight o'clock the poem has to be produced. Kept thinking, kept thinking but nothing

happened. And has written a poem on it. Wrote poem on writing poem whose meaning is Wrapped in a quilt it's winter like nowadays, coldly stiff, holding a pen in his fingers, Put a copy of the poem on a thick pillow, I have measured every street of this life, but could not get anything, even any emotion of poem not erupted. So these two lines are for you. but could not get anything, even any emotion of poem not erupted. but Philosopher is that's kind of person people like us, what do we mean by all these things we

are cool people we like parties and parties We are like those people we do not enjoy these kind of stuffs but one who is philosopher Remains restless. like kabirdas world is full of happiness. Eat and sleep. only Kabir is Wake up and cry. This kind of restlessness is faced by the people who have intellectual curiosity. they remains restless as to how all things came to be, Then all these thoughts come to the mind. However, I think you must have understood everything and many for many of you it was not painful experience. so next time we

will try to invite people from outside because that many people have shown interest in coming here in comments So we are making out a process that even the outside audience can come in this program. Nowadays, if we will bring out its form, those who want to come will be called in it. You can also come. it means , if you want come, you should also come and they should also come. If you have any deep question then ask. My name is Ajay, sir. my question is sir, like We have a lot of such direct evidence

before us From which we can rule out something. Like it is said that the concept of rebirth is Indian. is of Indian origin, But a man by the named Swedenborg, Manuel Sweden has written a book, heaven and hell so he proved it that he has some kind of supernatural powers, If these things happen then we can the same thing. can we rule out things that have been proven So can we perceive the same what we believe or the other side of it is that Buddha's penance was Sanatani, But when he got the knowledge He created

a new religion. Buddha did not believe in Buddhism What did he perceive? so what was it sir what we believe, Perceives, those who perceive, only those who believe. both are there. Sometimes we believe what we see. but after something we see what fits with what we believe Because our point of view also becomes like that. Then we start seeing the things we want to see, But if i talk about the first question As far as the limits of perception are concerned, If we say that what is seen is the ultimate truth, As Charvaka said, Charvaka

also gets trapped by it, which appears if that's the ultimate truth Because the Charvakas do not accept any other evidence. They only accept direct evidence. You tell me that the earth looks round according to the direct evidence, Looks flat. Looks flat. The earth is revolving or the sun. the Sun is revolving If you fall under the spell of a magician, I've not met magicians not much, but I've seen i Saw a magic show Once I was adamant that I will expose it today. just imagine that, sitting on the ground, laying a sheet And there is

nothing under the sheet. There is a flat ground on which a sheet has been spread in front of me. then he put hand in the sheet Took the pigeon out from inside, and I was looking with tears in my eyes, I was not even blinking That I will catch it today somehow. He was also seeing this gesture of mine. He said see the pigeon and you were shocked, I said yes shocked. Then for the sake of enjoyment he took out five more pigeons from inside it. Now I know it's a trick but my eyes my

perceptual abilities are not able catching up, because Everyone's abilities are limited, aren't they? You will see some magic, you too will not be able to catch it. so by accepting direct evidence as ultimate evidence there is one danger that how much aware is the person who is watching. how many tricks we understand, all the magicians do tricks but we are not able to catch them. Mentalism is a new game these days. there are such people, who will tell you your password or what is going on in your mind. Or tell the spelling, this is the

trick From the blink of your eyes to the movement of your face Have done so much research that for every facial movement They have decoded one letter and one number. they Will recognize by it. So the abilities to reveal are different. So don't just rely on your direct evidence. the direct evidence of people wiser than us can be better we should also believe this. we will talk about rebirth in another session the concept of supernatural powers in exists, But there's so much more evidence which indicate that Something like this can happen. always remember that when

we say reincarnation is possible, It does not mean at all that the soul itself must be reborn. All the reincarnation experiments proving only one thing that this little child know Some of such informations of some time that was known to a dead person and was not with anyone else. The only question is where did that information come from And that information takes a long time to come to him. One of the options is reincarnation. It is also possible that there is entanglement. information has reached so reincarnation is a hypothesis that this information which Can't reach

in any other way, maybe it has reached in this way. we will talk about it, There have been many experiments of rebirth. we will talk about them. Sir my name is shakti and my question is that We read so many philosophers, understood So in this, we are considering the body as the matter. And if the mind is conscious, sir i am trying to understand the philosophy we study i want to know about from where we can understand where is the balance of the body and the consciousness. Or if we want to read about this topic.

Which philosopher should be read so that things can be cleared. what I am telling so far, the body is the body. It is physical but there is doubt about the mind. Some people believe that the mind is a sixth sense and consciousness is different from that. Soul and mind are not considered one in Indian philosophy. it is Considered differently, Indian philosophy is very nuanced in this sense. In the West, there is only one umbrella word, that is mind. The soul is different in India. Wisdom is different. Pragya is different. Mind is different. There is consciousness

inside the soul, these are the things. The people who believes in the mind Inner sense, through which feelings are revealed. The Charvakas also believe that the feeling is evident so the mind is not necessary it is considered as the sixth sense. Which philosophy you should read is very difficult to say because actually you want that there should be a clarity and actually there is no clarity. Everyone has their own thoughts, there is no such a philosophy that can satisfy all your curiosities properly, it is not Then one way is to read them all in turn,

then draw your own conclusion. and for that if you want I can tell you some books. Otherwise, keep listening to this week after week. Maybe you will find some way out of this. I think there will be around 100 discussions, Only then the series will be complete. It's just a trailer, it's just the beginning. Now things will go a long way. Sir when we study philosophy, we face a number of thoughts are available And every thinker proves another thinker's thought to be incorrect. or every scientist changes the thoughts of another scientist and when we read

nothing comes to a conclusion So because of this we remain a bit confused So should we assume that nothing is eternally true. The root cause of your uneasiness is that you want answer of those questions Whose answer is not with anyone. And we desire for the answers and all the religions are working in this manner. The answers they get are the final answers No, but people accepted that there is a final answer, they are doing well But because they don't have to do these classes, they are at ease If you don't want to think, then

the work is going on. If you think and want answers to very deep questions So you might not get answer. Will not get right now. Basically, you have to change your thought process a little bit. it is very difficult, i used to find it very difficult When I was of your age, I used to be very restless. that's why I opted for philosophy so that restlessness can be reduced, but It only increases, it doesn't decrease. you want to get answers Can't find the answer. Every man's answer is different. The anxiety is increasing. i don't feel

anxious anymore because gradually I'm getting into that state of mind now Where I don't have the stubbornness to get the final answer. If there is no final answer So this is the final answer that there is no final answer So there is no final answer. Why is this the final answer? Can't agree. I don't know, it makes me restless, so think in your mind No one knows. and the problem everyone has That problem is not there at all. that's the situation So get out of this stubbornness that I have to know everything. You will have

to be superstitious on the basis of this stubbornness. otherwise you will be restless So the thing that no one knows. I don't even know that, that's why I am a simple and fine person. That much is enough. Why we should insist that we will know the answers to those questions for which we are not able. we can not know ok, tell me whether there is a god or not, I think if I get the answer, at least it will take 10 to 20 thousand years. When we would have known so much of the universe as

one or two thinkers said that when science measures the entire universe, then itmay be possible. Whether there is someone to run it or not, even then there is a possibility. i don't know that It may or may not happen even in 10, 20 thousand years. But till then if there is a nuclear war somewhere, the work is over. After that two or four will survived, then they would start with stones and spears. then after several thousand years When science developed And don't take too much load in philosophy I don't know, what to worry about a

thing which I don't know. be satisfied with it and if there is more curiosity So keep on trying, the efforts that we are making, you too continue your efforts Ok. yes, please hello sir my name is Heena and my question is that many times We perceive events of future through dreams that event is going to happen in the future, that is why we have such intuitions Or is it just a coincidence? There are many theories of dream interpretation, some of which Thought about why this happens. This happens to some people while they are wake up,

not in their dreams. Some people have intuition and it begin to be clear Looks very clear cut and it happens after two days. Why does this happen? There are some very dangerous beliefs regarding this. if we assume that we actually know in advance So how dangerous is this, can you imagine? like if you know that something is going to happen to me after two days, let's say and it really happened. it means that What's going to happen in my future was already decided And that means that whatever I'm doing is not happening, it is pre

decided. And if it's already fixed it is called Determinism and it does not mean free will or freedom of will. We don't do anything. It is predestined, if it is not predestined then how will it be visible. This is a matter of great concern. but some people It is also said that actually these intuitions are reasoning of intuitive level and nothing else. There are two levels of reasoning, the only level is the one we apply our mind to. This may happen, this may happen, this will happen, that will happen. This is a Conscious Reasoning. One

happens at subconscious or unconscious level Intutive reasoning, that too is reasoning but it is running at the level of your intuition. And you don't know you're reasoning and to you because of your worries, Because of fear, because of insecurities, some bad things is visible. because of dreams some things are looking good, some of them turned out to be true which have been proven wrong You didn't include them in the sample, which proved to be correct You accepted them as a sample that I had foreknowledge. Fore knowledge was done. This sampling mistake happens many times, like

the cat crossed the road Something bad will happen. The cat crossed the road of the hundreds of the people, but bad thing happened with the only one. We do not count the sample of 99. gonna count that one that deepens the notion cat's crossing the way spoils the day. Rather man is so strong, can a cat can spoil his day, then what will man do, Think about it. we give more weightage to some samples doesn't give weightage to many samples And such intuition keeps on. we will discuss about dreams some other day in detail. Thank

you sir. last question. sir my name is praval sir, since a very long time a curiosity is going on, today is a good chance. Sir, there are three types of beliefs in the society. first is that the people who believe in the law of attraction, take an example of Swami Vivekananda. both have similarity almost that most of what you want to achieve Do your concentration. Think about most of that stuff. this concept says that by thinking almost you are getting all. this is a rough conclusion. The second concept which is believed by almost everyone in

our society is that karma is prime, As you sow, so you shall reap The third assumption is that the people in the world, whatever they have achieved, If their interview is heard or asked personally I have seen interviews of many people who are very successful today, If they are asked about this, they tell that In fact, we did not want to become what we are today. whether Karmas play role or is it all luck Or everything happens only by thinking sir. Let's clear this up a bit. I mean the point of your question is that

our successes, Failure is due to luck or due to our hard work, It is because of our will power. Yes, Before giving the answer, let me explain something. Most of our problems are caused by our way of thinking And what is the basic way of thinking. We think about the things by applying or, but we should think by applying and. it is not clear to you so far, I read in a book. about 10 years ago Acharya Ramchandra Shukla is a very famous essayist in Hindi. He was a critic also. There was a book about

him. a question used to come a lot in UPSC, I used to teach. Earlier, while giving the exam, used to worried about that question. the question was that whether his essays are psychological or literary. The answer to this question has been seen in many books. but i Couldn't get a concrete answer. There used to be restlessness that I could not understand. Then a small book came in my hands, hardly of 50 pages. I read that article in it and found the answer in that article. Also got one more thing which I want to tell you

here. It said that the problem is that when two things can happen at the same time, we are assuming that a thing is either this or that Shukla ji's essay is not psychological or literary. There are psychological and literary. I felt that tell such a heavy burden was kept on the mind. The burden is gone forever Since then. Our life will is controlled by either karma or luck, Because, why can't there be karma and luck both. our effort, our intention And why can't it be our fate, it can be all three. I'm not a fatalist,

but if you look Will go very deep. Or don't even go to philosophy, if we see in normal life so you have to agree that a large part of our lives rests on those coincidences, which we did not create. The biggest coincidence is in which family you were born, It is a big coincidence that you were born healthy. Or born handicapped, it is not in your hands, you did not decide. Now suppose a child is not able to see since birth You are telling him, do your karmas, anything can happen with your karmas. Make up

your mind, he has made up his mind to see the world. There is no method in science. Trying all his life to see. If he can't see then what happened with the intention. What happened to Karma? all was pre-decided so what i'm saying is, intention alone is not enough Karma alone is not enough, coincidence also plays a role. This should be accepted and by accepting the coincidence. Many dilemmas are reduced. yes, we should not stop doing efforts to minimize the role of a coincidence The role of intentions and deeds should be more. while judging others'

failures It should be kept in mind that his coincidences must have been strong. He is not small than us. We must keep in mind about our successes that our Coincidences prevailed. Otherwise we are not war dog, that is the way the man remains humble. I am a person standing on the level of normal success and i didn't do much in life but when someone asks me, it happens twice a year someone asks that you did this you did that, What is the formula? do you know what i tell, it is Tukka, This is the formula.

It was only by fluke, that's it In those flukes the man thinks that he has done everything. it is not like this. A lot of coincidences happen in your favor. By zeroing out those coincidences If you want to take all the credit yourself, then how will you survive? So everyone has a combination, and I am a middle path following person. I believe life is in between. It is not in the corner at all. So coincidence, karma and intention, they have balance, their mixing makes life and life is not made from any one. Okay, let's conclude

and next time if you come. I have very few hope, but if you come next time too, with bold heart then, i will take some more questions. Ok, thanks very much