Earth Science for Kids - Solar System, Weather, Fossils, Volcanoes & More - Rock 'N Learn

[Music] rock and learn [Music] hey tara hiya marco what's up my friend kevin needs a little help studying for his earth science test do you think you could pencil us in for a session well i do know a thing or two about earth science and i hear that you're a real wiz at reviewing for science tests thanks tara kevin is already waiting for us at my super science station off we go [Music] marco tara boy am i happy to see you i need to get ready for my earth science test glad to help kid earth science is kind of my specialty when you study earth science you learn about astronomy geology meteorology and more let's start by talking about our solar system tell me what you know well the sun is in the middle of the solar system and it provides us with light and heat good good you know anything else there are eight planets that orbit the sun but i always have trouble remembering their order i know a fantastic way to remember the order of the planets hello who's calling professor who you're kevin's mom his snack is ready okey-dokey we'll be right there great news kevin's mom would like to serve us a little snack sounds good to me [Music] so kevin i didn't know that your mother was a professor oh yes she's very educated here you go enjoy oh my what just happened my very educated mother just served us nachos that's it that's the order of the planets huh i see what he's getting at take the first letter of each word in the sentence my very educated mother just served us nachos and now we'll give you the first letter of the name of each planet my mercury very venus educated earth mother mars just jupiter served saturn us uranus nachos neptune my very educated mother just served us nachos mercury venus earth mars jupiter saturn uranus neptune exactly my very educated mother just served us nachos mercury venus earth mars jupiter saturn uranus neptune hey that's pretty cool that makes it easy to remember the planets great now back to the solar system learning center at my super science station but what about the [Music] wow ah the nachos tough going kid but nachos aren't the only things in life and the planets aren't the only things that orbit the sun take a look at this wow that's pretty cool tara what are all these chunks of rock between mars and jupiter that is known as the asteroid belt the objects in this area range in size from dust particles all the way up to series which is 900 kilometers in diameter ceres is actually considered a dwarf planet because it has a large enough mass to have a rounded shape but as you can see it's not large enough to have cleared its orbit around the sun by that i mean there are other objects in the same orbit with ceres all of those other chunks of rock and metal are known as asteroids is ceres the only dwarf planet nah we've got more every so often a group of professional astronomers from around the world meet to assign names to objects in space three dwarf planets they've named are series pluto and aerys looks like there's another asteroid belt further out that's called the kuiper belt [Music] whoa what's that oh that's a comet comets are collections of ice dust and small particles of rock most have long oval orbits when they pass near the sun their ice melts and evaporates people on earth see comets as huge glowing bowls with tails made of gas or dust trailing millions of miles behind them all of this is pretty cool but how does it fit into earth science learning about the solar system is important for earth science because what happens in space affects things on earth for example let's take a closer look at how the earth and sun interact see how the earth goes around or orbits the sun yeah marco i remember that from science class it takes a full year for one revolution around the sun and that's what causes our seasons explain to me how the earth's orbit causes the seasons well i know it has something to do with the tilt of the earth but i never really understood that part let me see if i can help when does the sun feel warmest early in the morning or around noon it's warmest around noon correct that's because the sun's rays are more direct around noon in the morning when it's cooler the sun's rays are more indirect so the earth flips back and forth the earth keeps pretty much the same tilt but watch as she moves around the sun [Music] see here the northern hemisphere gets more direct sun so it is summer there and since the southern hemisphere gets the indirect light it's winter now you've got the idea if we keep moving around until we get over here then it's summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in the northern hemisphere wow actually seeing it in action makes it easier to understand then take a look at this see how the earth rotates on its axis it goes around once every 24 hours and that's what causes day and night the parts of earth facing the sun are in daylight as the earth rotates the sun seems to set in the west supa i think you've really got a good idea about how things work in our solar system here take one of these kiddo tara i don't think it's going to be raining anytime soon inside the science station i wouldn't be so sure he looks like a flash flood we got here whether or not you wanted to oh brother here at the water cycle and weather learning center we'll learn how the water cycle affects weather on earth the sun provides the energy that drives the whole water cycle as the sun heats water on earth water evaporates into the air as the water vapor cools in the atmosphere it condenses into small water droplets that form clouds when the water droplets get too heavy if they precipitate back to the ground then the water accumulates in aquifers rivers lakes and the oceans and the whole thing can start all over again what a turns to vapor by evaporation clouds form slowly in the sky by the process of condensation [Music] they drop let's get too heavy they fall as precipitation rain or sleet or snow that melts then comes accumulation evaporation condensation precipitation accumulation okay i think i understand how the water cycle works but why does it rain in snow places other than over the water good question we get rain and snow and other precipitation in all kinds of places because the sun heats the earth unevenly land heats and cools faster than water and we know that it's warmer near the equator than the pools all of this uneven heating keeps a cold and warm air moving and it makes changes in air pressure here's how those air pressure changes cause wind cold air weighs more than warm air so the pressure of cold air is greater when the sun warms the air the air expands it gets lighter and rises cooler heavier air moves to where the warmer and lighter air was in other words wind usually blows from areas of high air pressure to areas of low air pressure now warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air so as the air gets colder you get condensation and then precipitation there you go but it is the temperature of the air that determines the kind of precipitation rain happens when drops of liquid water fall on the surface of the earth snow forms when the air is so cold that water vapor turns directly into ice without ever passing through a liquid state if the air is cold enough the snow will fall all the way to the ground otherwise it might melt into rain on its way down fleet refers to water droplets that freeze on their way down through really cold air unlike snow sleet goes through a liquid state before freezing the result is that sleet is not light and fluffy hail is like mega sleet when it hails large balls of ice fall from the sky hail forms in a more complex way than sleep as ice crystals start to fall wind carries them back up high into the clouds this happens over and over and the crystals grow each time eventually they get too heavy and full hard that's wild tara i never knew weather could be so complex and that's just the surface kid but it's enough to get you started those nachos aren't setting so good are you okay she'll be fine but i'm a little worried about us if there's an earthquake i feel much better now uh that's nice but where are we just where we should be in the geology learning center this is where we can learn about different kinds of rocks and how they're made take a look at all these layers of rocks little bits of earth were washed downstream they settled to the bottom of a river lake or ocean layer after layout was deposited on top so they were pressed down more and more over time the layers turned into a type of rock called sedimentary rock that's right sedimentary rocks make up about three quarters of the rocks at the earth's surface sometimes they can give us clues about what the environment was like when those rocks were formed how can they do that well sometimes dead plants or animals get buried in the sediment they get covered up by new layers of sediment and sometimes become fossils some fossils are actually parts of an animal like its teeth or bones that have turned into stone or fossilized others are trace fossils like dinosaur footprints or tunnels made by worms but most fossils are casts the dead plants and animals decay after the sediment is turned into rock leaving behind a hollow mold salts or other minerals can fill the cast and hold its shape fossils found in the same layer of sedimentary rock are from things that lived around the same time as new layers form on top the fossils get buried deeper and deeper i think i understand so the deeper the fossils are found the older they are you've got it and sometimes large amounts of plants are deposited in sedimentary rocks if they are compressed under a lot of pressure for a long period of time they turn into carbon this gives us coal oil natural gas and petroleum i guess that's why they're called fossil fuels your bed it is and let me tell you fossil fuels are really up gas oh brother okay sedimentary rocks make up about three quarters of the rocks at earth's surface you got it what about the rest of the rocks what are they glad you asked there are two other kinds of rocks igneous and metamorphic igneous rocks form when molten rock cools and becomes solid molten rock is called magma when it is below the earth's surface but sometimes magma pushes up through cracks to the surface of the earth then it is called lava oh i just love a good eruption stop that when lava cools it becomes a kind of igneous rock called volcanic rock basalt is the most common type of volcanic rock most of the rocks on the ocean floor are basalt igneous rock can also form when magma cools slowly and becomes hard while it's deep underground rocks that form this way like granite usually have large crystals fossils are not usually found in igneous rocks the heat of a volcanic eruption tends to destroy living things and only rarely preserves any evidence of them however fossils may be found in volcanic ash deposits which are actually a kind of sedimentary rock that makes sense sedimentary rocks are made from sediment and igneous rocks are made when molten rock is cooled but what about metamorphic rocks how do they form good question kiddo metamorphic rocks are rocks that have morphed or changed from one kind of rock into another metamorphic rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks but movement of the earth's crust caused them to change just moving the rocks changes them no try pushing your hands together very hard do you feel heat and pressure yeah when the earth's crust moves igneous or sedimentary rocks get squeezed by tremendous pressure which heats the rocks and pulls them like taffy the original rock is changed by this heating and pulling and it becomes a metamorphic rock as you might guess any fossils that were in this sedimentary rock will now be in the metamorphic rock but those fossils may be stretched and deformed because of the heating and pulling bummer metamorphic rocks are the least common of the three kinds of rocks slate and marble are two examples wow that's really roxy whoa what's this a rock concert as a matter of fact it is ladies and gentlemen please welcome all the way from little rock arkansas the pet rocks i'll rise [Music] three cans of rocks three cans of rocks sedimentary [Music] three kinds of rocks three cats [Music] even though two rocks may be formed the same way they can be made up of different kinds of minerals that's right to identify the minerals in rocks scientists use properties like color luster hardness and streak look at these i wonder what minerals they are hey if i describe their properties that might help me to identify them bravo now the color of a mineral is the first thing people tend to notice but be careful most minerals can occur in more than one color luster describes how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral the two main types of luster are metallic and non-metallic the hardness of a mineral is its ability to resist scratching the most hardest scale uses 10 minerals to rank hardness take a look here a diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance with a hardness of 10 and talc is very soft so it only has a hardness of one that's all good and fine but how can i find out the hardness of the minerals in this box with a little scratching not that kind of scratching we'll use minerals and objects from the mohs scale if your mineral sample can scratch an object say this penny then it has a higher hardness let's try this one good choice i like the nice metallic luster can it scratch a penny looks like it does marco that means this mineral has a hardness higher than three that's the way to do it now try scratching this quartz nope and look the quartz will scratch my mineral sample so it has a hardness between three and seven we could keep on scratching away with different materials from the most scale to narrow it down even more but i think you get the idea i sure do thanks tara another way to categorize minerals with a hardness lower than seven is to determine their streak streak does that mean some of them have racing stripes nah the streak of a mineral is the color of the powder it leaves when you scrape it across a streak plate we know your mineral has a hardness lower than seven so red that's not what i would have guessed at all don't feel too bad kid science is full of surprises have a look at this table here do any of those descriptions match your mineral let me see steel gray hardness 5. 5 to 6. 5 rust red streak metallic luster i'll bet this is hematite that's the way to do it great job [Music] kid your earth science knowledge is really building up it looks like something else is building up under my chair hey that sort of looks like a volcano i guess it was a volcano and just look where it brought us ah the topographic learning center this is the perfect place to learn about how the surface of the earth changes seems like a volcano would be pretty good at changing the surface tell me about it kid these aren't pimples you know i had a friend do a science fair project on volcanoes she told me there are several types she told you right there are shield volcanoes cinder cones strato volcanoes and more that's a lot of volcanoes so what's the difference between the types shield volcanoes are built by layer upon layer of lava their eruptions travel great distances from a central event or group events so they have broad flat rounded shapes they kind of look like a shield lying on the ground that's a great way to remember the name but while they may look flat from above they can still get pretty tall mauna loa is the largest shield volcano mauna loa means long mountain but it stands over 13 000 feet above sea level and it rises over 28 000 feet from the ocean floor it would be the world's tallest mountain if it weren't mostly underwater maui wowie actually it's on the big island of hawaii [Laughter] the eruptions of shield volcanoes usually don't have much ash and they are fairly safe for scientists to monitor but some other kinds of volcanoes can throw hot ash and cinders into the air these can form a pyroclastic flow which travels very fast and burns almost everything in its path that's the truth the temperature of a pyroclastic flow can reach over 500 degrees celsius whoa what kind of volcano can do that strato volcanoes can they are quite beautiful like yours truly but they tend to be tall and symmetric with steep sides a few stratovolcanoes that you might have heard of are mount fuji in japan and in the usa you'll find mount saint helens and mount rainier in washington state and mount hood in oregon not organ or red gun those strato volcanoes really are beautiful what about cinder cones ah the little guys you can often find cinder cones on the flanks of shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes when a cinder cone volcano erupts cinders of lava are blown into the air and fall around the opening of the volcano the pile of cinders forms a small oval-shaped volcano that can grow to about 1 000 feet but some are much smaller many cinder cone volcanoes have a bowl shaped crater at the opening [Music] hey marco what causes volcanoes in the first place to explain that let's dig a little deeper deeper into the earth that is earth is divided into four layers the solid inner core the liquid outer core and the mantle that's the thickest layer and last and least is the crust at least because it's the thinnest layer the rocky outer crust is made of plates that fit together sort of like puzzle pieces these plates move a little bit each year as they slide on top of a weak layer of the mantle this hotter deeper layer of the mantle can be pushed and pulled like putty the whole process is called plate tectonics the edges of the earth's plates touch each other as they move the plates may just slide past each other but the plates can also spread apart or even crush together sometimes when two plates collide large mountain ranges such as the himalayas are for that happens if the two plates have the same density so they fold as they move together much like two kitchen rugs pushed together that explains mountains but i wanted to know how volcanoes are formed hold your horses kid if colliding plates have different densities one plate can be forced back down into the deeper regions of the earth that plate can begin to melt when it reaches a depth which is hot enough the molten crust rises back towards the surface where it helps make volcanoes and islands that's a long process is that how all volcanoes are formed well no here's another way as the plates move hot spots under the crust may find weak places in the plates or between two plates that are moving apart this will allow magma to come to the surface from deep within the earth the result is a volcanic eruption which can add new landmass to existing land or even form new islands okay let me get this straight volcanoes can form where the plates are pushing together where they're pulling apart or anywhere the earth's crust is weak that's the way the cookie crumbles and the earth's crust too i cracked myself up that's a good one oh marco now that you have an idea of how earth's surface can be built up let's talk about how it can be worn down weathering is the process that causes rocks to crack and fragment since rocks form in different ways and are made up of different minerals they react differently when exposed to temperature changes moisture particles in the air or pressure changes i suppose that means there are different kinds of weathering that's right kevin one thing that causes weathering is frost when water freezes it has an unusual property unlike most materials that contract when they are cooled water expands when it solidifies into ice this can put incredible pressure on rocks water gets into the pores or cracks of the rocks and then freezes so when the water freezes it expands and causes pieces of the rock to break off right another kind of weathering is abrasion that can happen when rocks rub against each other like when a rock rolls downhill or when it tumbles in rivers wind can cause abrasion too wind sometimes carries dirt or sand that can wear down rocks as it blows against them plants like moss and lichen can wedge their way into pores crevices and cracks in rocks seeds from other plants can get into crevices too as they grow they cause the rocks to crack apart i heard that wetting and drying of rocks can make them break up oh yes the combination of wetting and drying is very effective at breaking up clay that's because clay swells when it gets wet and then shrinks and crumbles as it dries oh i get it the process of wetting and drying only weathers some kinds of rocks sometimes rocks break down because the minerals they are made of react with chemicals in water or air for example carbonic acid is created when carbon dioxide dissolves in water and this acid can dissolve limestone and eventually cause the formation of caves and caverns oh look at the stalactites and stalagmites you're a regular little spelunker huh stalactites hold tight to the ceiling of the cave and stalagmites might reach the ceiling someday what a smartie now erosion is simply the moving of sediments or rock particles moving water is the most powerful force of erosion on earth the world's rivers deliver about 20 billion tons of sediment to the oceans each year that's a lot of erosion and that's why you can see fan-shaped deltas at the mouths of some rivers such as the nile v-shaped valleys canyons and gorges are also carved by streams and rivers flowing through the mountains moving air or wind is another important mover of sediment especially in dry regions when tiny sand grains are lifted and carried by the wind they can sculpt rocks into a variety of shapes sand dunes are hills of sand deposited by the wind such as those at great sand dunes national park in colorado but of all the things that cause erosion my favorite is a glacier glaciers form when snow piles up over time and turns to ice the glacier begins to flow outwards and downwards under the pressure of its own weight like great rivers of ice glaciers have sculpted mountains and carved out u-shaped valleys valley glaciers flow down valleys and continental glaciers such as the ones on greenland and antarctica flow outward in all directions glaciers reshape the underlying and surrounding landscape as they move by eroding rock from one place and depositing it in another that's called a deposition glaciers rivers and wind are major forces of deposition that can build up the earth in some places and i think i've got the scoop on erosion erosion is when the earth is worn down it can happen because of water wind or ice that's right kid weathering and erosion work together to reshape the surface of the earth water and cracks of rocks can turn to ice in the winter and make the cracks bigger over time bits and pieces of the rock break off and fall away winds can pick up these small bits and wear down weaker parts of rock rain can wash the small bits away over time these processes can work together to leave interesting formations such as the arches in utah or the hoodoos in bryce canyon canyons look like fun places i'd like to travel to see them someday well right now we need to travel to our next learning center right this way whoa hey wait marco i think my chair ran out of gas [Music] it looks like we need an alternative energy source don't worry balance this on your head okay but how will this solar panel help we're indoors just that you wait and see hiya boys i see you used a perpetual resource to get here perpetual resource yep a perpetual resource is one that cannot be affected by human use perpetual resources are also called inexhaustible resources they include things like solar energy that can be converted into electricity solar energy can also be used to heat water or air for homes and businesses sounds like we should use solar energy for everything well solar energy is very dependent on the time of day the time of year and the weather so in order to be efficient a large surface area is required to collect the energy from the sun but scientists are working on ways to get around that hmm is solar energy the only perpetual resource oh no there's always the wind remember that the wind is caused by uneven heating of earth by the sun so it's an indirect form of solar energy the wind blows stronger and more consistently in some areas wind turbines and wind farms can be built in those places to convert the wind energy into electricity and there's also geothermal energy heat from the earth can be used to make steam or hot water to heat buildings or generate electricity some scientists are even looking at ways to utilize the oceans to produce energy for us without causing any environmental damage they've come up with a few ways of tapping the energy from tides and waves we might even find a way to use temperature differences in the ocean to produce energy in some regions the surface water can be 40 or more degrees fahrenheit warmer than the deep water so perpetual resources include solar wind geothermal and ocean energy what other kinds of resources are there glad you asked kiddo there are renewable resources and non-renewable resources i've heard of renewable resources they can be replenished as fast or faster than we use them that's true but the problem is that usually the demand for resources like wood crops soil and water increases over time if the demand gets too high these resources cannot be replenished fast enough we have to be careful and keep things in balance that does sound like a good thing to do and what about non-renewable resources i guess those can't be replenished at all when they're gone they're really gone non-renewable resources like natural gas oil and coal that we get from fossil fuels will eventually run out if we keep using them energy efficiency and conservation are so important we need to make non-renewable resources last as long as possible while we are looking for new alternatives energy efficiency is the use of technology to perform the same function with less energy like putting tinting on your windows to keep out the sunlight that heats up buildings in the summertime no that's to make it look cool sorry energy conservation is any behavior that causes us to use less energy like turning off lights when they're not being used exactly kevin and by using energy efficient light bulbs you can save a lot on your electric bill another way to conserve energy is by insulating and weatherizing homes and buildings that way you use less air conditioning and heating you can also save on heating and cooling by placing trees shrubs or other landscaping to block the wind and provide shade but we can conserve other resources besides just energy such as wood and water there are many ways to help save water around the house turn off the water while you're brushing your teeth take short showers instead of baths and be sure to fix any leaks i worked with my mom to convince the people in our neighborhood to find a garbage service that recycles we separate out plastic glass aluminum cans and paper for recycling excellent by recycling you are not only conserving resources but you are also helping to keep unnecessary garbage out of landfills yeah thanks for helping to keep the earth a cleaner place to live kiddo you're welcome tara and thanks to both of you for helping me study earth science i'm ready to ace my test i'm so proud of you well i should be getting back home marco i'm ready to teleport okie dokie [Music] oh marco hey science fans to quiz yourself on earth science you can download a practice test at my website just visit www.

marcothepencil. com ciao [Music] now that we've reviewed some of the material from earth science let's see how well you might do on the practice test for those of you following along you might want to use pause when a question first comes up to see if you can choose the right answer before kevin let's begin with some questions about the solar system 1. look at the diagram of our solar system below what is the name of planet 5 oh yeah marco my very educated mother just that starts with jay jupiter that's answer b fantastico sometimes you might be asked to fill in your answer right on the page with the questions but this test has a separate answer sheet be sure to ask your teacher how you're supposed to mark the answers on your test let's put the test over the answer she just under the question we are answering that way we can make sure we fill in the right bubble [Applause] two which objects in our solar system have long tails when they are close to the sun and are made mostly of rock and ice a planets b asteroids c dwarf planets d comets the only one of these things i remember having tails are the comets you have a great memory our answer is d [Music] [Applause] three what causes day and night on earth a the earth orbits the sun earth orbiting the sun combined with the tilt of the earth's axis is what gives us seasons not day and night b the moon orbits the earth the moon orbiting the earth causes the tides to rise and fall on the earth but it doesn't cause day and night see the earth rotates on its axis i think this is the right answer right you are see the sun lights up half of the earth the parts that are in the sunlight are experiencing a day the parts that aren't in the sunlight are experiencing at night and if we could look down at the earth from the north pole we would see that the earth is rotating counter-clockwise so the sun seems to come up in the east and set in the west maybe i should check this last answer just to make certain c is the best choice good thinking kevin d the sun orbits the earth that's ridiculous everyone knows that the sun doesn't orbit the earth that means our answer is c the earth rotates on its axis [Music] [Applause] let's move on to questions about the water cycle and weather four what supplies the energy to drive the water cycle can you remember what i told you i remember tara you said the energy source that drives the whole water cycle is the sun you're really starting to get on my good side okay so our answer is a sun great job [Music] [Applause] now let's see if you can get this next one five the picture shows a place where air currents will form due to the uneven heating of the earth in which direction will air currents most likely move let's see warm air rises and the cool air will come in to replace it so a from the lake toward the land looks right but let me check all the answers b straight up above the lake no that's not right c from the land toward the lake that's backwards d all of the above that can't be right so our answer is [Music] [Applause] i'm glad that you look at all of the answers carefully some students make the mistake of choosing all of the above every time it's an answer choice not our boy he's too smart to do something like that ah thanks tara now do you remember anything from the geology learning center i sure do sedimentary rock is formed in layers and the deeper the layers the older they are that ought to make this next question pretty simple six the rock column above shows the layers in a sedimentary rock formation the three core samples to the right were taken from the rock column on the left according to this information which fossil is the oldest well the deepest layer is layer one so it is the oldest since the fossil on the bottom of core sample x came from layer one it is the oldest fossil so the answer is c super [Music] [Applause] let's see if you can get the answer to this next geology question seven why are most fossils found in sedimentary rocks let me read through the answers a fossils can be distorted in metamorphic rocks that's true you bet it is metamorphic rocks are made by pressure and heat on other types of rocks that could really mess up any fossils in the rock but let's look at all the answer choices b igneous rocks were too hot when they formed considering that igneous rocks were made of molten rock i'm sure they were too hot to preserve any fossils what about c sedimentary rocks are best for preserving organisms this one's also true so the answer must be d all of the above great job [Music] [Applause] [Music] you're a real gem we'll take a look at one more geology question eight the chart below shows part of moh's hardness scale for minerals a student is testing an unknown mineral for hardness the unknown mineral is tested against fluorite but neither mineral scratches the other which of the following conclusions can the student accurately make if the unknown mineral didn't scratch fluorite and fluorite didn't scratch the unknown mineral they both must have a hardness of four keep that in mind while we look at the possible answers a the unknown mineral and orthoclase will not scratch each other orthoclase is harder than fluorite so orthoclase would scratch the unknown mineral a is wrong b the unknown mineral will scratch calcite that's true yep calcite is lower on the hardness scale but let's not be too hasty read the last two answer choices see the unknown mineral will scratch orthoclase that's the exact opposite of what would happen d the unknown mineral will not scratch gypsum that doesn't seem right no way gypsum is even lower on the hardness scale than calcite so our answer is b [Music] [Applause] this kid has a mountain of information in his head you think so let's see if he remembers what was said about earth's changing topography nine mountains may be formed when a volcanoes erupt that's true some of the volcanoes even have the word mount in their name like mount fuji but i remember that mountains are formed other ways too let me check the rest of the answers b plates of the earth's crust collide that's true too tara said the himalayas were formed that way great memory kid hmm c says both a and b and d says none of the above so i'm gonna have to say that c is the right answer perfecto [Music] [Applause] ten which of these processes can be caused by movement of the earth's plates let's see the highest mountain range in the world the himalayas were formed by plates colliding and the islands of hawaii were formed because of a plate moving over a hot spot some of those islands still have volcanic eruptions that makes all of the answers true so aransaris d all of the above [Music] [Applause] let's see what you remember about weathering and erosion 11.

moving water was the most important factor in forming which of these a sand dunes at great sand dunes national park no tara said those were formed by wind b the grand canyon i'm pretty sure that was formed by a river although i don't know what the name of the river is [Music] that would be the colorado river see the andes mountains from what we discussed mountains are built from volcanic eruptions or plate tectonics not moving water you've got a good head on your shoulders kid d kilauea volcano that's made out of flowing lava not moving water so the answer is b the grand canyon nice work [Music] [Applause] that's a nice picture i'd like to go there someday and the man at the bottom of the picture gives you some perspective as to how large the arch really is all right all right let's get down to business read the question please 12. the land formed below is an arch found in arches national park in utah which type of weathering or erosion is not responsible for shaping this arch here's one of those questions that has to be read carefully the word not makes a big difference in the answer i'll choose let's see tara talked about the combination of water ice weathering and wind all playing a part in forming arches so i think the answer is a glaciers because glaciers did not help shape the arch the right you are [Applause] you're a smart kid so let's see how bright you are when it comes to energy and resources available on earth no problem 13. which of the following is a renewable resource a tree that's renewable as long as we don't use them faster than new trees can grow i think this is the answer but i'll check them all to be sure i'm so glad you have good test taking skills b natural gas that's a non-renewable resource c solar energy ah this is one of the perpetual or inexhaustible resources you told me about not a renewable one no matter how much we use the perpetual resources they'll always be around d oil no that's a fossil fuel all fossil fuels are non-renewable resources so the only renewable resource here is the tree [Music] [Applause] 14.

watering plants and grass in the early morning is one way to conserve water why a plants only absorb water in the morning no plants can absorb water any time of day take a look at the next one okay marco b less water evaporates into the air in the cool morning this leaves more water for plants to absorb and allows shorter watering times that's true c water used in the morning can be recycled in the evening that doesn't make sense if some sort of system is in place to catch unused water to be recycled it can be used anytime not just in the morning water is more pure in the morning this one doesn't make sense either i guess that means you're sticking with answer b then yep [Applause] and now for the last question 15. which of the following is not a way to help conserve energy a plant trees in the landscaping around buildings the trees would provide shade from the sun and help to block wind which would help with cooling and heating bills but the question is asking which one is not a way to conserve energy how about b turn off machines when they are not being used that's definitely a way to conserve energy check the next one sure thing marco c both a and b no those are both good ways to conserve energy so that means our answer must be d take lots of bubble baths [Music] [Applause] wow you did a great job on this practice earth science test i agree nice work hey science fans you can download this earth science test at my website just visit www. marcothepencil.