🔬El MÉTODO CIENTÍFICO explicado: los 6 pasos (ETAPAS con Ejemplos Fáciles)👩‍🔬🧬

The scientific method is a process used in the branches of science to verify a scientific hypothesis through observation, questions, formulation of hypotheses and experimentation, it is a rational way of obtaining objective and reliable knowledge, the scientific method therefore has a series of characteristics that they define it observation experimentation and asking and answering questions however not all scientists follow this process exactly some branches of science can be more easily tested than others for example scientists studying how stars change as they age or how dinosaurs digested their food cannot advance the life of a star by a

million years or carry out studies and tests with dinosaurs to test their hypotheses when direct experimentation is not possible scientists modify the scientific method although the objective changes almost with each scientific investigation is the same and discover cause and effect relationships by asking questions collecting and examining data and seeing if all available information can be combined into a logical answer otherwise often a scientist goes back through the stages of the scientific method as 9 information data or conclusions can make it may be necessary to go through the steps again for example a scientist might hypothesize

that overeating accelerates aging do an experiment and come to a conclusion then he might go through the steps again starting with another hypothesis such as eating sugar in excess accelerates aging what are the steps of the scientific method what they consist of and their characteristics step 1 ask a question based on observation the scientific method begins when the research scientist asks a question about something that has been observed or about what is how that when and in what why or where observation examples and question loui s pasteur observed under a microscope that silkworms in the

south of france had diseases infected by parasites a biologist observes under a microscope that the presence of certain types of cells improve the symptoms of smallpox one might ask do these cells fight the smallpox virus albert einstein when he was developing his theory of special relativity wondered what he would see if he could walk alongside a beam of light as it propagates through space step 2 investigation this step consists of investigating by gathering information that helps answer the question it is important that the information gathered is objective and from reliable sources can be investigated through

internet databases in libraries books interviews investigations between there are several types of scientific observation the most common are direct and indirect step 3 formulation of hypotheses the third stage is the formulation of hypothesis a hypothesis is a statement that can be used to to predict the result of future observations examples of hypotheses soccer players who train regularly taking advantage of the time score more goals than those who miss 15% of training sessions new parents who have studied higher education are at 70 percent of the most relaxed cases at birth a useful hypothesis should allow predictions

by reasoning including deductive reasoning the hypothesis could predict the outcome of an experiment in a laboratory or the observation of a phenomenon in nature if the predictions are not accessible by observation or experience the hypothesis is not yet testable and will remain unscientific later on a new technology or theory could make the necessary experiments possible step 4 experimentation the next step is experimentation when scientists perform so-called science experiments in which they are put to test hypotheses predictions and attempt to make the hypotheses can be tested by experiments if the test results contradict the predictions the

hypotheses are questioned and become less tenable if the experimental results confirm the predictions of the hypotheses then the hypotheses are considered to be more correct but may be wrong and continue subject to new experiments step 5 data analysis after the experiment the data is taken which can be in the form of numbers if not present absent or other observations systematic and careful collection of measurements and data is the difference between pseudo sciences like alchemy and sciences such as chemistry or biology measurements can be made in a controlled environment such as a laboratory or on more

or less inaccessible or non-manipulable objects such as stars or human populations measurements often require specialized scientific instruments such as thermometers microscopes spectroscopy or gas accelerators rticles voltmeters this step involves determining what the results of the experiment show and deciding what to do next in cases where an experiment is repeated many times a statistical analysis may be necessary if the evidence has rejected the hypothesis a new hypothesis is required if the data from the experiment support the hypothesis but the evidence is not strong enough other predictions should be tested with other experiments once a hypothesis is

strongly supported by the evidence a new research question can be asked to provide more information on the same topic step 6 conclusions interpret the data and accept or reject the hypothesis for many experiments conclusions are formed on the basis of informal analysis of the data simply asking the data does it fit and in the hypothesis is a way of accepting or rejecting a hypothesis however it is better to apply a statistical analysis to the data s to establish a degree of acceptance or rejection mathematics is also useful in assessing the effects of measurement errors and

other uncertainties in an experiment if the hypothesis is accepted it is not guaranteed to be the correct hypothesis this only means that the results of the experiment support the hypothesis it is possible to duplicate the experiment and get different results next time also the hypothesis may have explained the observations but it is the wrong explanation if the hypothesis is rejected it may be the end of the experiment or it can be done again if it is done again the process will have more observations and more data other steps are seven to communicate results and eight

to check the results by replicating research done by other scientists if an experiment cannot be repeated to produce the same results this implies that the original results could have been wrong as a result it is common for a single experiment to be performed multiple times especially when there are uncontrolled variables or other indications of experimental error to obtain significant or surprising results other scientists may also attempt to replicate the results themselves especially if those results are important to their own work real example of scientific method in the discovery of the structure of dna the story

of the discovery of the structure of dna is a classic example of the steps of the scientific method in 1950 it was known that genetic inheritance had a mathematical description from the studies of gregor mendel and that dna it contained genetic information , however, the mechanism for storing genetic information, that is, genes in the dna, was not clear. it is important to bear in mind that watson and crick did not participate alone in the discovery of the dna structure, although they were given the nobel prize to contribute a knowledge data ideas and discoveries many scientists

of the time question based on observations previous research on dna had determined its chemical composition 4 nucleotides the structure of each of the nucleotides and other properties dna had been identified as the carrier of genetic information by the ebrima experiment clio mccarthy in 1944 but the mechanism of how genetic information is stored in dna was not clear the question could therefore be how genetic information is stored in dna research the people involved including laines polling watson and crick investigated and searched for information in this case possibly investigations of the time books and conversations with colleagues

hypothesis linus pauling proposed that dna could be a triple helix this hypothesis was also considered by francis crick james watson but they discarded it when watson and crick learned about pollin's hypothesis they understood by the existing data that was equi vocated and polling would soon admit its difficulties with that structure so the race to discover the structure of dna was to discover the correct structure what prediction would the hypothesis make if dna had a helical structure its x-ray diffraction pattern would be x-shaped therefore the hypothesis that dna has a double helix structure would be tested

with x-ray results specifically it was tested with x-ray diffraction data provided by rosalind franklin james watson and francis crick in 1953 experiment rosalind franklin crystallized pure dna and performed x-ray actions to produce photography 51 the results showed an x-shape in a series of 5 papers published in nature experimental evidence supporting watson and crick's model was shown of these franklin and raimon gosling's paper was the first publication with x- ray diffraction data supporting the watson and crick model analysis and conclusion When Watson saw the detailed diffraction pattern, he immediately recognized it as a helix. He and

Crick produced their model using this information along with previously known information about the composition of DNA and about molecular interactions such as hydrogen bonds.