O Surgimento da Psicologia e da Psicoterapia Humanista - Vídeo histórico

[Music] the life and works of Abraham Maslow stand as a foundation for humanistic psychology his guidance insights and inspiration gave meaning and direction to the work of each of the men in this film their theories and ideas reflect the aspirations and concerns to which he dedicated his love psychology before Abraham Maslow was either psychoanalysis or behaviorism the men whom you will be seen this film our leaders of the new unnoticed revolution which is called the third force of psychology all of these men have been untouched by the mind of man Lowe to whom we dedicate

this film [Music] we begin our film by asking dr. Maslow about the history of the development of his concept of self-actualization well to go back to 1935 which is the best place to start when I came into New York City from the University of Wisconsin and was exposed to all sorts of people all sorts of ideas to anthropology I started writing a book on abnormal psychology and the question of normal people came up there what I did was without thinking of this as a research but sort of as a private interest it's the way one

does things unofficially is was to just hang around with people that seemed to me to be unusually strong or lofty I remember was a word I used or big I remember was the word that I thought of then and there were such people around I picked them out and then unofficially just hung around two of them were a very admired teachers and I've tried to understand them simply at first they were a puzzle they behaved in a way that I couldn't quite understand I've tried to figure it out and that was about the way it

started it became you might say a theory a generalization when I found for these first two that I was trying to understand these lofty people that when I had written to myself and my journals descriptions of each of them and kept on trying to figure them out and then one day this big wonderful click happens when the two descriptions melted into one and there was a theory it was a generalization was no longer just a hobby or a casual personal thing but it became something which suddenly clicked in with all sorts of other things with

a in one lecture that marks varied heimer and in his seminar at the new school one lecture that he had in which he had introduced us for the first time to Taoism which I hardly heard about before he called it being and doing and it was very important for me it's extremely important like you about that time also I ran across could go science organism and that fitted into this and slowly slow of course there are many other elements I mean there but this is figure against the ground the most important influences and then as

I worked on this abnormal psychology book and decided to have a chapter on the normal personality because I figured psychotherapy ought to be for something that and my question was where is it going what's it all about what's it for and found my amazement that there was no literature on normality or health nothing this this kept on growing then and I got more and more excited of course and sought out more more individuals tied this in with my great heroes from the past the ones that I love very much Jefferson Lincoln so on and in

this way it grew essentially this was a private thing was sort of that is for a scientific psychologist for a laboratory man this was I didn't think of it as science it was my private like my private hobby you might say but then it slowly began to come into focus because I talked about my private hobbies you might say with my classes at Brooklyn College and I lectured around and chatted and discussed and so on until I worked it up pretty well and then let it sit that wasn't published for until seven years later partly

because it didn't fit I still wasn't emancipated from the conception of science psychology as a science that I had learned out of my work with animals and with learning and conditioning and so on but it clicked when there nerville asked me we had talked about it and he had a new journal and then he asked me if if he might publish it that was a little timorous because here i was going to lose my reputation you know for fuzzy work non-scientific work and so on but I I I did it with some timorousness some some

fear and that was about the way it was then all sorts of things kept coming in other people other subjects other ideas and I've been drawing milk out of it ever since it's what an amount ative for me was learning to see through the eyes of lofty people so I learned slowly to see things the way they did to understand what motivated them to understand what they valued what they didn't value and Oh to perceive motivations the emotions the humor on this very very interesting business of the mystical experiences that they reported to my total

surprise each of these were texts which I could then pursue in this pioneering research style you know it's kind of innovative research Gardner Murphy was an early pioneer a contemporary of Abraham Maslow in his book he talks about the four stages in the creative process immersion organization inspiration and evaluation it seemed to us to be worthwhile to try a brief seven-league boots journey through the history of some phases of the human potential it was almost universally agreed that there were four stages in all human creativity it was first a love of a certain person or

place or idea or symbol or tone or color there was something from which the response to beauty into love could be nourished forward that we can still be grateful for as a central idea creativity doesn't spring out of destined Springs out of life the second idea was that the small child builds up within himself patterns of color or tone or rhythm the third idea was that when he storehouse of beloved material colors or tones or pictures or a person has been coordinated in the child's mind there are periods of sudden creativity a leap a creative

flame appearing perhaps in a great moment of a sunset or in a moment of love and then when the great creative moment the fifth symphony has taken shape there still as we know from the Beethoven manuscripts a long period of working it through and making it social that is making it more than a personal message with something that others can share Carl Rogers also a contemporary of Maslow in his work as a therapist combined the work of the tough-minded scientist with the sensitive work of the therapists well I think that if I were to try

to figure out what the kind of a contribution I've made to psychology if I have made any it is that I bring together two quite extremely divergent views on the one hand through 30 years of experience as a clinician I've really been very close to some of the most sensitive and subjective and inner aspects of individual lives and then on the other hand I seem to always be trying to bridge the gap between being a clinician and being a scientist and the part of me that is interested in science insists I'm trying to bring these

highly subjective and very delicate and ephemeral phenomena within the realm of the objective investigation and I don't know whether I have really been too successful in that yet I do feel that it's in that kind of a realm that psychology is going to advance if it's going to advance at all I think we've got to be much more clearly aware of what goes on in the inner lives of individuals and then have got to use ingenuity that we haven't used in the past in trying to find ways of objectifying those inner phenomena and of making

a a real science out of them so that I am NOT in favor of the what's often thought of as the hard-headed science of psychology until it gets to the point where it is able to include the subjective phenomena that I feel are actually most important so it's this division within me between the I hope sensitive clinician and the hard-headed scientist if the working out of that conflict that has been the course of my own life work Rollo may also a contemporary of Maslow is a psychoanalyst by training who has become a humanist an existentialist

in the following sequence he describes is changing viewpoint we're interested in the field of psychoanalysis and also the newly developing movement of existentialism and you represent that a man who bridges the gap between these fields could you tell us about how you see yourself fitting in here yes well I think the Freud made a tremendously important contribution to our understanding of human beings by his enlargement of the dynamics of life his discovery of the unconscious is really a way of saying that human beings are infinitely more powerful more evil more good more creative than Victorian

man had believed in his narrow categories now the great error of Freud was his endeavor to base this enlarged view of man and man's potentialities on 19th century biology now I always as a psychoanalyst though I valued greatly this technique believed that the view of man was what was wrong and that we had to rediscover an understanding of the human being as human as the qualities that aren't based upon our relationship with instinctual thought but the qualities that make man distinctively man qualities of freedom responsibility will decision and the higher levels of consciousness now this

is what the existence of movement has stood for I was an existentialist long before I ever heard of the movement it's an endeavor to take man as human and take the qualities of responsibilities freedom as basic now I think that this can be allied and needs to be with the depth insights of psychoanalysis and this is what I as a humanist many ways the term humanist is better than existential in this category I as a humanist and devoted to doing Paul Tillich was the greatest theologian of his time his book the courage to be best

describes the humanistic goal for the life of man dr. Tillich the problem of man today has been called the management of his anxiety and you've written this book called the courage to be could you tell us what you mean by this oh I understand under courage to be the courage to say yes to life in spite of all the negative elements in human existence is finitude means is coming from nothing and going to nothing having to die his guilt and despair because he is estranged from what he truly is and so far ought to be

his question of a meaning of life and the anxiety of losing the meaning of his life and in spite of all this which the men of our time experiences so deeply to say yes to life life has an ultimate meaning and I will live and actualize it that's about what my position is could you say them that to say yes to life is to affirm life or could you expand on the word affirm or to say yet have the courage to see in the reality around us and in us something ultimately positive and meaningful and

live is it even love it loving life is a hep-c highest form of the coach to be thanked Frederick P Rose was the originator of Gestalt therapy in the sequence which follows he describes a necessary journey from deadness to aliveness which must be the journey of every humanistically oriented man a few years ago I came across a paper book called a cow can't live in Los Angeles cow can't grow in Los Angeles and there was a Mexican who smuggled his relatives into the country and he told them look here the gringos are a very nice

kind of people but there's one point where they are very touchy you must not let them know that their corpses now this is exactly what I like to demonstrate and what gustar therapy stands for to make living genuine living people again out of those corpses now these cops like behavior is not restricted to the states of course it's part and parcel of every modern man especially if he lives in competition with the Machine he has to be without emotions like a machine he has to be reliable and he has to be without individual intentions wishes

and so on now the life of those people become very boring empty and the result is more and more dissatisfaction want more creation of artificial entertainment called fun we have replaced fun for happiness genuine encounter genuine being together loved by public relations and so on and so on now all I try to do is now to get hold of finding out how we have petrified our being into a character playing a role often playing a phony role without any support from our heart without any support from our wish to be to live to breathe so

when we start to work on this of course we come first across these roads we are playing the deadness the desert and it's very difficult for us to realize to accept the fact that we are dead that we are missing out on being alive of being human again Viktor Frankl the originator of the school of logotherapy writes about man's search for meaning which has had such a profound effect on American humanistic psychology let's now speak of happiness in general let's take up the American concept of pursuit of happiness my contention is that it is the

very pursuit of happiness that makes it accounts for for failure and this is due to the following fact as I see it man is primarily motivated by his weight remaining that is to say due to his self-transcendent property striving one could say for a reason to be happy be that he has encountered another human being ruler or that he has fulfilled a meaning that is to say through work in the service of a cause beyond ourselves a cause greater than ourselves but primarily man is not concerned with anything within himself but something or someone outside

himself now once he has established such a reason to be or to become happy I would say happiness is established as a by-product by way of a side-effect in other words happiness must ensue and that is why it may not be pursued but how come that it cannot even be pursued that this pursuit of happiness is doomed to failure this is due to the fact that to the same extent we are concerned with happiness itself directly striving for it making it our target aiming at it to the same extent we necessarily must lose sight of

any reason to be happy and therefore happiness itself must fade away this is why although I am very sorry I simply must contradict a paragraph in the American Declaration of Independence because I am the pro suit of happiness is self defeating Alan Watts is a contemporary important philosopher who is given man's search for identity new meaning in the following sequence he talks about the term unconscious in a different way it seems to me that the psychotherapist today is confronted with two sorts of problem that are really rather novel for him because to a very great

degree he's taking the place of the priest now he's not just a specialist who is dealing with deviant and aberrant forms of human being he's becoming increasingly the guide philosopher and friend to people who would ordinarily be considered average and normal now in this position it seems to me that he's dealing very largely with the problem of man's sense of identity that is to say who the average individual feels that he is what he feels that he is and in this respect you see the average individual has a problem because he's confronted with what Eric

Frome is called alienation alienation is the sense of feeling is stranged from everything outside yourself the sensation of confronting a social world and a natural world that is foreign to you and that stands over against you as something to be mastered now this is a way of sensing one's existence that is in a special way peculiar to members of the Western world to feel that I am a mind or a self enclosed in a wall or bag of skin confronted by an external world that is not me now more and more the psychotherapist begins to

be aware that this is a false sensation that it's some kind of way of feeling into which we have been tricked by our education and by our upbringing we for example ignore the fact that the individual and his environment in the two sides of a coin the back and the front go together or that a figure and its background go together you can't have one without the other for example you're looking at me and if you could see nothing outside the outline of my head you wouldn't be able to see my head you would see

eyes and nose and mouth but the head you would not see in order that there should be this outline confronting you there must be together with it the background which in our ordinarily in our ordinary logic is not the head but the head and its background if we are to see them go together and so in the same way the individual and the environment are like two poles two aspects of one life now ordinarily you see we're not aware of that and so one of the great tasks of psychotherapy seems to me to enable us

to be aware of that to enable the individual to feel fundamentally at home in his world and in this way he comes to have a new grasp a new dimension to the meaning of what used to be called the unconscious the importance of making the unconscious conscious because you see in the old schools of psychotherapy whether they are Freud or whether they're of young the unconscious has largely been thought of as something within us a sort of depth it might be a neurological depth processes that are neurological and that we're not ordinarily aware of just

as we're not aware of our glands functioning or something even deeper than Neurology as it were an unknown dimension of an inward soul but more and more it becomes clear that the unconscious is not merely something inside us but something vastly outreaching that it includes all kinds of social influences on us that we are not normally aware of all kinds of influences of the natural environment you see a human being derives his meaning his identity from his context in the same way as a word in a sentence gets its meaning from its context see the

one word bark can have different meanings in a different sentence and so the human being has different meanings in accordance with the context he's in so if the setting makes the man there is a sense in which the setting is the man we end our film by asking dr. Maslow about the future about his ideas for research and his ideas about the concept of self-actualization yes I'd enjoy speaking about that I think some things ought to be cleared up first of all speaking as a scientist and speaking to our students the students who might be

seeing this I won't know let me say it this way that I thought of myself in this situation as in others I like pioneering I like breaking open a new field I get bored with it when I get settled and this sometimes looks if you have a limited notion of science this looks like well it's unscientific now by the criteria of good scientific research this is certainly not the finished research it's not even a good research I prefer to use the word investigation exploration now for me obviously the next step is research these are they

could be called all of them a set of hypotheses plausible on the basis of one person's investigation of group of people but of course they have to be checked they have to be confirmed and disconfirmed and I think it's time for the for the testing for the evenly the testing of a sense of quantification like like your tests and to start gathering the piles and the masses of data on each of these after all that description amounts to a hundred type offices each of which remains to be confirmed or disconfirm one of the things I'd

like to do to be able to talk like people who were about to die in 24 hours and then who would be freed from striving ambition competition and would get down to the bedrock of life in 1954 Abraham Maslow wrote motivation and personality which was the beginning of humanistic psychology in 1970 just shortly before his death he revised this book in this new revision he talks about humanistic psychology is a new general comprehensive psychology and philosophy and says the following this new humanistic psychology seems to be a new and far more hopeful and encouraging way

of conceiving of any and every area of you and knowing economics sociology biology and every profession law politics medicine and all the social institutions the family education and religion the men you have seen in this film each in his own way is written and theorized about this field of humanistic psychology magnificence of these men will shine as examples for every man in the humanistic psychology of tomorrow [Music] you