The ENTIRE History of Human Civilizations | Ancient to Modern (4K Documentary)

the history of our story began long ago at one point in time around 3 billion years ago we were floating around as little tiny atoms in the little petri dish of the world fast forward to around 6 million years ago and we see the emergence of the first hominids the family of primates that include humans 1.9 million years ago go Homo erectus was the first species to leave Africa and colonize other parts of the world they had larger brains than their primate ancestors around 400,000 years ago the first evidence of the Neanderthals their bodies were

adapted to the cold environments of Europe and Western Asia their distinctive facial features were some of the most humanlike ever seen then came us the only surviving species of the homogenous but how did Homo sapiens rise into a global dominance through the mechanism of [Music] civilization We Begin our story in the fertile lands of Mesopotamia in 4,000 bcee nestled between the great Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Sumerian city of iric instead of relying on hunting and Gathering like our ancestors of the past the citizens of Eric were able to develop a way to harvest

cereal grains like wheat and barley however turning cereal grains into edible foods took a lot of work in the beginning they had to use an invention called a hand Mill which consisted of two stones as the grains were crushed between the two stones the flower was collected in a container and stored for future use this was the start of something great this complex strenuous process was our modern world's first example of Agriculture we no longer depended on hunting animals or picking berries for our food rather than using human Ingenuity we can create our own food

source this allowed Eric to prosper into a place with over 50,000 residents however this change did have a change on the human body the average height of men drastically shrunk from 5 9 to 5'3 and for women they shrunk on average from 5'3 to 5T instead of being the super athletes we were of the past we were smaller less noticeable Farmers people also became landlocked changing the very essence of what it means to be human in the early 3000 BCE according to Legend King Gilgamesh began his rule as a Sumerian king of his region one

of the world's earliest poems the the Epic of Gilgamesh describes the story of Gilgamesh and his quest for immortality he meets a wise traveler named utnapishtim who tells a story of a great flood sent to destroy the world towards the poem's end Gilgamesh says life which you look for you will never find for when Gods created man they let death be his share and life withheld in their own hands however by the end of 3000 BCE the Acadian ousted the Sumerians Sargon the Great took power and conquered all of Sumeria while in the indis valley

in modern-day Pakistan a new civilization was growing the indis valley civilization 3300 to 1300 BCE was most notable for its highly Advanced toilet system the toilets were built with a seat and a chute that led to the underground drainage system the sewage was then carried away from the homes through a network of covered drains preventing disease spread the waste was treated and disposed outside of City Limits helping to keep the cities clean and hygienic while in Egypt they were more consumed with building pyramids than basic human Plumbing this was because in ancient Egyptian religion it

was believed that when a pharaoh was to die in the physical world his Spirit would continue to live on in the afterlife in which they would continue to rule in perpetuity and where they would be worshiped by the living inside these pyramids the pharaoh's body was carefully mummified a process believed to preserve his physical form and help ensure his spirit's Journey to the afterlife the pyramid was also filled with offerings and treasures intended to provide the Pharaoh with the resources he would need in the afterlife every Pharaoh wanted to make sure they were Immortal they

wanted to succeed in the afterlife they wanted to be worshiped forever that's why it was an utmost priority for Egyptian Pharaohs to build pyramids for themselves when laid to rest it started when Pharaoh joser 2667 to 2648 BCE built the step pyramid at Sakara followed by sneferu 2613 to 2589 BCE who built several pyramids such as the bent pyramid and the Red Pyramid then came the Pharaoh kufu 2589 to 2566 BCE who built the famous Great Pyramid of Giza in a labor intensive 20year process one that the world still Marvels at Today kufu Was Then

followed by Pharaoh's coffre and menar who built the slightly smaller second and third Pyramids of Giza respectively while while over in China in the year 2100 BCE the first Chinese dynasty was upon us like the people of Mesopotamia the Chinese were ever reliant on agriculture producing rice wheat and barley among other crops however as Legend has it the Yellow River flooded these massive floods would destroy all the crops leading to massive famine and suffering however not all was to be lost because you the great was on his way Yu was so distraught by this problem

that he would spend his days traveling up and down the Yellow River he found ways to divert the rivers by building levies and dikes so that he could regulate the waterways then after 13 years of hard work the floods could no longer wreak havoc on the land the people were overjoyed and you was hailed as a savior that was the start of the first Chinese dynasty the jaah dynasty though the accuracy of of this tale is questioned by historians it does establish an important precedent the idea is that power ought to follow one's Merit an

individual who deserves absolute power shall have absolute power this idea would shape the world for years to come and cause the people of ancient China to follow him to create the first ever Chinese [Music] dynasty while back over in Mesopotamia around 1772 BCE a Babylonian King named King hamurabi created the basis of the legal system as we know it today hamurabi ordered the creation of a 7ft tall twoot wide stone slab written on it was a system of 282 laws that each citizen of his kingdom was to follow such laws included various laws such as

law one if a man brings an accusation against another man charging him with murder but cannot prove it the accuser shall be put to death law 196 if a man destroys the eye of another man they shall destroy his eye law 197 says if he breaks another man's bone they shall break it law 199 if he destroys the eye of a man's slave or breaks the bone of a man's slave he shall pay 1/ half his price however what king hamurabi did was create a society based on laws he laid out strict laws placing people

into certain casts of life and value everyone was worth a different amount based on what class they were in society there was no illusion of equality in ancient Babylon instead it was pretty clear the value of a Noble's bone was worth more than a plebeian which in turn was worth more than a slaves an idea we continue to see throughout history [Applause] while in modern-day turkey a lesser known civilization came to power the hites empire under the charismatic rule of the leader learnis 1680 to 1650 BC he was a skilled ruler with a single vision

in mind uniting The Hite city states under a single rule the barus LED his army from City to City conquering neighboring city states and making alliances with their leaders he was a shrewd Diplomat and he used his diplomatic skills to win over the hearts and minds of the people eventually learnis became the ruler of all the Hite city states and established the Empire he was a just and fair ruler and was loved by his people under his rule the hites prospered and their territory expanded leaving them right next to their neighbors in Egypt while in

modern-day Greece a collection of city states emerged on the European continent Myan Greece 1600 BCE to 1100 BCE was dominated by an elite Warrior society and consisted of a network of Palace centered states that developed rigid hierarchal political social and economic systems at the head of this Society was the king however unlike a unified civilization each City was on its own a citystate is a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state the development of city states such as Troy minini and pilus start to grow the first remnants of the Greek written language

known as Linear B also started to emerge the first record of any Indo-European Greek record we have [Music] today while back in Egypt they started to create a social pyramid of another type the Egyptian social pyramid like the Great Pyramid of Giza it is more prominent at the bottom and tinier at the top at the bottom lays The Peasants and the slaves they were responsible for doing all the manual labor they worked on the lands they would spend the day in and day out farming producing food for all of Egypt then when the season to

farm was over for the year they would work on the pharaoh's massive building projects literally building the pyramids slightly above the slaves came The Artisans they were the stonemasons the plasters and the sculptors who created the exuberant art the wealthy desired and for Egypt is most known for today then came the merchants who spent their days navigating the Nile trading gold Papyrus and linen to anyone who could afford it they were well respected and able to make a healthy profit by selling then came the scribes these masters of the world would go to specialized scribe

schools just to master the language of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics in Practical use these scribes took account of the stores of food various tax documents and even the daily lives of the Pharaoh after the scribes came the soldiers the soldiers were tasked with protecting the Egyptian Empire they dedicated their lives to defend or make preemptive strikes against their enemy generally they were wellfed then near the top came the bureaucrats these high-ranking government officials did essential tasks at the top of society like the viers who ran the logistical tasks necessary to run a civilization the priests oversaw

taking care of the temples to ensure the gods were well cared for the Nobles oversaw specific regions of the Empire and kept order in said regions at the top the purpose of everyone below was the Pharaoh the king and the mediator between the gods and the world of men the Pharaohs will be known to be Supreme and all must succumb to it when the Pharaoh dies he will be buried in a pyramid in which he will help eternally rule over the Egyptian Empire Egyptian Society was created to serve the Pharaoh taxes were taken from the

farmers for the Pharaoh and Artisans made unique crafts for it the merchant ensured the Pharaoh was well supplied with the needed Goods the scribes would follow the Pharaoh and record his thoughts the soldiers made sure his Empire was protected the bureaucrats did the jobs the Pharaoh couldn't do while the Pharaoh sat at the top and communicated with the gods Pharaoh Ramsey II 1279 to 1213 BCE accomplished many extraordinary things by living in this social system he orchestrated the construction of the Temple of Abu symbol the ramum and the Temple of Carnac he was also able

to grow the Egyptian Empire and reconquer lands lost by other pharaohs except for the land claimed by The Hite [Music] Empire the hiide king of the time matali II 1295 to 1272 BCE was Notorious for ordering his troops to attack his Egyptian neighbors following the example of labaris matali wanted to unify the world under Hite rule however ramsy had enough other pharaoh in the past have tried to stop the hites but he knew if his Empire was to ever succeed he needed to attack back his Target is the city of cadesh ramsy rode in on

his Chariot with four divisions of 20,000 men ready to dominate and kill kill matwali however the hites already knew of the incoming Egyptian Invasion through Espionage they fortified their city with 40,000 of his own men a war was about to commence Ramsey decided to split up his divisions to force matali out but yet matali never did a gruesome mistake splitting up his forces left him exposed unable to get an advantage allowing matali and the people of cadesh a chance for victory historians believe that all they did was come out from the fortification of cadesh and

trap ramsy II's forces in his army by the river but yet for some unknown reason they never did leaving the Battle of cadesh to end in a draw after the battle though both sides decided it would be best to stop attacking each other that they should live in peace and unity in this world then after the death of matali the new king hados Sil III took the Throne of The Hite Empire through the means of Messengers in the year 1258 BCE both ramies and hadu signed the first peace treaty to ever exist reading in part

ramse the great king the king of the country of Egypt shall never attack the country of hadti to take possession of a part of this country and hadu the great king of the country of hadti shall never attack the country of Egypt to take possession of of a part of that country then a period of friendship occurred between these two once Waring Nations the hites were skilled in metal work and taught the Egyptians to make Superior weapons and tools at the same time the Egyptians master of Agriculture shared their knowledge with the hites trade for

the benefit of both civilizations both civilizations prospered because of this peace can lead to Prosperity the agreement was kept in place until around 1200 BCE because that's when the hiide empire fell because of the constant attacks they faced from the sea people leaving The Hite Empire to be lost in the state of History while on a continent far away the first civilization in the Americas was taking foot in modern-day Mexico the mme civilization 1200 BCE to 400 BCE is often considered the mother civilization of Native American civilizations however sadly though not much is known about

them mainly due to their writing in a hieroglyph historians still can't decipher one of the few remains we have are these 17 colossal Stone heads in Mesoamerican culture there is this belief that the head alone could contain an individual's emotion experience and soul we may not know their leaders names like of other civilizations like Ramsey and hamurabi when Looking Through The Eyes of a stone head we can still feel their presence and in some ways they remain Immortal enshrined in history for one day we may learn who they [Music] are while in the East the

X Dynasty 1046 to 256 BCE in China was taking its stride the Dynasty gained power because of the failures of the less critical Shang Dynasty they believed in the idea of a mandate from Heaven this resulted in four principles in the Chinese dynastical structure that would be repeated repeatedly one Heaven grants the emperor the right to rule two since there is only one Heaven there can only be one Emperor at any given time three the emperor's virtue determines his right to rule and four no one Dynasty has a Perman right to rule a ruler in

Dynasty could lose the Mandate from Heaven and the heavens weren't always on the side of the rulers over time it will fade into another Dynasty the heavens would send signs of droughts famines floods and earthquakes across the land signaling they'd lost the blessing from above this is how the Shang Dynasty fell and the XO Dynasty grew to prominence the Z Dynasty brought another style of government and the creation of of feudalism the system was straightforward leading to another social pyramid at the bottom lay The Peasants who were tied to the land and whose job was

to produce crops for the Empire then came the soldiers whose job was to protect the lands from foreign Invaders then the Lords who owned the land and taxed The Peasants a portion of their crops who in turn the lord gave some of their crops to the king the person in charge of the whole empire the king would then receive more more crops and become very wealthy all profits go to the king and all work goes to the masses why would anyone just settle for a life of farming day in and day out there are two

reasons for this phenomenon the first reason was due to necessity it took many more people to feed an Empire and a family back then and the second reason being philosophy towards the end of the Joe Dynasty the beginning of Eastern philosophy was created confucious created a philosoph opy system justly named Confucianism which is focused on the importance of respect loyalty and responsibility in all relationships in life a central concept of Confucianism is called Lee which can be translated as rituals Customs or manners Lee refers to the formal and informal social conventions that guide societal Behavior

it is seen as maintaining order and Harmony in Social relationships while loud created a another philosophy called taism the word TOA means the way or the path and taism teaches that individuals should seek to align themselves with the natural flow of the universe rather than fighting against it live your life as peacefully with yourself as possible and don't worry about external things outside your control just focus on your farming one of the most famous contemporaries from taism is the idea of Yin and Yang representing ing complimentary and interdependent forces in nature such as light and

dark hot and cold or masculine and feminine taism teaches that by balancing these opposing forces individuals can achieve Harmony and fulfillment Confucianism and taism made life bearable for ancient Chinese Farmers But as time progressed the city states that occupied ancient in Greece grew around 800 BCE the Greek city started to realize that the land they occupied was practically infertile so to produce an essential staple of grain they had to import it hence why the Greek States had to colonize the world around them the city state mettus at its height had over 90 colonies throughout Europe

producing food for the Greeks at its height the Greek had set up colonies from modern-day Marseilles in France to Rav andon and [Music] Russia one of these new emerging city states was Rome as Legend has it Romulus and Ramis were twin brothers abandoned by their parents and placed into the river Tibet as the basket floated across the river a female wolf discovered the two orphans and nursed them back to health when Romulus and Ramis became adults they decided to find a city where the wolf rescued them however this created turmoil as both Brothers wanted the

site to be named after themselves as Romulus and RIS fought relentlessly eventually Romulus came up with the final blow and killed Ramos creating Rome in 753 BC while the Greek city states might have been colonizing Cyrus the Great was about to take over an Empire at the time the Persians were subjugated to the rule of the mes Empire according to Legend after his grandson Cyrus was born king aages of mes had a vivid dream that his little grandson would one day stage a revolt against him King aages knew what to do and ordered his chief

advisor to kill the baby but the chief adviser gave the baby off to a Shepherd to be raised instead however troubles weren't over for Cyrus when he was 10 King aages found Cyrus King aages wanted to kill him because the dream was very clear this man will revolt against you yet against his better senses Cyrus was allowed to live King aages his biggest mistake when Cyrus was a man he gathered his army and revolted against his maternal grandfather the two but as prophecy had it aages surrendered in 550 BCE however Cyprus wasn't done conquering he

conquered Babylon and became the supreme ruler of Mesopotamia and even the indis valley civilization the world was in Cyrus's hand Cyrus then took over the Greek colony of Ionia in Asia Minor leading a great Persian Empire and then he died leaving it all in the air for the next great Persian king Darius the [Music] great while back in Greece various city states started to gain power but two were at the four Forefront Sparta and Athens Sparta was a military Powerhouse the famous Spartans believed everything should focus on physical strength and War when a new Young

Spartan was born it would be slaughtered if it didn't look healthy boys were taken from their families at a young age and were trained to become Soldiers the brutal training included physical conditioning weapons training and harsh living conditions the entire life of a a Spartan was to win a war their society reflected with three main groups the ruling class consisted of aristocrats who held political power the free noncitizens who were not allowed to participate in government but were still expected to serve in the military and the helit a group of enslaved people that provided labor

for the Spartan State life in Sparta was harsh brutal and militaristic while their neighbors of North were experimenting with this idea of democracy Athenian democracy was a highly complicated mess there were two branches the Council of 500 and the assembly the Council of 500 was selected randomly by a process known as sortition Athens itself was made up of 10 different tribes each tribe was responsible for providing 50 citizens to serve for one year in the Council of 500 via random selection each each eligible citizen would be given a personalized token those tokens were inserted into

a particular machine called a clarit tyion this long lost technology included tubes and balls which somehow selected 50 residents of each tribe to join the illustrious Council of 500 while in the assembly there was a system in place that said that every single citizen had a vote of course to be a citizen you had to be a male and not a slave and either born in Athens or to Athenian parents the Council of 500 would create the agenda for the main assembly to vote on because over 30,000 people could have a vote at any given

time it was total chaos so to quell this the council would nominate nine presidents the morning of the meeting and it was their job to ensure all the rules and procedures were being followed since they were appointed right before the assembly met they were almost impossible to bribe some how the assembly would loudly vote on whether a bill would pass they would vote on matters like appointing generals various laws and other government bureaucracy however not everyone liked this Athenian democracy the famous Greek philosopher Plato thought the idea was barbaric in book six of a seal

book The Republic Plato writes the true Navigator must study the seasons of the year the sky the stars the winds and all the other subjects appropriate to his profession if he is really fit to control the ship think that it's quite impossible to acquire the professional skill needed for such control and that there's no such thing as the art of navigation how much could a randomly selected member of the Council of 500 really know how much could he fully contribute to society should we allow a random member of society to have any power instead Plato

would advocate for the idea of a philosopher king a man who studies wisdom logic and reasoning a man who dedicates his life to understanding how to be just a man who will become the Navigator of wisdom Plato would rather say the society we have described can never grow into a reality or see the light of day and there will be no end to the Troubles of the states or indeed my dear Glen of humanity itself till philosophers become rulers in this world or till those We Now call Kings and rulers really and truly become philosophers

and political power and philosophy thus come into the same hands there's just one issue with Plato's quote every leader thinks they're a philosopher king everyone thinks their thoughts are the best everyone thinks their ideas are the wisest from H the great in China to labaris of the hid Empire to sedara Gama of the kingdom of Maga in India while not so far away in the Indian Kingdom of magat a spoiled Prince named sedara Gama 500 BCE lived in luxury inside a palace inside this Palace sedara could have anything he wanted all the jewels all the

wealth all the finest Goods thrust upon him his world inside of the palace was a Utopia on Earth there was no want need or desire and it was perfect until he went outside his Palace compound the only place he ever knew as he took his first steps outside of his Palace what he saw struck a cord he saw an old man dying right on the street in front he realized that the Human Experience wasn't something that was perfect and Sublime instead it was death as Gilgamesh realized many years ago this was an inevitable part of

The Human Experience sedara left his life of luxury behind and began a asked for knowledge and Enlightenment he studied with spiritual teachers and meditated for many years searching for answers to Life's big questions finally after 6 years of seeking he sat down under a fig tree and meditated until he achieved Enlightenment Enlightenment is a state of inner peace in which one has transcended the limitations of the ego and is in touch with a universal Consciousness or Divine Essence it isn't a fixed and permanent thing but rather an ongoing process of growth and development but under

that fig tree sidarta became known as the Buddha or the awakened one he would spend the rest of his life traveling the countryside becoming close to the enlightenment Darius was determined to follow in his Father's Footsteps and take over the world after finalizing their rule over the city state of Ionia the Persian Ian were on a quest to take over Greece Darius and his 20,000 men came to the city of Marathon in the year 490 BCE a city 26.2 Mi away from Athens the Athenians were vastly outnumbered with only 10,000 men as the Persians were

trying to regroup the powerful Greek hotlights crushed the weaker Persian Foot Soldiers by routing the wings before turning towards the center of the Persian line the remnants of the Persian army fled to their ships and left the battle early historians believe the battlefield littered 6,400 Persian bodies while the Athenians lost only 192 so the Persians retreated and an Athenian messenger named phodes ran the 26.2 mies from Marathon to Athens exclaiming with joy how the Athenians just beat the mighty Persian Empire all of Athens went crazy with this fantastic news hence leading the phi's historic trk

to be sketched into history as the world's first marathon however the Persians weren't done even with Darius the first dying of mysterious circumstances his son xeres I took over the crown and wanted to complete his grandfather's Legacy in 480 BCE xeres the first wanted Revenge so he brought his enormous invasion force of over 100,000 soldiers and was dead set on conquering Greece then at a narrow pass at theropo the Spartan King leonitis had his force of 7,000 Spartans maintain the defense leonitis knew of his disadvantage and developed a bold and daring plan to defeat the

Persians rather than waiting for the Persians to attack leonitis ordered his soldiers to make a surprise attack on the Persian Camp catching the Persians off guard and disrupting their formation despite their success the Greek army was ultimately overwhelmed by the Persians who attacked from all sides and eventually broke through the Greek defenses leonitis and his soldiers fought with courage and determination still they were ultimately defeated then came the Battle of Salamis where the Greeks could change the tilt of the war in a naval battle between the 500 Persian trim and 300 Greek tring it didn't

look good for the Greeks still the great Athenian General the Mystic Le employed his plan to move the Persian Fleet into the narrow streets of Salamis and hit the enemy Fleet so hard that it had nowhere to retreat after a massive sea Battle the mysticle won greas the Victory and changed the face of the war the Persians still had their goal conquer the Greek city states xeres had returned to Persia leaving Persian General enal mardonius in charge of the Persian Force for most of the significant battle yet after diplomatic talks ceased persan knew they had

to attack as the Persians sent their troops to platea the Greeks knew they had to work together with 30 various Greek city states working together they were able to field a massive 110,000 hoplight army with the primary purpose of defeating Persia though that was nothing compared to the estimated 100 50,000 man army of Persia the battle was fierce and intense with both sides fighting with ferocity and determination the Greek hls continued to be effective against the Persian Cavalry and archers the Greeks also strategically used the terrain fighting on a slope that helped offset the Persian

numerical advantage in the end the Greeks defeated the Persian forces and secured a decisive Victory the Persians suffered heavy losses and mardonius was killed the fighting the Battle of platea marked the end of the Greco Persian Wars and the Persian threat to Greece after the Persian War life in ancient Greece was spectacular a golden age of culture was upon us with no longer having to face the threat of War Athens was able to create architectural wonders such as the Parthenon the Parthenon sits upon the Athenian Acropolis a prominent Hill overlooking the city of Athens to

show its wealth and culture no matter where you'll go in Athens you can still see the great Parthenon even today then came the theater around this time the state would sponsor the most significant poets to create stories in the Athenian festival called the city dionesia a festival designed to worship the Greek god of theater and fertility dionis cre in play rights such as Sophocles escalus and [Music] Aristophanes states were hungry for power Athens was recruiting city states into their Dilan Alliance while Sparta was recruiting city states into their pelian Alliance both Sparta and Athens felt

like they should control the city of Coria hence why in 434 BCE war was upon the Greek peninsula resulting in Naval battles such as the Battle of siblo and the Battle of pyos by 421 BCE a short peace was negotiated however this peace would not last and Athens had their eyes on Sicily initially the expedition was going well the Athenians established alliances with several Sicilian cities and won several minor skirmishes against the Sicilian forces but soon alabes one of the greatest Naval Generals in history was recalled to Athens to face charges of Sac relig the

Athenian fleet was left without his leadership in his absence the expedition began to unravel the Athenians could not take the city of Syracuse which had fortified its defenses and was well prepared for a Siege the Sicilians were aided by reinforcements from Sparta which saw an opportunity to strike a crippling blow against its arch rival Athens the Athenians suffered from a lack of supplies and were plagued by disease at the same time the syracusan launched a series of surprise attacks and ambushes finally after months of grueling fighting the Athenian fleet was destroyed in a decisive battle

thousands of Athenians were killed and many more were captured and enslaved a decade after that Athens fell to the Spartans the age of legendary Greece was now over both Athens and Sparta were significantly weaker never to regain the same power they once had leaving the world ready for a philosopher king to conquer it [Music] all then in the East the Mandate of Heaven was up the zou dynasty after a long 8800e rule it was deemed by the heavens that their empire was up which led to a period known as the Waring States 474 to 221

BCE this resulted in Han feezy who created a new philosophy called legalism followers of legalism believe that people were inherently selfish and would only act in their own self-interest and that the only way to keep them in line was through a system of rewards and punishments that was clear and consistently enforced this resulted in fezy claiming that the best way to achieve social order was by establishing a powerful ruler responsible for enforcing the law and punishing wrongdoers he also believed the ruler should have complete control over the military the economy and Society while in the

heart of the Waka region of Mexico the zapc civilization started to flourish the capital city of Monty Alban was being built on a Mountaintop overlooking the entire Waka Valley perched on the Mountaintop overlooking the valley of Waka the city was home to a ruling Elite who oversaw a hierarchal social structure that included middleclass Artisans and lower class Farmers the people of the zapc civilization were known for their Innovative agricultural practices including the cultivation of Maze and other crops which sustained their communities in times of drought and other environmental pressures they also developed an early writing

system which used a combination of symbols and glyphs to represent words and ideas they developed an advanced calendar system based on 260-day and 365-day solar Cycles in Greece during the year 356 BCE in the city of Pella in the Kingdom of Macedon the greatest commander in history was born Alexander the Great GR grew up knowing he would be a leader and was the son of King Philip II in Queen Olympia But the teacher was much more impressive since he was a kid Alexander was tutored by Aristotle Aristotle is the man who was known as the

father of logic he created the fields of biology and taxonomy by introducing a way to think called the scientific method a method that is still taught in schools to this day he also wrote extensively about philosophy ethics and art changing the face of the world as we know it today this is the man who was in charge of teaching Alexander the Great Alexander was 20 when his father was assassinated but his excellent education allowed him to take over the rest of the world after his father died in 336 BCE Alexander was hellbent on keeping his

family's power so when the Greek city of Thieves decided to revolt alexand xer and his army marched 240 mi in 14 days when thieves refused to surrender he raised the entire city to the ground and 6,000 were killed and the rest were sold into slavery the rest of the Greek city states recoiled in fear allowing Alexander to do as he pleased leaving for his new Target to be Persia and the new Persian king Darius III in 333 BC Alexander fa the Persian army at the Battle of isus this significant engagement saw the Persian king Darius

III defeated and forced to flee Alexander then captured several key cities including the vital Port of Ty which had resisted his initial Siege in 331 BC Alexander faced Darius III again at the Battle of gamela near the Tigris River in modern-day Iraq despite being outnumbered Alexander won a decisive vict ictory using Superior Tactics and Mobility the Persian army was shattered and Darius III fled once again Alexander then proceeded to capture the Persian capital of Babylon and took control of much of Mesopotamia he continued his campaign Eastward winning battles in what is now modern-day Iran and

Afghanistan in 330 BC he captured the Persian capital of pepolis a city of great wealth and cultural sign significance but Alexander wasn't done he wanted to expand Eastward eventually crossing the Hindu Kush mountains into India however his troops grew tired of the Endless fighting and refused to go any further and Alexander was forced to turn back however after Alexander failed in the Indian subcontinent a Powerhouse emerged in India called the Moran Empire at its height it spanned over much of India Pakistan Bangladesh and Afghanistan however this conquering came at much of a cost for its

leader Ashoka the great in 261 BC after the death of his parents Ashoka decided that his Empire needed to expand in his sights the kingdom of Kinga the war was Bloody the war was fierce over a 100,000 people died Ashoka couldn't sleep with himself he didn't know how to deal with his actions that resulted in so Much Death so he turned to the teaching of the Buddha under ashoka's rule the Moran Empire became known for supporting Buddhist teachings and promoting nonviolence Ashoka issued a series of edicts inscribed on rocks and pillars throughout the Empire that

promoted principles such as kindness respect for all religions and the abolition of slavery certain traits were not shared in the west by Alexander in the west it was deemed honorable to die in combat and a hero's death would be remembered forever a farmer will die in anonymity Alexander died a few years later in Babylon at the age of 32 throughout his expedition Alexander was spreading Greek ideas founded by his once wise teacher bringing the rise of Greek ideals across the land starting the seeds of the western cultures we see today once Alexander died his Empire

just could not sustain itself his generals feuded as to who should be the leader of this great Empire everyone wanted power yet in fighting left to waste an oblivion eventually in 323 BC after senseless Wars the Greek generals divided the world into three major Empires the toames in Egypt the solids in the East and the antigonids in Greece to one of Alexander's generals LED Egypt into a period of prosperity inspiration by his former leader toames built the Library of Alexandria a hub for an intellectual scholarship intellectuals from all over will come to the library to

exchange ideas and thoughts throughout the world leaving us to have great philosophers like Plato and Aristotle to be the backbone of our culture while the general seusd was given the keys to the city of Babylon Babylon at this time was a cultural Hub melting Greek Persian Indian and Central Asian cultures cusd though preferred Greek ideas and Greek language the sald empire was at its height during the reign of King Antiochus II 223 BC to 187 BC under King Antiochus III the solids encompassed a vast territory from modern-day turkey to modern-day Pakistan one of the largest

Empires on record until the rise of the Romans while the antigonids did not have nearly as much success by the time antigonids the first took power the Greeks were just a shell of what they once were the age of the Greeks was behind us the dolmes the solids and the antigonids went astray from the Roman Empire however for Rome to rise it had to face a powerful foe Carthage both Rome and Carthage had a desire for the same city state mesina on the island of Sicily this would give either civilization a foothold to grab power

in the Mediterranean the first Punic War was upon us and after 20 years of fighting in the year 241 BCE and the defeat of Carthage the Treaty of lutus was signed the piece though was shortlived in 218 BCE the Second Punic Wars began when the carthesian general Hannibal invaded Italy with his army including elephants to conquer Rome Hannibal won several early battles including the Battle of K in 216 BCE still he was ultimately defeated by the Roman general cpio Africanus at the Battle of Zama in 202 BCE the war resulted in the complete defeat of

Carthage which was forced to seed its territories to Rome and the end of the carthaginian Empire there was no doubt in the world anymore that it was time for the Romans to take charge in the west while in the East after the end of the Waring States period chin XI hang and the Chin Dynasty were an absolute power 221 BCE to 206 BCE chin was determined to turn diverse China into a unified Chinese Empire he divided the lands into 36 command areas supervised by a governor military commander and Imperial inspector it was expected that you

followed the wheel of chin or else you would face harsh penalties the basic ideas of legalism in action strong government harsh laws and inheriting knowing that humans were necessarily selfish however their mandate from Heaven ran quite quickly after after chin XI hang's death China was in turmoil with another Dynasty on foot Lu bang leader from 206 to 195 BCE after leading a revolt against the chin was declared emperor of the new Han Dynasty instead of following the strict legalistic mindset of the chin Lou decided to set his Empire as a confucianist paradise the ideals of

moderation virtue and peity as set through confu M were marched throughout the Empire weaving the Cocoon of a powerful Dynasty during the Han Dynasty the production of silk was ever increasing and the idea of profits was in the minds of all so in 138 BCE Emperor Han Wu sent an imperial Convoy to make contact with cultures of Central Asia and the Mediterranean then after the routes were established Chinese merchants and Traders would bring their silk across the Silk Road to the Middle East and eventually Europe where it would be sold at high profits though in

the beginning the route was relatively short because in 97 BC Ambassador KH Ying was sent to Rome with gifts of silk for their empire however Khan only got As far as Mesopotamia because he was told by the parthians the dominant Empire in Iran at the time that the journey would take years little did Khan know that he was misinformed that the journey would have been relatively shorter but the parthians wanted to keep their spot as the middlemen they did not want China and Rome to have contact with one another creating a system of three Empires

smooshed right up against each other Rome in the West parthians in the center and China in the east then in 86 BCE Greece already being weakened by the conquest of Alexander the great was now the target of the Roman Empire General Lucius Cornelius Sola LED an army of Legions to the Forefront of Athens he besieged Athens for several months brutally torturing the citizens within eventually when Athens fell he ordered his soldiers to loot and pillage the city destroying many important cultural Treasures this take over cemented Rome as a superpower Athens no longer had the power

but rather it was in Rome while in 63 BCE General pompe was tasked with capturing Jerusalem and the region of Galilee the Romans quickly captured the cities forcing Galilee to be placed under Roman rule including a small village called Nazareth the Romans desire to expand didn't end in Galilee though in 58 BCE Julius Caesar was appointed governor of the Roman provide of cilene Gaul Northern Italy with the express assignment of Conquering the rest of the Gauls at the time the GS were a group of Celtic peoples who lived in that area that is now France

Belgium and parts of Switzerland Germany and Italy however it was Caesar's job to take over these Celtic tribes while the GS who were insistent on their independence all had to work together under the leadership of vers and jeder in a last ditch attempt to stop the Romans as Caesar brought his troops to Alesia in 52 BC war was upon us Alicia was surrounded by a double wall and a ditch with additional fortifications on the town's Hills vers and jeder had gathered a large force of gallic Warriors inside the town in contrast Caesar had assembled a

sizable Roman army outside the walls Caesar realized that a direct assault on the town would be complex so he surrounded the GIC forces and starved them into submission he ordered the construction of a series of fortifications around Alicia including a circumvallation wall that encircle the town and a second wall and ditch that faced outward to defend against any attempts to break out over several weeks Caesar's forces engaged in a grueling Siege of Alia with both sides suffering heavy losses the G Warriors inside the town made several attempts to break out but they were repelled by

the Roman forces the tide of the battle turned in favor of the Romans when a second gallic Army led by verson Jed's Ally commius attempted to relieve The Siege Caesar sent a Detachment of his forces to intercept the GIC reinforcements after a fierce battle the Roman soldiers emerged Victorious with his forces surrounded and facing starvation versen Jedis was forced to surrender he emerged from Alesia and offered himself as a prisoner to Caesar effectively ending the GAC resistance to Roman rule throughout the next 2 years Caesar crossed the GAC Empire conquering an implementing it into Rome

the Galls were implemented into Rome even gaining citizenship within the Empire however the Senate was not happy with Caesar even though he had great success against the GS the Roman senate wanted him to stop they did not like the popularity Caesar was gaining nor the power he was controlling so the Roman senate called upon Caesar to resign his command and disband his army or risk being declared An Enemy of the State this led Caesar to an essential choice to make will he either follow the wheel of the Roman senate or ignore them and start a

bloody Civil War Roman law at the time prohibited any general from Crossing the Rubicon River and entering Mainland Italy with a standing army without the expressed permit mission of the Roman senate to do so would be treason and this tiny stream would reveal Caesar's intentions and mark the point of no return Civil War was imminent as Caesar and his army marched over the Rubicon battles in corinium and faralis showed the Senate that Caesar was a worthy foe so the Roman senate appointed his son-in-law naus pompy to lead the Roman forces against his father-in-law both parties

knew the importance of Spain due to providing a link between Italy and the rest of Europe the two armies clashed near the town of L in northeastern Spain Caesar's Army was significantly outnumbered but he could use his Superior military tactics and training to gain the upper hand in the battle after several days of intense fighting Caesar emerged Victorious forcing Pomp's forces to retreat declaring Caesar as the new leader of Rome when Caesar made it back to Rome the crowds were chanting hail Caesar hail Caesar the people then decided that he would be the dictator of

Rome for Life Caesar immediately set to work implementing a series of reforms and policies aimed at improving ordinary Romans lives and strengthening the central government's power he ordered the construction of new infrastructure such as roads Bridges and aqueducts which helped to connect different parts of the city and improve trade and commerce Caesar also enacted a series of of political and social reforms including granting citizenship to many people living in the Roman Empire and creating new laws and customs that were based on Roman practices he encouraged the spread of the Latin language and culture throughout the

city and established the Julian calendar which is the basis of the calendar we use today however Caesar's Reign was shortlived because 2 years later in 44 BC he was stabbed to death by two loyal senators casassus and Brutus the assassination of Caesar led the Roman world into disarray the world was filled with factions vying for government control without a strong leader Octavian Caesar's son who was 18 then came to Rome to claim his inheritance and assert his place in the political landscape he quickly aligned himself with Caesar's loyal Lieutenant Mark Anthony together they defeated Caesar's

assassins at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BCE however tension soon arose between Octavian and Anthony as both men vied for control of the Roman Empire in 31 BCE their forces clashed in the naval battle of actium which resulted in Octavian emerging as the clear Victor Anthony fled to Egypt with his lover Cleopatra and the two committed suicide the following year with Antony's defeat Octavian emerged as the Undisputed ruler of Rome in 27 BCE he was appointed Augustus and became the first Roman emperor during augustus's Reign a man who had changed the world was born

in the Roman occupied city of Bethlehem Jesus Christ The Gospel of Luke says in those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be registered this was the first registration when cinius was governor of Syria and all went to be registered each to his own town Luke 2 1-3 this census was an essential factor in Roman society because it established the population counts in these various communities making it possible to tax these various citizens so the highly pregnant Mary and her betrothed husband Joseph had to travel 90 mil on foot

from Nazareth to Bethlehem to complete this legally required Roman census when they arrived in Bethlehem many other descendants of the king of David or members of the Jewish faith were also going to Bethlehem for the census they found out that there was no room for them in the Inn so they were forced to take shelter in a stable where Mary gave birth to Jesus Jesus was later named King of the Jews after Jesus's birthday and the completion of the census Mary and Joseph returned to Nazareth with their extraordinary son as the years of Jesus went

on stories about him grew more and more followers began to worship Jesus as their Messiah they claim that he can catch an endless amount of fish they claim that he can cure the Blind and they claim that he was the son of God so these followers specifically his disciples started to write down his entire life Journey four of his closest disciples Matthew Mark Luke and John wrote down the main chunk of the book in these parts called gospels each of these gospels covered almost all of the same events The Narrative life of Jesus Christ this

narrative testimony of a child born in a stable changed the world forever even though many loved Jesus some viewed him as a threat Emperor tiberious succeeded Augustus and reigned from 14 ad to 37 ad tiberias was Notorious for his delors a network of informants rewarded for spying and Reporting on suspected traitors and criminals criminals reported on by the deletors had to face a treason trial often resulting in executions or forced suicides his prefect of Judea at the time Pontius Pilate was no stranger to the harsh punishment of traitors as Jesus was influencing more and more

people he became more of a political threat so following the guidelines of Emperor Tiberius pilate was given no practical political Choice other than to execute Jesus on the cross Roman law was evident then one must follow the emperor's will or else they will perish as Jesus was crucified on the cross a new religion was born Christianity in the beginning Christianity was just a small sect of Judaism nevertheless its growth would be unpar paralled Paul of tus would take the word of his chosen Lord across the known World from Greece to Turkey to Syria the word

of Jesus Christ spread his missionary Tales are now documented in the New Testament as the book of Acts the more Paul went to different places the more followers he gained on the same token it created more enemies The Divide between monotheism and polytheism was on the rise it was beginning to get a lot tougher for Romans to accept a religious population that didn't believe in Gods like Mars and Jupiter so when the Great Fire of Rome occurred in July of 64 ad Emperor Nero quickly blamed it on the Christians the great fire was an event

that destroyed 2/3 of the city of Rome so in order to pay for these massive repairs Nero instituted heavy tributes across the Empire to meet at least a proportion of the cost nuro also started to print more Roman currency creating an inflationary effect for the first time in the Empire's history however the individuals who lived under Roman rule which wasn't in Rome proper were upset by this new policy so in the holy city of Jerusalem in 66 ad a Revolt was on at first the first Jewish Revolt succeeded and the Jewish forces quickly expelled the

unprepared Roman army then the rebels gained some Traction in the neighboring villages in Galilee in response the Roman Emperor Nero sent the general Vasan to meet the Jewish forces an Endeavor that pushed most Rebels into Jerusalem proper by the time Vespasian was proclaimed emperor in 69 CE then around Passover in 70 AD vazan and his forces sieged the city depleting it of food and water within the walls of Jerusalem the Jews started to quarrel within leaving them more vulnerable to attack by August the Romans breached the defenses killed much of the population and destroyed many

of their holy sites with the Jews decimated the strength of polytheism lived long then in 98 to 117 ad under Emperor trian the Roman Empire was able to expand its greatest territorial extent spanning all the way from modern-day Britain to the Persian Gulf Roman rule was everywhere well except for in the Americas because the Romans didn't even know they existed in the Americas we can see the growth of various civilizations across the Andes located in modern-day Peru in Chile the Mochi civilization was able to build Monumental structures like the wadel soul and wadel Luna impressive

pyramids that were the center of their religions they also created Advanced fertilization techniques that used bird droppings as fertilizer their highly centralized government made everyone know their place in society while a little bit more south the NASA civilization is one enthralled in mystery the people of NASA created a series of large scale geoglyph consisting of hundreds of individual figures including geometric shap Apes animals and humanlike figures by removing the dark reddish brown iron oxide coated Pebbles covering the surface of the NASA desert these lines are now called NASA lines the purpose of which is still

unknown to this day and subject to conspiracy theory today around 100 AD the Zap Attack started establishing montealban their Capital it was one of the first examples of urban planning in the Americas the city was laid out in a grid pattern with main roads and smaller side streets leading to plazas and public buildings the city was also divided into different districts each with specialized functions such as residential administrative and religious leaving it to be in use for a thousand years after [Music] that while back in Rome after the end of Tran's reign in one 17

ad a new emperor with a purpose was in hand hadrien was a man tasked with a near impossible keeping the massive Roman empire under one rule he first had to deal with a crisis with the newly colonized Roman Britain like their predecessors in Judea the Roman Brits did not like being Roman so they started to cause unrest and in the eyes of hadrien a real threat of Revolution was on his mind so hadrien had ordered a massive wall aptly named Hadrian's Wall which spanned almost Coast to Coast keeping it sunk in the conquered people's minds

that the Romans were here staving off revolution in one region however in Galilee things weren't as peaceful Simon bar kba led a rebellion of the Jewish people to free themselves from Roman rule as you see Rome was developing a new city called Alia capitolina over the ruins of Jerusalem from the last revolt with temples dedicated to polytheistic Gods like Jupiter by 132 baroka took the bottle of Nai head of state many Jews regarded him as the Messiah who would save the Jewish people and restore their independence kba's troops would storm Ilia capitalina almost knocking out

entirely the Roman Garrison controlling the city Adrien though would not have it so he sent a force of 120,000 men to the lands of Jud to conquer and force the Jewish people into submission as casassus Doo says in the history of Rome 50 of their most important outposts and 985 of their most famous villages were raised 58,000 men were slain in the various raids and battles and the number of those that perished by famine disease and fire was past finding out thus nearly the whole of Judea was made desolate History of Rome 6914 1:2 Rome

made it clear that it was not to be taken lightly while in China the message was quite different the ideas of Buddhism were spreading along with the Chinese philosophies of Confucianism and taoism and built a dynasty these three philosophies work together to make the Han Dynasty stronger and more united in many ways while in America the Mayan Architects went across Northern petan and designed a series of short broad temples with wide staircases flanked by enormous stucco masks these stucco masks were made of plaster and some burned and powdered Limestone the Mayans built these Stone armatures

into elaborate deity faces to capture the soul of the Gods and bring it to the people a temple like the E7 sub yes historians name Mayan temple like military submarines is a pyramid with 16 stucco masks each allows us to go deeper into the souls of these deities of the past in the Middle East a new Empire was emerging with roots in the past a man named artier claimed to have Royal Blood that traced all the way back to Cyrus the Great artier claimed that he should be the true ruler of the Persian Empire not

those frauds of the parthians arir was able to unite the various tribes of Persia in 224 ad artier I led his forces against the Parian King artabanus I in a significant battle at hergon the cenan forces known for their Cavalry defeated the parthians and captured artabanus I with this Victory arir I declared himself King and established the sesanian Empire arir I quickly established a centralized government and built a new capital at tfon on the Tigris River he reestablished the Zoro asrian religion which had been suppressed by the parthians as the Empire's official religion he also

built a powerful military machine with skilled Cavalry and archers he began to expand his territory by conquering neighboring regions as the parthians were on their way out so were the Han the Han dynasties down fall was marked by political instability economic problems external threats internal rebellions and power struggles the weakening of central Authority allowed Regional Warlords to seize power and the government's attempts to address economic issues were unsuccessful external threats and rebellions weakened the dynasty even further a warlord named sa declared himself Emperor and established the wayy dynasty officially ending the Han Dynasty while back

in Rome Emperor Diocesan 284 to 305 faced a problem Rome was becoming too large and impossible to manage so Diocesan created the tetr and divided the region into four where each region was governed by a separate Emperor within the tetrarchy there were two types of Emperors Augustus and Caesars dioclesian chose maximan to be his equal to Augustus in contrast galleris and constantius were appointed to be Caesars however this system created uncontrolled chaos and Anarchy each Emperor had desires for power and ambition and it all came to a head in 305 when power shifted both Diocesan

and maximan retired and in 306 constantius died three out of the four four original leaders were left out of the system leading to a power vacuum to come emperor Constantine the Great was appointed by his father's Army util laterally as an Augustus and a Caesar at the same time to replace his father at the same time maximan son maxentius felt as though he should have been appointed Caesar instead of valerus seus so in 307 maxentius sent his army and forced valerious seus to surrender come 308 galleris appointed linius to replace him so on the west

side of Rome two Emperors wanted to rule Constantine ruled over Gaul in Britain and maxentius ruled Italy in North Africa maxentius had a difficult time consolidating his power and he faced increasing resistance from the people of Rome to try and secure his hold on power maxentius ordered the construction of a new bridge across the the Tyber river near Rome known as the Milan Bridge Constantine saw maxentius as a threat to his power so he decided to march on Rome to confront him as the two armies approached each other near the milvian bridge Constantine had a

vision of a cross in the sky with the words in this sign conquer some accounts suggest that this Vision may have been a dream or a hallucination While others suggest that it may have been a sign from God regardless of the nature of the vision Constantine took it as a sign that he would be victorious in battle if he fought under the sign of the Christian cross he had his soldiers paint the symbol on their Shields and Banners and he went into battle with renewed Vigor and confidence the battle was fierce and brutal with both

sides suffering heavy losses maxentius had a larger Army but his troops were spread out and disorganized Constantine was able to take advantage of this and he was able to push maxentius forces back towards the Tyber River in the chaos of the retreat maxentius was forced off the Milan bridge and into the water where he drowned shortly after his victory Constantine met linius at Mid olanam modern Milan to confirm several political and dynastic arrangements to produce the Edict of Milan this edict gave power for Eastern Rome to the cineas and Constantine's Soul power of the West

more importantly though this document extended religious tolerance for Christians and restored any properties confiscated from them during the persecution however the peaceful coexistence of both rulers was shortlived though the edict allowed for the safety of Christians the cineas was still very much a paganist their differences started to grow all came near the city of copoulos in 324 ad where both armies went and fought Constantine's military might was on display was able to force the Eastern Roman army towards the sea leaving many to be killed or captured Constantine was declared the sole leader of Rome and

linius was declared dead by hanging he renamed the Eastern Roman capital from banum to Constantinople to celebrate his victory then in 325 ad Constantine presided over the First Council of niia when the 300 Bishops established the now famous nyine Creed which declared that Jesus Christ was begotten not made and of one substance with the father Constantine was finally baptized as a Christian on his deathbed in 337 ad come 370 ad a new player was on the scenes the Huns were a barbaric nomadic civilization who were masters of warfare there according to Legends they were taught

horsemanship as early as the age of three also they would attack their own with a sword to teach them how to endure pain these people weren't to be messed lightly with when they crossed the vulga river in 370 on their horses and lusted for blood the Allen civilization didn't stand much chance 2 years later they attacked the ostrogoths an Eastern tribe of Germanic Goths who harassed the Roman Empire by frequently attacking their territ Tories by 376 the Huns had attacked the vizag Goths the Western tribe of Goths and forced them to seek Sanctuary within the

Roman Empire as the Huns dominated goth and visigoth lands they earned a new reputation as the new Barbarians in town and seemed Unstoppable by 395 ad they began invading Roman domains and some Roman Christians believed they were devils who arrived straight from hell the reason they started invading Rome was because of the death of theodosius the great his shining achievement as Emperor was keeping the Goths and the Huns at Bay but on death he decided to follow the ideas of Diocesan and split the Empire up again splitting up control between his two sons arcadius in

the East and honorius in the west making theodosius the last leader of a United Rome with honorius in charge the incapable general made Western Rome an easy target to be bullied the Visigoths looking for a new place to live had their eyes set on Rome so throughout the early 410s the Visigoths ran sacked various Roman cities then on August 24th 410 the visigoth sacked Rome taking control of this historic City it was the first time in nearly 800 years that a foreign army occupied the city of Rome however the Visigoths couldn't maintain control of Rome

instead they continued to ransack Roman territories until they established their Kingdom in 418 in modern-day Spain while the prospects of existence weren't so much better in eastern Rome the notorious Atilla the Hun was gaining power and his brutal tactics called him the scorge of God after a failed peace attempt in 441 one Atilla and his army stormed through the Balkans and the danan frontier another peace treaty was forged in 442 but Atilla attacked again in 443 killing ransacking and pillaging his way to the well fortified city of Constantinople however due to constantinople's high walls Atilla

couldn't conquer it instead atila was able to muster another peace agreement he would leave Constantinople alone in exchange for an annual tribute of 2,100 lb of gold a staggering sum then in 451 the Huns invaded the Gauls allowing the once enemies of the Visigoths and the Romans to wise up and work together to fight the Huns according to Legend the night before the imminent battle Atilla consulted sacrificed bones and saw that thousands of his army would fall in the fight the next day his premonition came true in the battle of the catalonian Plains after hours

of ferocious fighting tens of thousands of soldiers lay dead giving Atilla his first and only military defeat in history however even after the loss Atilla and his army marched on and returned to Italy continuously ravaging the cities in 452 with Roman sight he met Pope Leo the who acted as an emissary between Atilla and Rome there's no record of what they discussed still according to Legend the apparitions of St Paul and St Peter appeared to ailla they threatened to kill him if he didn't negotiate with Pope Leo the first Atilla decided to pull out of

Italy and return to the great Hungarian plane whether because of his fear of the Pope and his saintly allies or because of his troops were stretched too thin and weakened by malaria however the struggle for Western Rome wasn't over in 476 ad the young Emperor Romulus Augustus had trouble keeping power for himself as many Romans felt he was illegitimate so the Eastern Roman Empire sent the Germanic General oder and his mercenaries to suppress a Revolt by the Roman army in the region however instead of supporting the Eastern Roman Empire oder saw an opportunity to seize

power for himself he turned against the Roman government and deposed the last Western Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus effectively marking the end of the Western Roman Empire as the steps of his victory oder was declared the king of Italy however oas's victory was shortlived because in 493 theodoric the great of the ostrogoths with the support of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno came in and created the ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy sending oder to meet his fate while Europe was in the Crux of a Dark Age India under the Gupta Empire was in a mathematical Golden Age great mathematicians

like Brahma Gupta started using zero as a placeholder and as various solutions for mathematical equations the astronomer araba was able to calculate the circumference of the earth he proved the world was round long before it was globally accepted accepted arabat was also able to develop methods for calculating pi and square roots however his crowning achievement was creating the concept of an asymptote which is a line that approaches the curve but never touches it the Franks under Clovis the had been engaged with the alamani another Germanic tribe and tensions between the two groups were running high

in 496 ad in the battle of tolak Clovis the first led his forces into battle against the alamani with both sides eager to gain the upper hand in the ongoing struggle for power and territory as the alamani began to push the Franks to defeat in a moment of desperation Clovis called out to the Christian God for assistance promising to convert to Christianity if he emerged Victorious according to Legend a sudden thunderstorm appeared and the Franks could regroup and launch a successful Counterattack against the alamani the battle ended in a decisive victory for the Franks and

Clovis kept his promise and converted to Christianity officially cementing Christianity to the Forefront and birthing the Frankish Kingdom while the Western Roman Empire might have fallen in the East the Roman Empire was changing many historians argue that the Eastern Roman Empire based out of Constantinople should be cons considered a part of Rome however it is undeniable that under Justinian the would lead the eastern half into its next chapter in life the Byzantine Empire whether it's a continuation of the Roman Empire before is a debate for another under under the leadership of Justinian the like many

Roman emperors before him he would expand the Byzantine Empire to reach places such as Italy North Africa and even Spain he also commissioned a team of legal Scholars to codify all the laws of the Roman Empire known as the Corpus jurus civilist which became the basis of the European laws we know today he also commissioned the world-renowned hegia Sophia in Constantinople where this beautiful cathedral adorned with intricate mosaics and marble decorations became the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church [Music] however Jesus wasn't the only Prophet at the time in the small town of Mecca a

nomadic tribe called The KES gave birth to a man who would change the religious world yet again Muhammad Muhammad was orphaned at an early age and was raised by his grandfather and later his uncle as he grew up he worked as a merchant which earned him the nickname alamin meaning the trust trustworthy on one of his pilgrimages in 610 Muhammad meditated in a cave on Mount jabal no the angel Gabriel appeared and relayed the word of God recite in the name of your lord who creates creates a man from a clot recite for your lord

is most generous became the opening verses of Surah chapter 96 of the Quran at first Muhammad was reluctant not knowing how to disclose this information ever soon enough Muhammad began to gather a small following which was mocked by the pagans of Mecca however when Muhammad denounced idol worship the leader of Mecca knew that he was through so through the resistance from Mecca Muhammad and his followers were eventually forced to immigrate to Medina a city 260 Mi away there Muhammad was instrmental and ending various Civil Wars creating a prosperous Muslim Community nevertheless this Prosperity would be

challenged by the members of Muhammad's old tribe The KES and their allies who marched up to Medina with a large army to attack the Muslims Muhammad devised a plan that they could defend the city if they dug a trench around its perimeter making it near impossible for enemy forces to penetrate for several weeks The KES tried to break through the trench trying and trying yet again eventually strong wind and heavy reain caused The KES forces to abandon The Siege marking the Muslims as victorious in 630 the Muslim Army marched into Mecca taking the city with

minimum casualties Muhammad gave amnesty to the enemy leaders who once opposed him converting most of the meccan population to Islam at the time of Muhammad's death the Muslims had successfully United the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam after Muhammad's death a series of cffs or leaders took over the leadership of the Muslim Community beginning with Abu Bakr a close companion of the Prophet under the leadership of the cffs the Muslim Community continued to expand its territory conquering new lands and spreading The Message of Islam at first akub Baker had his eyes set on the

Byzantine Empire's provinces of Syria taking over The crucial cities of Damascus and Jerusalem M then in 636 the Arab forces invaded the assassinate Empire taking over their capital city in 637 marking the end of the assassinate Empire onward to Egypt they went where after years of fighting they successfully defeated the Byzantine to take over the city of Alexandria in 642 ad economically crippling the byzantines by 716 the Arab forces had conquered much of North North Africa Carthage and Spain so that by 716 the Arabs had an extensive Empire from Lisbon to China after consolidating their

hold on the Iberian Peninsula the Arabs launched raids into neighboring frania modern-day France in 732 ad they launched a significant Invasion to expand their territory northward the Arabs forces led by Amir Abdul Raman Al gaiki quickly conquered several cities in the region including Bordeaux and tours however Charles Martell the military leader of the Franks assembled a large army to meet the Arabs in battle the battle of Christianity versus Islam both Empires wanted to keep their own faith the Arabs wanted to impose their religion onto the Franks the two forces clashed near tours on October 10th

732 ad the battle was fierce and lasted several days with both sides suffering heavy casualties in the end though Charles Martell and the Franks emerged Victorious and the Arab forces were forced to retreat back to Spain ending the massive expansion of the Arabic [Music] Empire while in the west the definition of God was War in China during the rule of the Tang religions like Buddhism taoism and Confucianism all coexisted peacefully a citizen was able to believe what they wanted to believe leaving for many temples and pagodas to be built across the Empire also during the

Tang the height of Chinese poetry was Upon Us poets like Leo and dfu created poems that later became the foundations of Chinese literature leeo wrote a poignant poem called Zan xen on the Ching thing Mountain translated by Sam haml the birds have vanished down the sky now the last Cloud drains away we sit together the mountain and me until only the mountain remains Charlamagne also known as Charles the great became the king of the Franks in 768 Charlemagne was a skilled military leader who expanded the Frankish Empire through successful campaigns he conquered much of Western

Europe including modern-day France Germany Italy and Spain Charlemagne was also a devout Christian and worked to spread Christianity throughout his Empire in 785 Haron was declared caith instead of focusing on conquering like his Brethren he instead focused on the scientific growth in the new capital city of Baghdad Heron Al rashed wanted to create the House of Wisdom a library and Research Center that attracted Scholars from around the world these Scholars would come to the house of wisdom with a desire to learn they've translated The Works of the past as well as developing the science of

algebra chemistry sociology and the concept of infinity while the Vikings had a different idea of progress the Vikings were a group of uncivilized pagans from modern-day Scandinavia who wanted to gain material wealth so June 8th 793 ad marked the beginning of the Viking age in Europe lindes farar was a small isolated island off the Northeast Coast of England that was home to a famous monastery and considered one of Europe's most important centers of learning on the day of the raid a group of Viking warriors likely from Norway or Denmark landed on the island and attacked

the monastery the Vikings pillaged the monastery killing many monks and taking others as slaves The Raid was a brutal and unex expected attack on a place of great religious and cultural significance and it sent shock waves throughout Europe in 799 in Rome Pope Leo III was attacked by a faction of Rome who believed that the pope was guilty of tyranny and serious personal misconduct so Pope Leo III ran away to the Frankish Kingdom after this Charlemagne and his Frank Army provided an escort for the pope and restored him to the papal office but yet the

power of the papacy was being questioned with many people wanting it to go away which caused Charlamagne to go to Rome in late 800 to fight for his Pope for his loyalty on Christmas day in the Basilica of St Peter Pope Leo III placed a crown on Charlemagne's head declaring him the new Holy Roman Emperor creating a new Roman Empire the Holy Roman Empire or at least the first rendition of it under Charlemagne the foundations of a genuinely great empire were forming but once Charlamagne died in 814 the new Empire was bludgeoning with problems his

son Lewis the pus 788 to 840 inherited an Empire filled with problems many of his own citizens viewed him as a strong C Catholic who was well-intentioned but was incredibly weak and unable to do anything as the Vikings continued their raids along the ryin river attacking Holy Roman Empire cities such as cologne Trier and Mains raiding various Catholic monasteries and destroying religious artifacts caused fear and hatred among his citizens why would anyone trust a leader if they can't stop barbaric pagans so various local leaders started to focus on defending ending their land rather than relying

on the central government for defense hence beginning the process of independently recreating the Chinese system of feudalism at this time people would willingly Farm on lands giving up their freedom to these local leaders to protect them from the Vikings creating the basis of a new system of feudalism while the Holy Roman Empire might have been fighting with the Vikings and the byzantines were fighting with the Arabs in 820 a group of Arab Raiders landed on the island of creit over the next several years Arab forces gradually gained control of the island overcoming the resistance of

the Byzantine Defenders the conquest was completed in 827 and creit became part of the Arab Empire the conquest of Sicily and Sardinia followed a similar pattern in 827 a large Arab Fleet landed on Sicily and Arab forces quickly gained control of much of the island they then moved on to Sardinia which fell to the Arab Invaders In 828 in the Holy Roman Empire once Lewis the Pas died in 840 ad so did the Charlamagne Empire the infighting between family members grew leading to the Holy Roman Empire being divided between three family members in the famous

Treaty of Verdun in the west the formation of the West Frankish kingdom was given to Charlemagne's grandson Charles the bald in modern-day France in the East the East Frankish kingdom was given to another grandson Lewis the German which was obviously settled in modern-day Germany while the Middle Kingdom was given to charlamagne's eldest son loair however being squeezed in between the West and East Frankish kingdoms gave the Middle Kingdom a short lifespan and was practically irrelevant the Vikings weren't just a problem for mainland Europe they were pillaging everything in Mainland England so in 871 the new

king of Wessex Alfred the Great Rose to power with one thing in mind keeping everyone safe Alfred built a network of fortifications known as burs designed to protect his people from Viking attacks he also developed new military tactics and strategies and fostered alliances with other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms unlike in Great Britain though the Vikings were actually invited to Russia according to Russian Legend the tribes in Russia were tired of dealing with political Strife so they invited the varangians a sect of Vikings to establish order and a government over there hence Ruck came with his two brothers

to the city of nav garad and using the Vikings famous Force they were able to establish order in the city declaring rurick as their new king creating the Kevan Rose Dynasty under the milit AR leadership of Oleg one of The rurick Kingsmen the Kean rou started establishing smolin and Kiev in modern-day Ukraine creating the Forefront of Russia today while back in England expanding upon his grandfather Alfred the Great's Alliance network athlan was declared king of Essex athlan was able to get all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to work together to fend off the Vikings of the British

Isles he was declared clared to be the first king of England due to his ability to navigate alliances and keep everyone safe beginning one of the longest monarchies in human history while the East Frankish kingdom was facing a similar problem the Pagan magars were attacking everyone across the kingdom leaving the kingdom to live in fear however King Otto of the East Frankish Empire was able to defeat the pesky magars at the Battle of lechfeld in 955 then in 961 he could fully conquer all of the kingdoms of Italy restoring christiandom to all the former pagans

so in 962 Otto the was coronated to Pope John the 12th in Rome to be the new Holy Roman Emperor in France though the West Frankish kingdom was struggling because in 987 King Louis V a direct descendant of Charlamagne died at age 20 without leaving an heir to take over their Dynasty leaving the French monarchy in Peril so the French aristocracy had an election between Hugh capit a noble with extensive lands in the region of is Def France and Charles Duke of lower Lorraine with the support of adelo the Archbishop of ROMs hu capit became

the first king of France starting the capian dynasty [Music] however at this time the typical person in Europe was always living in fear every civilization was on the verge of conquering they've all become land hungry and were willing to fight for it so across Europe at this time every civilization started to entrench their society in the ideas of feudalism leading to another social pyramid at the bottom lay the Surfs their job was to farm the land and ensure everyone was fed then came the night Who provided protection for the people then came the Nobles who

ruled over a specific territory owning the land then came the Kings as previously mentioned who gave lands to the Nobles but all the way at the top was the pope because the pope could speak directly to God and had God given ownership of all the lands in the early 11th century leaf Ericson was sent on a voyage to discover lands west of Greenland if you look at a map West of Greenland is the Americas so leaf and his crew ventured to this new mystical land called Vinland in modern-day New Finland Canada leaf and his crew

spent the winter in Vinland establishing a small settlement and trading with the local indigenous people they also explored the surrounding area which they found rich in natural resources including Timber Fish and Game LEF and his crew returned to Greenland in the spring where they were greeted as Heroes for discovering new lands little did Leaf know that he discovered a new continent for his European [Music] people though significantly less is known about the Americas some historians believe that at the time a similar type of expansion happened in the American continent like in Europe sadly we just

don't have the historical records from this unique period we know that the Mayans down in South America were building the impressive cities of tikl pen and chichin having a population of anywhere between 2 and 10 million we also know that there were various tribes across the north including the cheraki the Navajo and the Inuits the Inuits are most likely to have interacted with Leaf's Fleet while back in Europe in the holy city of Jerusalem laid the very famous Church the the Church of the Holy Sepulcher according to Christian belief this church was built on the

day Jesus was crucified and resurrected however in 1009 ad Arab Calif al-hakim ordered the destruction of this sacred holy site all of the Sacred sites were destroyed leaving them completely annihilated when the news reached Europe Christians were horrified Pope sergius IV sent a circular letter to all churches calling for a holy fight in the Middle East and the expulsion of Muslims from the holy land but yet the Arabs of the abised califate would actually be expelled by another before Jerusalem the salic Turks a Central Asian turkic people of the Muslim faith were beginning to grow

their empire in 1055 they took over the abised caliphate capital city of Baghdad the suljic Turks initially respected the califf but the suljic took over the city over time time in 1076 they captured Medina followed the next year by the capturing of Mecca the holiest city in [Music] Islam due to this the Muslim world wasn't ready for Pope Urban II at the Council of Claremont in 1095 to call upon all Christians to take up arms and Liberate the holy land from Muslim rule the pope promised spiritual reward ws and forgiveness of sins to those who

joined the Crusade and many Knights Nobles and peasants were inspired to take up the cause many European Nobles such as Godfrey of bullan to lose boheman of Toranto and Robert of Flanders brought their armies from Europe on their journey to Jerusalem while the Christians were United the Muslims were divided and unable to put up a strong defense against the Crusaders hence the Christians took over the county of vessa in 1098 and finally the holy city of Jerusalem in 1099 however the Crusade wasn't done in 1144 the Muslim forces led by Turkish ruler Ahmad ad Den

zingi launched a Siege against adessa the city was poorly defended and the Crusaders could not resist the Muslim forces for long after a Siege of several weeks the city was breached and the Muslim forces overran the City killing or enslaving much of the population but the Christians weren't happy with that so in 1147 the massive armies of Europe came back with attempts to free adessa the Crusaders faced significant logistical challenges including shortages of food and supplies they were also plagued by infighting and political rivalries which called The Campaign to be in ruin after the disastrous

loss of the battle of anob in 1149 which resulted in the capture of King Louis iith and the loss of much of the Crusader Army while the Christians and Muslims were fighting the Hindus in the Chim empire under King suarin II built a fantastic Temple for the Hindu god Vishnu called the Anor watt Vishnu is an important God in Hinduism known as the preserver and protector of the universe he has 10 incarnations or avatars and is often depicted as having blue skin and holding four objects as you approach Anor wat you are greeted by a

massive moat and a grand entrance gate adorned with intricate carvings of mythological creatures and deities the main Temple Rises like a towering mountain with intricate carvings and reliefs that tell the stories of Hindu mythology and the history of the Chim Empire the temple galleries are LED with stunning bass reliefs depicting scenes of battles ceremonies and daily life in ancient Cambodia at the heart of the complex is the central Sanctuary a massive pyramid-like structure surrounded by smaller temples and Courtyards the sanctuary is considered the most sacred part of the temple adorned with intricately carved statues and

images of Hindu gods and goddesses it was an incredible feat of human ingenuity but yet in 1187 the Muslim Commander from Egypt saladine became fed up with the Christian rule of Jerusalem so he declared a holy war across the Muslim World in order to reconquer Jerusalem from the Christians the battle occurred on a scorching hot day in the Hills near the Sea of Galilee saladin's forces numbered around 20,000 the crusaders had a much smaller force of around 12,000 Knights soldiers and C I Ians under the aptly named King King guy the battle began with skirmishes

between the two sides but soon escalated into a fullscale engagement saladin's forces could use their Superior Cavalry to encircle the Crusaders who could not break through the Muslim lines the Heat and thirst soon took a toll on the Crusaders who were weakened and disoriented the Muslim forces took advantage of the situation they launched a fierce attack Breaking Through The Crusade lines and capturing many Knights King guy and a small group of knights were able to escape the battlefield still the majority of the Crusader Army was destroyed the loss of the battle was a severe blow

to the Christian forces in the region and it paved the way for saladin's conquest of Jerusalem but the Christians weren't going to allow that so guess what happened another Crusade this time the three most powerful monarch at the time Emperor Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire King Richard the of England and King Philip II of France sent their best armies to reconquer the holy city of Jerusalem however all the force in the world couldn't retake Jerusalem from the grips of saladine leaving the Third Crusade to be a failure genus was born to a mother

kidna by his father and forced in the marriage Legend holds that he came into this world clutching a blood clot in his right hand before he turned 10 his father was poisoned to death by an enemy Clan genus's Clan then deserted him his mother and his six siblings to avoid having to feed them however he soon began to make friends with the other clans throughout the Mongolian Mountain Side by 1206 he had United all the various tribes uniting 1 million people people for the time genas was quite Progressive he made it illegal to sell and

kidnap women banished the idea of enslavement of any Mongol and even allowed freedom of religion when it came to war though genus was as barbaric as the next one his first campaign was against the shisha Kingdom in 129 his army of mostly Cavalry men on horses quickly outnumbered and destroyed the kingdom his next Target was the Jinn dynasty in China from 12 121 to 1214 the outnumbered Mongols ravaged the countryside causing food shortages resulting in the Jinn Army killing tens of thousands of their own peasants just so their Elites could live in 1214 the Mongols

besieged the capital of zangu now Beijing and burnt it to the ground in the early 13th century King John was facing increasing pressure from his Barons who were demanding greater rights and protections under the law and in response to their demands Jon agreed to meet with the Barons and negotiate a settlement the result of these negotiations was the Magna Carta a document that set out a series of rights and freedoms that the king could not violate among these rights were the right to a fair trial the right to due process of law and the right

to be protected from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment the Magna Carta also established the principle of habius Corpus which required the government to produce a prisoner in court and provide a lawful reason for their detention this principle has been a Cornerstone of modern legal systems around the world then in 1217 there was another Crusade this time led by King Andrew II of Hungary and Duke Leopold v 6 of Austria with the same goal in mind to take over Jerusalem the Crusaders successfully captured the city of damietta in 1219 but they could could not Advance further into

Egypt after a series of setbacks including capture and imprisonment of many Crusaders the Christian forces were forced to abandon their campaign in Egypt the Crusaders eventually agreed to a treaty with the Muslim forces allowing them to leave Egypt unharmed but without achieving their ultimate goal genghiskhan wasn't done though in 1219 went to war against the qum empire in present day Turkmenistan usbekistan Afghanistan and Iran during his raids the Mongol horde swept through one city after another taking over the likes of burara samarin and Erin skilled workers such as carpenters and Jewelers were usually saved while

Aristocrats and resisting soldiers were killed unskilled workers meanwhile were often used as human Shields during the next assault no one knows with any certainty how many people died during gask Khan's Wars in part because the Mongols propagated their vicious image as a way of spreading Terror at gas con's death he controlled a massive territory from the Sea of Japan to the Caspian Sea however even more impressively around 8% of the men in South Asia descend from genas Khan today in 1228 Emperor Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire tried to conquer the holy land but

failed ending the sixth Crusade of course the Holy Roman Empire couldn't be the only one crusading King Louis the 9th of France in 1248 decided to start the seventh crusade to retake Jerusalem but he was taken prisoner by the Muslims and forced to pay a hefty Ransom as he retreated however that didn't deter King Louis the 9th because in 1270 he was at it again trying to free Jerusalem from the grips of Muslim rule but this time he died of dissenter once King Louis the 9th died his troops retreated creating the eighth and final time

there was a crusade in England though in 1295 England was making a diplomatic Headway in a letter summoning Parliament King Edward I wrote since the most righteous law of the Emperors ordains that what touches all should be approved by all so it appears that common dangers should be met by remedies agreed upon in common as King Edward I would then request a tenth of the incomes of Nobles and an 11th of the income of knights creating one of the first parliaments we would see in the New Age while Down in Africa a leader of extravagant

wealth manam Musa was gaining power on his famous Haj a religious Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim should make at least once in his life men s Musa with his Caravan of camels and an army of Scholars gave vast amounts of gold to any poor person he saw hence crashing all of the economies in Northern Africa due to the inflation of gold when mansam Musa returned to mly he made it his life purpose to make Timbuktu the Muslim capital of knowledge so mansam Musa invested heavily in building the University of sanor various Islamic faith

Scholars quickly made their way to sanor to study Islamic theology law and literature with over 1 million manuscripts mansam Musa was also a very religious man with a policy that he commissioned a new mosque every Friday however sadly though only the Jinger mosque in timbuk 2 stood the test of time in the Americas though another built on riches was being created as Aztec Legend in has it the god weapo directed them to build where they saw an eagle perched on a cactus eating a snake when they saw this exact scene on an Island located in

what was once Lake teoco they interpreted it as a sign from their God and founded Teno chidon on that island As Time passed Teno chidon started to build impressive temples such as the Great temple the Great temple comprised of two main structures dedicated to the gods wheat silipos o and tck the city itself was most fascinating it was designed with a complex system of canals and causeways to help control flooding and facilitate transport across the city while they started to farm on floating gardens known as chinampas on the shallow Waters of Lake teex Coco which

were used to grow crops such as maze beans and squash as moli and the Aztecs were building their cities England and France were in war for 100 years the origins of the conflict lay with the status of the duche of gyen in basic capitalistic terms this was owned by the British crown however the land itself was in France the second reason was that the last direct descendant of Charlamagne King Charles IV died in 1328 so the next closest relative was Edward III the king of England so King Edward iiiii claimed the rule of France in

1337 which was not liked by the French people as the petty erratic Hundred Years War raged on the people of the world had to face a pandemic like no other the Bubonic plague as the Italian poet Giovani bachio wrote at the beginning of the malady certain swellings either on the groin or under the armpits waxed to the bigness of a common Apple others to the size of an egg some more and some less and these the vulgar named plague boils historians believe this pandemic was spread by rats traveling through ships across Europe and Merchants throughout

the Silk Road no matter how this plague was produced around 75 to 200 million people died with the death of so many people especially the poor landowners and Nobles were required to allow Farmers to keep more of the product they farmed leading to more workers rights in China though a group of rebels known as the red turbans revolted against the Mongol rulers of China the red turbin were led by a man named zuo Yen Jong born into a poor peasant family Zu built a strong following among the rebel forces and eventually emerged as their leader

in 1368 Zoo declared himself Emperor and established the Ming Dynasty marking the beginning of a new era in Chinese history [Music] in 1428 at the age of 16 Joan left her home in the village of Dy and traveled to the court of Charles iith where she asked for permission to lead the French Army against the English at first her request was met with skepticism and disbelief still Joan persisted and eventually won the support of the French commanders Joan's first major military Victory came in the siege of Orleans in 1429 she led the French troops in

a series of Daring attacks on the English forces and she broke the siege and liberated the city this Victory boosted French morale and helped to turn the tide of the war in their favor over the next several months Joan led the French army to victories against the English including the Battle of Pate in June 1429 however her success also made her enemies in the English and French Court in 1430 she was captured by the English and put on trial for heresy and Witchcraft Joan was subjected to a grueling trial she was accused of various crimes

including dressing in men's clothing practicing sorcery and hearing voices despite the odds against her Joan remained steadfast in her faith and her belief that she was carrying out God's will in the end Joan was found guilty and sentenced to death by burning at stake she was executed on May 30th 1431 at 19 then 20 years later in the Battle of castian Charles iith of France led a French army which defeated the English army effectively ending English territorial claims in France while back in the great city of Constantinople the Byzantine Empire was declining weakened by years

of war political instability and economic turmoil in contrast the Ottoman Empire led by Sultan mmed II was on the rise and the sultan saw an opportunity to expand his Empire and gain control of the Strategic city of Constantinople by 1453 mamed II LED an army of 880,000 soldiers including Elite janissary troops and a powerful artillery Force to Siege Constantinople the Byzantine Defenders led by Emperor Constantine VI 11th were vastly outnumbered and outgun they faced a seemingly impossible task to hold off the ottoman assault the Ottomans bombarded the city with artillery for nearly 2 months causing

extensive damage to the walls and fortifications the Byzantine Defenders meanwhile struggled to maintain morale and keep their troops fed and supplied then on the fateful day May 29th 1453 the Ottomans launched a massive assault on the city climbing up covered by Siege Towers they were able to breach the walls and gain access to the city despite putting up a valiant defense the Byzantine Defenders were overwhelmed and the Ottomans were able to storm the city and capture the capital causing the great Byzantine Empire to fall in 1453 all paths no longer led to Rome and all

traces back to the Empire of Caesar were erased it was replaced by the beginning of utter ottoman domination in the region ushering in a new era of Turkish power and influence in the Mediterranean while the byzantines might have been falling the Russians were finally gaining their independence at the time the Mongol Empire was ruling over Russia demanding that various Russian towns pay Tri tribute or face the Wrath of the Mongols however in 1472 Ivan the Great refused to pay such tribute over the next several years he built up his military strength and was able to

drive out the Mongol garrisons from various cities and towns throughout Russia in 1480 the Mongols demanded that Ivan pay tribute or face military action but after a 10 standoff they finally retreated Ivan's victory was the beginning of a free Russia and the decline of the Mongolian Empire then in 1492 as Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue the Europeans discovered the new world set initially on finding a path to India instead he landed on an island in the Bahamas which he aptly named San Salvador when he and his crew set up camp he met the lucayans

skilled fishermen and farmers who welcomed him and his crew through and provided them with food and supplies while back in Europe a golden age of culture was Upon Us in 1503 Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa Da Vinci's biographer Walter Isaacson says the Mona Lisa to me is the greatest emotional painting ever done the way the smile flickers makes it a work of art and science because Leonardo Optics the muscles of the lips and how light strikes the eye all of it goes into making the Mona Lisa smile so mysterious and Elusive in 1504

Michelangelo sculpted David Michelangelo would say in every block of marble I see a statue as plain as though it stood before me Shaped in perfect in attitude and action I have only to heue away the rough walls that imprison the lovely Apparition to reveal it to the other eyes as mine see it while in 1506 Michelangelo was painting The Magnificent painting of the Cy [Music] Chapel while in the political world Nicolo maavi is one of if not the most influential pieces of literature we have today the prince is a political Manifesto that comments on the

past civilizations we've heard about in this video mavelli writes it is much safer to be feared than loved because love is preserved by the link of obligation which owing to the beastess of men is broken at every opportunity for their advantage but fear preserves You by a dread of punishment which never fails think about the ordinary farmer think about the man who spends generations of their life farming giving heavy taxes to a noble Lord for doing nothing except protecting them why won't the farmers Rebel it's because they're afraid of what would happen without their leaders

without the elites the Huns or the Mongols can come to your farm and destroy you on their own so you live in fear as to what might happen to you leaving you to give your wheat to said [Music] leader Martin Luther though didn't just report on the basics of human nature Martin wanted to make a difference and was sick of the Catholic church at the time the Cath AIC church was selling indulgences which were certificates that people could purchase to reduce the amount of time they would spend in purgatory after they died Luther believed this

practice was corrupt and went against the Bible's teachings which emphasized the importance of repentance and Faith over material wealth in protest he wrote a series of 95 thesis or arguments challenging the church's Authority and calling for reform on October 31st 15 17 Luther nailed his 95 thesis to the door of the castle Church in Wittenberg which was a common way of announcing a public debate or discussion Luther's 95 thesis sparked a debate within the church and among European scholars and theologians some people agreed with his criticisms of the church While others saw him as a

heretic and a threat to the established order the beginning of protestantism was upon us [Music] in 1519 though the Spanish conquistadors under the leadership of hernon Cortez arrived on the Aztec Shores they were greeted by the Aztecs who gave Gifts of gold and silver of incredible wealth to the Spanish as they believe that the Spaniards were emissaries of the god ketzel colad however Cortez soon revealed his true intentions to conquer the Aztec Empire and claim its wealth for Spain over several years Cortez and his forces engaged in a series of battles with the Aztecs marked

by intense violence and brutality the Spanish were aided by their Superior military technology including guns and cannons and by the support of indigenous allies who were the enemies of the Aztecs despite being vastly outnumbered Cortez and his men made significant gains against the Aztecs eventually laying Siege to their capital city of toot chidon after months of fighting the city fell to the Spanish in 1521 and the Aztec Empire was effectively destroyed then following the strategy of Cortez Francisco pizaro LED an expedition that conquered the inan empire in present day Peru though the violence was authoritarian

the biohazards were even more demanding the Europeans due to having survived illnesses such as the bubanic plague in small po developed immunity to many of these diseases that they've one way or another spread to the native people essentially over time killing them off under sulan the Magnificent leadership the Ottoman Empire became one of the most powerful and influential empires in world history sulan was a brilliant strategist and military leader and his Reign was marked by significant conquests and political achievements like many other leaders he set out to conquer the world by the end of his

Reign sulan the Magnificent presided over a vast Empire that stretched from Southeastern Europe to the deserts of Arabia and from the shores of the Mediterranean to The Plains of Persia his conquests included the capture of Belgrade and Budapest in Europe Jerusalem in Mecca in the Middle East and tabes in Baghdad in Persia the Ottomans also became the dominant Naval power in the Mediterranean with control over North African cities such as alers and Tunis creating the dominant ottoman [Music] civilization but yet All Things fall when one is in love and the murder happppy King Henry had

fallen in love with Anne boin and was desperate to marry her however Katherine of Aragon was still alive and the Catholic Church did not recognize divorce Henry's solution was to break away from the Catholic church and established the Church of England with himself as the head in 1534 Henry passed the act of Supremacy which declared that the king not the pope was the Supreme head of the Church of England leaving the Catholic Church to be angry and excommunicate Henry iith leaving a Schism between the Church of England and the Catholic Church even today Ivan the

Terrible is now the ruler of Russia in the early years of his Reign Ivan enjoyed significant success launching military campaigns against neighboring kingdoms and expanding Russia's borders he also oversaw the construction of magnificent Public Works including St Basil's Cathedral in Moscow however as Ivan Grew Older he became increasing ly paranoid and erratic he launched a series of brutal purges and executions targeting anyone he perceived as threatening his power he also had a volatile temper lashing out at advisers and Nobles who dared to question his decisions in 1560 Ivan suffered a devastating personal loss when his

beloved wife Anastasia died this event seems to have triggered a significant psychological breakdown and Ivan became increasingly unstable and violent he launched a series of bloody campaigns against his own people including the notorious oprit Nina a campaign of Terror and repression that killed thousands of Russians and destroyed countless homes and families truly deserving of the name terrible while Russia was going through that England was on the rise with the start of the English Renaissance under the leadership of Queen Elizabeth the Elizabethan playwrights dominated the scene creating written words that were poetic in language and poignant

in meeting they've even written plays about people we've already talked about William Shakespeare wrote many plays including histories Julius Caesar which was about the assassination of Julius Caesar King John which was about the 100 Years War and Henry viith was a play about showing human needs to gain power other notable playwrights who filled the scene were Christopher Marlo Ben Johnson and John Webster while on the other side of the world the English colony of Jamestown was forming in Virginia under the Virginia Trading Company slightly up north Samuel D Champlain was establishing the French colony of

Quebec in Canada while back in the old world they were having a new era of fighting the 30 Years War this time it was between the Protestants and the Catholics it began in 1618 when the Holy Roman Emperor attempted to impose Catholicism on the Protestant population of bohemia the Bohemians rebelled and soon the conflict spread throughout the region over the next 30 Years armies marched and counterterm marched across Europe leaving a trail of Destruction and Devastation the war was characterized by brutal sieges bloody battles and atrocities committed by both sides at its height the war

involved most of the major powers of Europe including France Spain Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire it was fought along religious political and economic lines with each side vying for dominance and control the war finally ended in 1648 with the signing of the Peace of West philia the treaty recognized the Dutch Republic's Independence established the individual states sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire and ended the religious conflicts that fueled the [Music] war while in China the Ming Court was plagued by corruption factionalism and economic decline the emperor at the time changen faced mounting pressure from

his advisers to strengthen the military and defend against the Manu threat however his efforts were hindered by infighting among officials and a lack of resources in 1644 the Manu Army led by Prince dorgon launched a massive invasion of China the Ming Army weakened by years of neglect and Corruption was no match for the highly disciplined and skilled Manu forces the Manu quickly conquered Beijing and installed their puppet Emperor ending the Ming d d y continuing the cycle of dynasties in China while in Spain King Charles II died without having any heirs creating a real political

crisis of who should be the leader King Louis the 14th of France supported his grandson Phillip as the rightful heir to the Spanish Throne hoping to secure French influence over Spain and its territories on the other hand Emperor Leopold I of Austria supported the candidacy of arch duuk Charles a member of the Habsburg Dynasty who was seen as a potential ally against French expansionism the conflict soon escalated into a major war with many European powers taking sides and forming alliances the principal belligerent were France and Spain against a coalition of Austria Great Britain the Dutch

Republic Portugal and several other minor Powers the war ended with the Treaty of utre in 1713 which recognized Philip as king of Spain but required him to renounce any claims to the French throne and Seed some territories to Great Britain and Austria the Treaty of rastad signed the following year officially ended the [Music] war in 1707 the acts of the Union were passed by the parliament's of of England and Scotland which United the two kingdoms into a single political entity known as Great Britain hence creating the legal foothold that is Great Britain however Scotland took

a disliking to this there were protests and uprisings in the Years following the union including the Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745 which aimed to restore the Scottish monarchy and Independence [Music] then on July 4th 1776 a group of American Patriots stood in a room in Philadelphia signing a document that would say the words we hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are life liberty and the pursuit of happiness war in the Americas was on but back

in Europe the tone was quite different Adam Smith published the famous book The Wealth of Nations the foundations of laz's fair economics which essentially says the market would balance itself out over time in Austria mozard was performing his magnumopus the hner serenade Mozart's hner serenade is a charming and elegant Work featuring courtly danced music and light lyrical Melodies its graceful Melodies subtle harmonies and elegant instrumental writing characterize [Music] it as the war continued King George III sent his armies of the masses over to America though the colonists had little military training their knowledge of the

terrain and Guerilla tactics made them nearly invisible at the same time the Red Army Coats were easy to see for the Americans in the summer of 1781 George Washington and French General roshambo marched their forces South to Virginia where they laid Siege to Corn Wallace and his army at Yorktown the British were trapped and could not Escape by land or Sea The Siege dragged on for weeks the American and French forces bombarded the British with artillery they dug trenches to inch their way closer to the British defenses the French navy def defeated the British Navy

in a crucial naval battle off the coast of Virginia cutting off corn Wallace's only Escape Route by sea on October 14th 1781 the American and French forces launched a massive assault on the British defenses the British fought valiantly but were vastly outnumbered and outgunned and they soon began to falter on October 19th corn Wallace surrendered his army to Washington effectively ending the war the victory at Yorktown was a decisive moment in the war and it marked the end of British rule in America and the beginning of a new [Music] experiment with America finally being free

from the totally tyrannical grips of Britain they had one issue how were they going to lead were they going to make General George Washington their Monarch therefore democracy was chosen however play made a good point many years ago that the common man was incapable and not wise enough to pick a better leader to lead them to success so the American founded Constitutional Convention came up with this idea of the Electoral College where the common man would vote for a particular person who would then have a say in who could be president so instead of the

president being directly voted on by the people they would vote on Elites who would then vote for the president directly the French then noticed how well the American Revolution went at the time the French were ruled by King Louis the 16th and his wife Queen Marie Antoinette as Queen Marie antoinet told the peasants let them eat cake the people of France got together they decided they wanted more say and how the country was run and they formed a group called The National Assembly and started making new laws to give them more rights one of the

most famous events of the French Revolution was the storming of the Basel this was a prison that represented the king's power and the people wanted to show that they were not afraid of him they broke into the prison and freed the prisoners which started a revolution throughout France many influential people lost their heads During the Revolution including King Louis the 16th and his wife Queen Marie Antoinette the people were tired of being ruled by a king and queen who didn't care about them and they wanted to create a new system where everyone would have a

say and the people of France voted in maximilan robes Pierre in 1789 robes Pierre was elected as a delegate to the Estates General which was convened to address France's financial crisis he quickly emerged as a leading voice in the National Assembly advocating for the ordinary people's rights and opposing the aristocracy's power as the revolution continued though robes Pierre became increasingly radical in his views advocating for the execution of King Lou V 16th and the establishment of a republic he was elected to the powerful Committee of Public Safety in 1793 tasked with protecting the Revolution and

rooting out enemies of the State under robes Pierre's leadership the committee launched a period of intense repression known as the reign of terror thousands of people were arrested tried and executed for crimes against the revolution robes Pierre became known as a ruthless and uncompromising figure however robes Pierre's power began to WAN as the people grew tired of the violence and the instability of the revolution in 1794 he was arrested and imprisoned along with his closest allies on July 28th 1794 robes Pierre was taken to the guillotine and executed the execution marked the end of the

reign of terror and democracy for now in France instead they moved to a directory a directory is a government led by a five member executive Council known as the directory which was chosen by the Council of Elders this legislative body was also part of the new government the directory was meant to serve as a moderating force balance the interests of the various factions that had emerged During the Revolution however the directory concept wasn't successful as well so General Napoleon bonapart decided to overthrow the government and begin his conquests to take over the world so off

Napoleon went to conquer much of Europe in 1805 Napoleon defeated a combined Ostro Russian army at the Battle of ostritz solidifying his position as one of Europe's most powerful leaders he then conquered much of the continent including Spain Portugal and the Netherlands in 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with a massive Army still the campaign proved disastrous and his forces were decimated by the harsh Russian winter the defeat marked the beginning of Napoleon's downfall in 1814 the European powers Allied against Napoleon and invaded France forcing him to abdicate his throne and go into Exile on the island

of Elba however he returned to France in 1815 in what became known as the 100 days and briefly regained power before being defeated by the British and Prussian armies at the Battle of watero while back in the Americas Simone bivar was on his military campaigns to free Latin American countries from the grasp of the Spanish colonial rule bivar began his military campaigns in Venezuela in 1810 where he led a successful Uprising against the Spanish Colonial authorities he then moved on to Colombia where he won a series of important victories against the Spanish including the Battle

of boaka in 1819 which secured the independence of Colombia boulevar then turned his attention to Ecuador and Peru where he won a series of decisive battles that helped secure both countries Independence he captured the city of Lima in 1824 effectively ending Spanish control of Peru Boulevard's final military campaign was in Bolivia where he led the fight for independence against the Spanish in 1825 Bolivia was named in honor of bolar who played a critical role in its liberation [Music] in 1848 two men had an idea that would spark debate worldwide Carl Marx and Frederick Engles wrote

the book called The Communist Manifesto which is a book about the idea of Communism where instead of a capitalistic system where the Nobles or boua own everything and the workers and proletariat work for slave wages instead what if the proletariat owned the the means of production and all work together as marks and Engles would write let the ruling classes tremble at a communistic revolution the proletarians would have nothing to lose but their chains and they have and they to win they would also write the need for a constantly expanding market for its products chases the

Bourgeois over the whole surface of the globe it must Nestle everywhere settle everywhere establish connections and [Music] everywhere right after the writing of the Communist Manifesto began a period in Europe known as the Scramble for Africa it All Began in the 1870s when European countries began to explore the interior of Africa looking for new territories to claim and resources to exploit at first the European powers were cautious sending explorers and missionaries into Africa to establish trade networks and alliances with local leaders however as competition increased the European powers became more aggressive in their tactics they

used military force to establish colonies and protectorates and they engaged in diplomatic maneuvering and propaganda campaigns to gain the support of local populations one of the most ruthless tactics the European powers used was dividing Africa into artificial borders and creating new ethnic and linguistic divisions this created tensions and conflicts between different African groups which the Europeans used to their advantage creating a European stronghold over the continent of Africa to increase their profits the Scramble for Africa came to an end as a result of several factors including changing International politics economic realities and Rising African nationalism

one of the key factors that contributed to the end of the Scramble for Africa was the changing balance of power in Europe by the early 20th century European powers were increasingly focused on competition with each other particularly in Europe itself and were less interested in acquiring new colonies in Africa this was due in part to the growing tensions between European powers that would eventually lead to the outbreak of World War I in 1914 because on June 28th 1914 a shot was heard around the world with the assassination of arch duuk fron Ferdinand France Ferdinand was

the heir to the throne of Austria Hungary and his assassination by a Serbian nationalist named gilo princip sparked a diplomatic crisis that quickly escalated into a global conflict in the aftermath of the assassination Austria hung declared war on Serbia triggering a complex web of alliances and treaties that Drew other countries into the conflict Germany an ally of Austria Hungary declared war on Russia and France while Great Britain which had a treaty with Belgium declared war on Germany within weeks most of Europe was embroiled in a brutal and devastating conflict in November 1918 after 4 years

of brutal fighting the Allied powers and the Central Powers agreed to an Armistice effectively bringing an end to the war and the demise of the Ottoman Empire on November 11th the Armistice went into effect and the guns fell silent across Europe World War II the peace was shortlived because a man named Adolf Hitler invaded Poland like Alexander the Great Julius Caesar Tran Atilla the Hun gangas Khan Napoleon bonapart and sulaman the great Adolf Hitler wanted to establish an empire for his nation and his people Adolf had dreams of building an empire larger than anything that

was ever created he wanted to make the Roman Empire look like nothing however for the sake of the world and especially those Hitler viewed as undesirable Vermin in April 1945 Soviet forces began a massive assault on Berlin after weeks of intense fighting the city fell on May 2nd and German forces surrendered meanwhile Allied Forces were closing in from the west and on May 7th Germany signed an unconditional surrender officially ending the war in Europe a few months later after the bombings of Nagasaki and hirosima Japan surrendered as well leaving the war to be over [Music]

from World War II on the world has faced a technological Revolution with Alan turing's invention of the computer during the war the world became Global for 50 years America and the Soviet Union were at War despite the fact that they were on two totally different continents in 1969 Neil Armstrong landed on the moon saying that's one small step for man one for man as the years on the world has become increasingly smaller computers have become more affordable cell phones change the way we communicated with one another let's go back to the story of a man

named Gilgamesh on his quest for immortality at the end of the poem Gilgamesh realizes life which you look for you will never find for when God's created man they let death be his share and life withheld in their own hands the history of human civilizations is an incomplete book constantly being updated some things will never change however humans will always die Empires will always rise and fall the masses will always clamor toward safety