Os maiores filósofos da história | Fiodor Dostoiévski

in the series the greatest philosophers in history we analyze the most fundamental ideas and visions of life of the greatest philosophers in the history of humanity in this Episode we will explore the philosophy of fodor dostoyevski as well as philosopher fiodor dosto who is more popularly known as a Russian novelist his works explore human psychology In the troubled sociopolitical atmosphere of 19th century Russia, his novels had a great impact on psychology in the study of how the human mind works, especially of people who lose their reason, who are nihilists or who go crazy or commit murder, he is considered one of the greatest psychological novelists of World literature dost toes was born in Moscow, Russia in 1821, his family was very religious and he too began to write a lot as a child. In addition to studying at home until he was sent to a private school at the age of 13, two years later his mother died of tuberculosis, Dostoyevsky 's father , an alcoholic, retired into seclusion and became even more miserable in temperament, this anger was expressed as abuse against his servants while still at school, Dosto learned that his father had been murdered, the cause of death was left open to speculation, although some imagined that it was his servants who killed him as an act of revenge, his father's death in such mysterious and sinister circumstances could not but deeply affect dostoyevski, his first seizure coincided with his father's death, this would be the first indication of his battle , throughout his life against epilepsy after finishing his studies at the engineering academy at the age of 23, his passion for literature made him renounce the career for which he had trained and dedicate himself to writing, although he had produced some translations of foreign novels. They had little success and he decided to write a novel of his own to try to raise funds he was in great financial difficulties because of his extravagant lifestyle and developing gambling addiction dost toyses began his career writing fiction about poor people in difficult situations in 1843 published his first novel poor people written in the form of letters it is about an impoverished official who is madly in love with a young girl he can never possess it shows the lives of poor people their relationship with rich people and poverty in general the novel was praised by a respected critic who named it Russia's first social novel and an important socialist work, his second work, Double, was received less warmly, his later works did not gain much popularity, this lack of success disturbed his life and work, characterized by aimlessness and confusion, publishing short stories that are mostly experiments in different forms and subjects, a few years later he joined an official literary discussion group called circle petres focused on overturning the existing social order by opposing the system Russian feudal system that kept millions of Servants imprisoned in a life of Servitude without full legal rights inevitably the members were infiltrated by the secret police and ended up arrested of the toyes who were among them he found himself imprisoned and in solitary confinement for this was the true beginning of his life inside the lighting from which his great works would emerge, he was introduced to the theme of the punishment he was suffering and also of the crime.

8 months later he was sentenced to death, he was taken to be shot by a firing squad in a public square at the last minute while the rivers were loaded and pointed, a messenger arrived waving a white flag and ordering the armed men to stop the execution everything was planned every detail was practiced in a distorted form of psychological torture he was sent to a forced labor camp in Siberia for 4 years under extremely harsh conditions followed by more than years of compulsory military service in exile, the 1860s were one of the most turbulent in Russian history and also one of major reforms with the long-awaited end of the era of serfdom after he was allowed to return to Saint Petersburg, about 10 years later he returned a different man, he wrote and published a book of Prison Memoirs entitled Notes from the House of the Dead in which he described his own experience as well as the lives of the various prisoners he encountered in Siberia and a year later in 1864 published notes from the underground considered one of the first works of existentialist literature in this work dosto yeski attempts to justify the existence of individual Freedom as a necessary part of humanity presents the story of an embittered and isolated retired civil servant known as the underground man his goal is to make that everyone around him is as unhappy as he is but he is doing something important insists on the peculiar fact of the human condition we want happiness but we have a special talent for making ourselves unhappy man is sometimes extraordinarily and passionately in love with suffering and that is a fact dosto argues against the popular view that man is a creature of reason and that society can be organized in a way that guarantees the happiness of humans he insists that humans desire freedom more than happiness but he also sees the freedom as a destructive force since there is no guarantee that humans will use it constructively the evidence of history suggests that humans seek the destruction of others and themselves suffering is part of the human condition and ideologies that seek to improve the world always contains a flaw and will not eradicate suffering but will change the things that cause pain, so life can only be a process of changing the focus of pain and there will always be something to agonize us Notes FR underground launches an attack on all ideologies of social progress that aspire to eliminate suffering by solving a problem and directing our nature to become happy in other ways dosto was a unique writer in that he often made the people who represented the antithesis of what he believed in the strongest people, most intelligent and most admirable in his books, which requires great moral courage, however, some people may be mistaken in thinking that he tolerates the actions of hideous characters , this incredible literary work was the beginning of his four masterpieces, A Crime and Punishment, the idiot, demons and the brothers karamazovi Crime and Punishment remains the best-known Russian novel as well as one of the greatest works of World literature, it is first and foremost a fascinating detective novel, but in which we know from the beginning who committed the crime, and it focuses on mental anguish and the Moral dilemmas of rascon necol an impoverished law student in St. Petersburg unable to pay for his studies he could be seen as a materialistic rationalist an oddity at that time and taken by the idea that God was dead he was convinced that the only reason why somebody acted in a moral manner was cowardice and tradition dost touch wanted to create a character who had every reason to commit a murder a philosophical practice and ethics rascon kou formulated a plan to kill an evil old woman who is a pawnbroker and has a lot of money from people with financial difficulties after listening to a conversation in which a student stated that the world would be better If she were dead and the money was given to someone who needed it more, he also believes that he can free himself from poverty and perform good deeds for society by justifying his means . rascon Nicole rationalized his Philosophy of murder by stating however things did not go as planned after the carefully planned murder he becomes confused, paranoid and disgusted by what he has done he goes into periods of Delirium in which he struggles with guilt and horror and has a series of disturbing dreams in a way along with the murder he also killed a part of himself the pride of rascon nicol Separates from society he sees himself as a kind of superior man an extraordinary person and therefore above all the Moral rules that govern the rest of the humanity and therefore cannot relate to any of the common people who must live in obedience and have no right to break the law he says so he considers himself one of them in view of the unfortunate worldly circumstances and the advancement of humanity he somehow surpasses the obstacles of murder and robbery after the murder her isolation increases the novel deeply explores the psychology of rascon Nicole two toes' inner world which seems to suggest that real imprisonment and punishment are much better than the stress and anxiety of trying to avoid the punishment is to eventually confess or go crazy dost toys which portrays rascon as a dark nihilist and with a feeling of deep emptiness in most of the novel he is a utilitarian who believes that Moral decisions should be based on the rule of greatest happiness for the greatest number of people thus justifying In his opinion murder in the view of socialist reforms in 19th century Russia the crime is a protest against the normal structure of society nothing else in other words the environment is what ruined them so if society was organized normally all crimes would disappear instantly since there would be no reason to protest and everyone would immediately become righteous however dosto strongly criticizes this notion stating that in other words we cannot be kept under a rigid social system he states vest in essence is one of the most important aspects of Crime and Punishment humanity is much more complicated than social engineers like to think another aspect of the book is accepting suffering and being redeemed by it this was dosto's message to a world that was frantically running in the opposite direction seeking abolish suffering and find happiness however since Dostoyevsky's time the world has known many problems and found little happiness the novel reflects the social upheaval and the main changes in Russian society after centuries of Serfdom poverty became a constant difficulty there was an increase violence as a result of difficult economic conditions, drunkenness, prostitution, disease and abandoned children came to typify the nature of Russian reality in the 1860s, during this time nihilism became prevalent, advocating an end to belief in religion and God and for it to be replaced by something new At that time, the German philosopher Friedr Niet famously wrote that God is dead, not a commemorative but a tragic statement, however he believed that men could do without religion and create New Values, rising to the figure of Uberm or Superman, thus man becomes God dosto who saw this new atheist movement as incredibly dangerous or sowed the seeds for rascol ncol's character with his own beliefs about Superman Nili admire dosto called him the only psychologist from whom he had something to learn o and that both nietsch and dostoyevski had surprisingly surprising themes similar Both are haunted by central questions that surround human existence especially those relating to God although dosto is a literary author who explores these themes through characters different plots nietsch 's writing style is more aphoristic [Music] dostoyevski is the idiot whose central character is Prince Mishin, a young man who returns to Russia after spending time in a Swiss sanatorium receiving treatment for epilepsy .

He is thrown headlong into the corruption of society, his open-hearted innocence and lack of social experience lead many of the people he encounters to assume he lacks intelligence and call him an idiot even though he is highly intelligent, often thinking deeply about human nature and embodying what should be the best aspects of a human being and a true Christian where Crime and Punishment takes the internal struggle of rascon nikol the idiot deals with prince michen's effect on the cold money hungry and manipulative society in which It is one of the most personal of all his works, showing the feelings and thoughts of a person before execution, reflecting Dostoyevsky's own experience, he wrote D viia a church not far away his Golden roof shining in the strong sun he remembered looking with terrible intensity at that roof and the rays of the sun shining on it he could not take his eyes off those rays of light those rays seemed to him to be his new nature and he felt that he had somehow merged with them the uncertainty and the feeling of disgust at this new thing that was about to appear in a minute was terrible but he said that the thing that was most horrible to him was the constant thought B said that this reflection ultimately filled him with so much bitterness that he prayed to be shot as soon as possible . he wrote to his doctor, overall, the novel reflects the meaning of life, death, suffering, as well as the beauty of humanity, in favor, the book, however, received some criticism because of its strange structure and chaotic organization, two toes wrote in a letter, and his third work, cousin is demons or the demons is an allegory of the potentially catastrophic consequences of the ideologies present in 10th century Russia, especially European liberalism and nihilism in contrast to what was most important to Dostoyevski, Russian Orthodoxy, the novel is sometimes very funny but slowly becomes progressively tragic and sinister, plunging into the depths of human despair with no one escaping the Darkness, transforming into a large-scale tragedy that studies the question of the social organization of the future society that will replace the current one. The main objective of the novel is to show what a spiritual void can do to human nature and how an unresolved individual existential Crisis can lead to Disaster demons can be seen as characters considered spokespeople of different ideologies that attract the Russian mind each of the ideologies carries a perspective on God they can be summarized in four different views and the first ideology is religious nationalism, which states that the objective of all movements of Nations is exclusively the search for God, and destructive nihilistic Socialism , which serves as a disguise for opportunism, faith in obstinacy to alleviate pain and fear and for one to become God Himself and the fourth is the most repulsive and empty seductive satanic personality associated with the Hallucination of Romanticism in the end they all perish the entire law of human existence consists of nothing more than man always being able to bow- if Faced with the immensely great, in other words, it portrays human existence as a sign of the immeasurable and infinite divinity, people feel emotionally attached not to Realism but to the ideal side of ideologies and the religious note contained in it, the work was so powerful that a chapter specific in ticon's house was banned and considered immoral for being unbearably realistic with dosto being forced to publish the book Without him a shocking and revealing chapter that summarizes the essence of the novel that would later be included as an appendix the brothers karamazov is the Last Romance by dostoyevski he died shortly after its publication is a philosophical novel that deeply addresses questions about God, free will and morality in disguised as a simple murder mystery addresses the fundamental question of human existence and how best to live life presents Three Brothers the impulsive and sensual Dmitri the coldly rational act Ivan and the youngest of all the novice Alyosha who has opinions Opposite to this fundamental question their father Feodor is a rich and reckless man who pursues women of the toes who didn't really know how the book would evolve when began to write a proof of his genius as a consequence the book is not so much about the plot but rather about how these brothers evolve and deal with their struggles based on their different worldviews humans are walking contradictions and the development of the character of dosto that this book is truly a masterpiece the characters are more real and human than any other and you will identify with them, sympathize with them, curse them and celebrate them can be a deeply personal experience as you may be attached to the worldview of one of these characters eventually realizing that they don't like what they see and changing their entire worldview and direction in life as a result of this experience a particularly important passage in the book is of an Imaginary encounter with the most powerful religious leader the grand inquisitor and Jesus who has returned to Earth here the rationalist and nihilist ideology that permeated Russia is defended by Ivan upon meeting his brother Alyosha he proclaims that he rejects the world that God created because it is built on a foundation of Suffering Christ reappeared among the people and was recognized he walks among them in silence with a gentle smile infinite compassion the grand inquisitor passes by and orders the guards to arrest Jesus the Guards take Him as a Prisoner and lock him up the day passes and night falls in the middle of deep Darkness the iron door of the prison suddenly opens the old grand inquisitor himself enters slowly in prison with a light in his hand stops and looks for a long time at The Face of Christ He accuses him of having inflicted on humanity the burden of free will and of being a threat to the stability of society if he remained alive he would upset everything and would have to die again all the time the Grand Inquisitor spoke Christ remained silent suddenly he approached the old man and kissed him softly that was his entire response the dazed and emotional old man says he must never go back there again and lets him out the prisoner left leaving the old man with that kiss shining in his heart and the idea remaining in his mind so he remained motionless dost toys which portrays the grand inquisitor not as a monster but as a quite admirable figure he is a guide to the crucial idea that the human beings cannot live in Purity they cannot live in accordance with the message of Christ the statue of the Russian National poet puskin was inaugurated In 1880 providing dosto the opportunity he had long sought to speak to his compatriots warning the Du dangers that lie ahead near and the disastrous consequences that would certainly ensue if they followed the Westerners with their fraudulent promises of progress and freedom he gave his speech in a colonnaded hall used by the nobility a truly Prophetic figure speaking with great strength and eloquence and leading to its tremendous climax when he proclaimed the coming of a Universal Brotherhood brought about not by socialism and revolution But by the full and perfect realization of the Christian Enlightenment he died a year later in 1881 due to complicated health problems everything that Dosto Esque warned became reality in Russia the The church collapsed, nihilism and atheism became predominant, and the ideologies of Marx and Lenin that made people believe it was possible to create a perfect society without God caused millions of deaths.

become increasingly relevant to the dilemmas and distractions that are part of the experience of living . for what he called the hellfire of doubt What makes his books worth reading now is the relentless vision of What destructive forces arise in the world when there is a vacuum of spiritual understanding the freedom to choose between good and evil he I saw it as the very essence of human existence, all our imperfections are part of the human condition and we should not torment ourselves with the dream of becoming perfect and ideal beings.