A Journey Beyond The Universe

the universe is incredibly vast naturally humans always wanted a glimpse Beyond its limits to answer the question of what is beyond our universe we must first understand what the universe is today we'll learn about the structure and size of the universe and try to take a look into the unknown we'll start our journey with the solar system where we will get a chance to Marvel at rare photographs taken by spacecraft after that we must leave our star system to see what secrets are kept by the neighboring system Alpha centuri wandering around space we'll come across

black holes that can not only consume everything in their way but also create entire new star systems we will end our journey beyond the bounds of our universe where we will encounter an identical copy of yourself [Music] welcome to space let's start with our own solar system today you'll find out what temperature it is on the sun when there's an ocean aside from Earth in which planet has golden clouds our solar system consists of the Sun a yellow dwarf and eight planets spinning around it of course there's also satellites five dwarf planets asteroids comets and

even space dust our galaxy is colossal in size and it has hundreds of billions of planets and stars but scientists have insisted for a long time that the solar system is unique many scientists speak of how atypical it is and study the peculiarities of our planetary system the sun is our Shining Star located in the middle of our system it's very unusual so scientists have been studying it for many years our star is 85% brighter than other stars and our Galaxy with temperatures on its surface reaching 5,700 de Centigrade or 10,300 de F and here's

something curious about the sun logically the temperature should rise as it gets closer to the surface but the sun doesn't follow that rule the hottest part of the sun is the core reaching around 27 million de F that's what's been racking the brains of many scientists and Prof professors thanks to this photo we can see the upper atmosphere of the Sun the Corona and on its surface you'll notice black filaments coming off the surface this is known as solar prominence it looks like filaments and clumps of plasma of various shapes which eject huge amounts of

coronal gas into the space and create space weather storms but with them too things aren't so clearcut sometimes these prominences break off from the surface of the star and can disable Earth's satellites and even kill the crew of the ISS they also cause powerful Magnetic storms that interfere with radio signals and affect people's sensitivity to weather changes but that's not what the scientists fear the most they fear that a prominence could reach a size large enough to destroy every living thing on our planet the device also took several pictures using the spice tool which captures

images using UV light and we can identify every layer of the Sun from the corona to the layer known as chromosphere as it approaches the surface in the spice image sequence The Color Purple corresponds to hydrogen gas at 5,5 500° F blue indicates carbon at 17,700 de F green is oxygen at 177,000 De F and yellow is neon at 350,000 de F according to the NASA scientist this is only a beginning this piece of equipment will be flying close to the Sun many more times approaching it from different angles it should also pass by the

unobserved polar regions which is a joy to hear and now let's talk about the the planets Mercury is the first planet in the solar system located approximately 36 million miles from the Sun it is the smallest planet in the solar system only slightly larger than the moon due to being the closest to the Sun its surface reaches 800° fah during the day to 310° F at night the first picture of mercury was captured by the automated messenger spacecraft in 2008 it was the first spacecraft to fly past Mercury and it continued until 2015 when it

ran out of fuel and crash landed on the planet's surface in a video made from thousands of images of mercury you can see Rays emanating from a northern impact they stretch over almost the entire surface of the planet in general the inner world of mercury is similar to the moons since it's covered with craters and in this last video you can enjoy the sight of a small planet passing by a huge star it's truly mesmerizing let's move on to the next planet Venus just as fascinating this is the second planet in the solar system located

at a distance of 67 million miles from the Sun Venus is often called the Earth's twin because it's similar to our planet in mass and size but that's where the similarities End by the way Venus also happens to be the closest neighbor to our planet it was the first planet to be explored by spacecraft the first time the surface was scanned was in 1962 melen then made a map of the planet's surface using radar technology but the most successful image of Venus was taken by the Soviet robotic module venira 14 it stayed on the rocky

surface of Venus for an hour and then succumb to the atmospheric pressure of the planet which is 90 times higher than the pressure on our planet in the photo we see a rocky desert yellowish clouds of sulfuric acid that maintain the heat on the planet and smell like rotten eggs this photo was taken 40 years ago but the digital processing and merging of unusual images of Venus continues to this day and the changes suggest that there are active volcanoes on Venus now we'll leave the twin planet behind and move on to Earth the planet with

life the distance between the Earth and the Sun is 93 million miles now you're seeing the most famous photograph called the Earth rise it was taken from our natural satellite the moon but we'll get back to that the photo shows the Earth Rising above the Horizon of the moon this image was taken by the crew of Apollo 8 and was originally in black and white but with the help of modern digital technology it was possible to add color to it 2 years earlier another black and white image of the Earth was taken by the robotic

spacecraft lunar orbiter 1 this video shows footage from the International Space Station recorded in 2017 this video was taken at night we can clearly see the Northern Lights moving across the sky it starts over North America and moves towards the Gulf of Mexico and the coast of Florida then we can see the nighttime beauty of the cities in Europe in the Mediterranean Sea where clouds are visible with flashes of lightning and thunderstorms as I mentioned before our planet has a satellite the moon its size is about 1/4 of the Earth's diameter which is pretty big

for a satellite light the moon's gravity affects the tides on Earth the moon's rotation around the Earth's orbit and its own axis are synchronized which is why the same side of the moon always faces the Earth in this photo you can see the captain of Apollo 16 crew John Young he's waving to us you can also see the lunar car which set the record for the fastest movement on the moon at 11 mph Mars was a god of war did you know that all of the planets in the solar system are named after ancient deities

The Only Exception is Earth Mars is 140 million miles from the Sun up until recently many believe that there's life on this planet but so far we found nothing right now the perseverance Rover is on Mars which recently sent images from the surface of the planet a closeup photo shows the Martian soil made of rock and red sand Mars is considered the most suitable planet for exploration and perhaps in the near future we may see the colonization of a new planet the weather conditions there are relatively acceptable unless of course you consider the lack of

oxygen and dust storms that can go on for months in another photo you can see the highest mountain in the solar system Mount Olympus reaching over 16 miles in height this is three times taller than Everest the highest mountain on Earth the picture was taken by Chinese spacecraft tan win one in 2021 among the images taken from orbit were the first photographs of the planet's South Pole where almost all of the planet's Water Resources were localized right now scientists are exploring Mars in full they regularly receive images from the red planet which helps them study

all the different features of the planet next in line we have Jupiter a gas giant located 485 million miles from the Sun this planet has the largest mass compared to the other planets the picture you see now was taken from Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1979 you're probably wondering what the Great Red Spot is it's a huge storm system raging on Jupiter several times larger than our own Earth you can also see another spot at the lower left and that's the Europa satellite this image confirms that there is an underground ocean on this Moon another spot

in the top right is the satellite IO this moon has so much volcanic activity that no impact craters could be found in the other photo you can see all of Jupiter's moons as well as the ring which was only a hypothesis until 2003 NASA's Galileo spacecraft confirmed the ring was formed due to a collision of meteorites with nearby satellites this image was taken in infrared range by the James web telescope it was the famous jwst that was finally able to show us this ring in total Jupiter has four main satellites IO Europa gany me and

Kalisto the first satellite IO can be classified as one of the most unusual moons of the entire solar system volcanic activity on iO is the greatest discovery of the Space Age Voyager One observed nine active volcanoes and more eruptions occurred between the visits of Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 the height of these eruptions above the surface is over 185 Mi with a velocity of 1.6 m/ second this photo shows the volcanic eruption consisting of sulfur and sulfur dioxide the second satellite of Jupiter is Europa in my opinion this is the most interesting Moon because under

the layer of ice there is likely an ocean many times larger than any ocean on earth and in theory life could have been formed there over a long period of time ganime is the largest moon in our solar system even larger than Mercury or the dwarf planet Pluto ganim me is the only Moon known to have its own magnetic field something that's usually only found on planets like Earth magnetic field causes Aurora lights or glowing bright ribbons of gas that surround the satellites poles imagery taken by NASA's Juno spacecraft on June 7th 2021 provided new

insights into ganim me surface features including craters prominent dark and light terrain and long structural features possibly related to tectonic breaks the last is Kalisto this picture was taken in the 1990s by the Galileo spacecraft it shows many craters you can also see bright white spots standing out in Darker areas this is most likely ice these pictures are truly mesmerizing and in the future we'll keep getting more and more of these images next we move on to the least studied planet Saturn it's believed to be completely composed of different gases which are compressed into metal

closer to the core the funny thing is this gas giant could float on the surface of the water because it has a very low density lower than the density of water Saturn is 9915 Million Miles Away From the Sun this image was taken in 2005 by the robot IC spacecraft Cassini Cassini was one of the most ambitious projects in the field of Planetary Exploration Cassini was a sophisticated robotic spacecraft sent to study Saturn and its very complex system of rings and moons in unprecedented detail it orbited Saturn between 2004 and 2017 and took these pictures

here's Saturn's Majestic Rings appearing only as a curved line partly Brown due to its infrared glow the best way to see the complex structure of the Rings is in the Dark Shadows they cast at the surface of the planet Saturn's northern hemisphere can appear partially blue for the same reason that Earth's Skies can appear blue the molecules in the cloudless parts of both planets atmospheres scatter blue light better than red light but we don't yet know why some of the clouds are colored gold this picture was also taken by Cassini but now it shows two

satellites of the planet teus and mimus which are visible from both sides of the Rings at the top of Saturn you can see Dark Shadows cast by wide Rings which demonstrate their exceptional complexity in the UV light the image highlights the texture of the background the clouds of Saturn unfortunately in 2017 the Cassini spacecraft was given the command to dive in to Saturn the main thing that sets Saturn apart is the Striking system of seven rings they're made up of billions of ice fragments that perfectly reflect light and therefore are clearly visible the total radius

of all the Rings is huge 45,000 mil and the thickness or height is only 1.6 miles it is believed that these rings are fragments of a former satellite destroyed by the planet's gravity Uranus is a blue planet located 1.8 billion miles from the [Music] Sun the only spacecraft that's been able to approach Uranus was Voyager 2 as I already mentioned the color of Uranus is blue or to be more precise it's blue with a hint of green the planet gets its color due to methane the core of this planet is made of ice and the

temperature at the surface isus 371 de F the wind speeds on Uranus reach 560 mph that's how Uranus got the nickname ice giant by the way Uranus is the only planet in the solar system that rotates on its side the Voyager took two pictures one more realistic to the human eye and the other using artificial colors and contrast enhancement not much is known about Uranus according to the images it has similar rings to Saturn but less bright and it's surrounded by 23 satellites completely covered in ice in the future Uranus may become the main focus

of NASA they want to send a new spacecraft to this planet to study the surface the last planet in our solar system is Neptune located 2.8 billion miles from the Sun it cannot be seen from the earth with the naked eye the camera of the Voyager 2 spacecraft captured Neptune and Triton together in the Crescent phase An Elegant photograph of the icy giant planet and its overcast moon was taken looking back just after the closest approach in 1989 also because of the angle this picture was taken at Neptune has lost its usual blue hue Neptune

is smaller than its brother Uranus but its mass is greater the second image distinctly shows light feathery clouds floating high in the planet's atmosphere most of the planet is made up of invisible hydrogen and helium this planet has the strongest winds in the solar system reaching speeds of 1240 mph so walking on this planet would not work it's also speculated that diamonds form under the cloud tops due to the hot weather conditions this is our home our solar system every day science moves forward we get new pictures we learn something new recently the first images

were taken by the new James web [Music] telescope the picture shows a few stars but most importantly it also captured many galaxies the Technologies on the James web open a new era of possibilities in the study of the universe space is a miracle that we have to study for tens of thousands of years and I hope today you got what you came for as the great Steven Hawkings said I am not sure that the human race will live another thousand years if it does not find the opportunity to escape into space there are many scenarios

of how all life on a small planet can die but I'm an optimist we'll definitely reach the [Music] Stars to start with let's get a better understanding of how far our closest neighbor is and to gauge this we can use the fastest space apparatus invented by humans Helios 2 a satellite system dedicated to Sun observation its speed is 157,000 mph which is about 0.023% of the speed of light rather impressive the resources for colonization of the new world are packed just waiting for the signal to launch we're heading to the alpha centuri system 3 2

1 don't worry there's nothing wrong with your internet connection the picture really stays the same right now we're moving faster than anything ever created by humans but on the cosmic scale we're practically standing still we'll be able to reach the nearest star system only in about 18,000 years that's the reality of things only when you realize the scale of these things can you understand how important it is to study our Cosmic surroundings if we ever stand the chance to wake up and enjoy the sunshine from a different Sun the cost are too great to do

this at random that's why Alpha centuri became one of the first star systems to be studied so closely people notice the main star or more precisely a pair of stars Alpha centuri a and Alpha centuri B both stars are sunlike yellow dwarf stars which appear as a single star to the naked eye the third brightest star in the night sky captivated the scientist's attention since prehistoric times including the summer civilization and the ancient Egyptians it's even mentioned in the words atomy but the systematic scientific study of the star system only started in 1915 when the

British astronomer Robert Enis discovered the third star in Alpha of centuri a red dwarf that was given the name Proxima centuri to this day it Remains the closest known star to the Sun the open and detailed study of our nearest star happened at the same time as the start of the golden age of Science Fiction and Space Opera which leads to a huge rise in popularity for Alpha centari it has been and continues to appear in the works of sci-fi writers artists movie directors and even music composers the proximity of another star stirred the minds

of creative people from the strugatsky brothers to James Cameron because they in the different world under a different Sun could reside and develop entirely new civilizations and so Alpha centuri forever earned its spot in people's mind as the place with the most potential of extraterrestrial life however the reality is much Grimmer as it often happens the active study of exoplanets planted a new seed of Hope discovering a signal or at least circumstantial evidence of Life on Far Away planets scientists found two planets in the habitable zone in the alpha centuri system centuri ab and centuri

BB However unfortunately after a more detailed study both planets turned out not to be habitable as we know it and so astronomically speaking these planets were temporarily shut down but everything radically changed in 2016 after years of intensive search the scientists managed to find and more importantly confirm the existence of an exoplanet in the alpha centuri system what's more this exoplanet rotates around our closest neighbor Proxima centuri as such the fine was named Proxima centari B the planet is approximately 4.22 light years away and it's incredible that it was discovered in the first place because

the planet's mass is only 1.1 times of the Earth's mass it was a very lengthy and work-intensive process to confirm this existence which was done by measuring the radial velocity of the planet as it passed across the disc of its parent star Proxima but the surprises don't in there Proxima centari B had more surprises in store for [Music] researchers in April and May of 2019 Parks observatory in Australia recorded strange radio signals over the course of 30 hours potentially coming from the Proxima centuri B at the frequency of 98 2,2 mahz how did the scientist

conclude that answering this would take us another half an hour so we'll quote the official statement the shift in the frequency of the signal matched the orbital movement approxima centu B and afterwards the signal mysteriously vanished the second attempt to established Connection in 2020 was unsuccessful and in 2021 it was calculated that the probability of a species being both present in the nearest star system and able to produce radio communication was 10 to Theus 8 which means the likelihood of this signal being artificially created was extremely low additionally since 2017 the astronomers closely watched for

any activity around Proxima centuri using radio telescope at a comma large millimeter array the Red Dwarf exhibits extraordinary activity making coronal ejections these so-called flares the brightness of one of these flares increased a thousandfold over 10 seconds occurring over 2 minutes overall unfortunately this fact signifies that Proxima centari B would be exposed to such a large dose of radiation that any life form would cease to exist considering that such flares are not uncommon for Proxima the scientists theorize that any atmosphere that may have existed existed was destroyed and dispersed into space and the last argument

against Proxima B being habitable is the fact that the planet cycle around its sun is only 5.12 Earth days sadly this means the planet is too close to the star to be hospitable to life form as we know it even a cold star classified as red dwarf radiates too much heat to sustain water in its liquid form on the surface surface of the exoplanet but the discovery surrounding Proxima don't end there using the espresso spectraph mounted on the VT the European Southern observatory's very large telescope from 2020 to 2022 the scientists studied the transit of

a mysterious very small object which is estimated to be smaller than Earth eventually a planet that came to be known as Proxima D was discovered using the method of of measuring radial velocity it's one of the most promising many Earths to be studied in the near future the radius of the planet is estimated to be8 of the Earth's radius while its mass is twice as heavy as the mass of Mars scientists have yet to determine the viability of Proxima d as a habitable planet but if the planet is uninhabitable what use is that conclusion here

on Earth you've got to look at it from a wider persp perspective taking the future into consideration this discovery shows that our nearest neighboring star system is filled with interesting new worlds accessible for further research and in-depth study and even if the recently discovered world is not suitable for living its very existence suggests there are plenty of other exoplanets beyond the current scope of what we can see what do we mean when we talk about the current scope of Discovery as of today we only have two main methods of searching for such exoplanets the most

commonly used is the transit method whereupon the telescope observes the stars for extended periods of time to detect small but regular changes in their brightness these changes signify that a planet moves along an orbit between us The Observers and the star the another more complex method is known as the Doppler spectroscopy also known as radial velocity method or the wobble method when two large celestial objects such as a star and a planet are interconnected by gravity it doesn't look like one object spinning around another like a ball on a string instead they both rotate around

a mutual Center of mass also known as a berry Center for example the Berry Center of the solar system is located just beyond the surface of the Sun it makes the sun to wobble in place which in turn affects the amount of light that reaches our planet an effect known as the Doppler shift as the star gets further from us the length of the light wave is increased and as it's moving towards the Observer the length decreases the astronomers can search for the regular Doppler shift occurrences to conclude the existence or absence of an exoplanet

these methods are fairly effective when we search for large exoplanets a large Celestial body blocks more Starlight or causes a larger wobble but discovering objects such as proximus andari B is much more difficult these numbers speak for themselves as of today only 36 planets out of 32,7 3 reged in the NASA exoplanet archive have a smaller mass than Earth we only see the Giants which are usually less habitable than the compact Min Earths so what needs to change in the near future the astronomy scientist have an assured answer James web the brand new Space Telescope

the launch of which was observed by the entire scientific Community as well as anyone who cares about astronomy it has the potential to revolutionize our understanding not only of astronomy but the way the world works works as a whole as well as detecting and studying the light from the very first galaxies one of the most important tasks faced by the telescope crew is the search for habitable exoplanets the image captured by James web should be so detailed that we'll be able to detect the presence or absence of atmosphere on proximus andari B Because if the

planet has an atmosphere its winds will redistribute the heat to the cool side of the planet as such it will be possible to measure how much heat the planet radiates in an infrared range as the planet moves along its orbit we will mostly have the view of its cool side depending on the way it's positioned if the planet has an atmosphere the heat will be distributed more evenly and there'll be less fluctuation of heat along the orbit on the other hand if the planet doesn't have an atmosphere then the heat exuded in our direction will

fluctuate dramatically as the planet Moves In other words for the first time in astronomy history we have a chance to directly observe the planets beyond the solar system this opens a whole world of opportunities we'll be able to not only detect the existence of an atmosphere but its exact components for example the presence of ozone because it would absorb some of the frequencies of infrared light waves leaving distinct gaps or lines in the Spectrum James web can record these let's say that a hypothetical alien civilization observing Earth discovers distinct ozone lines in the earth Spectrum

which would enable them to conclude we have an ozone layer and subsequently oxygen which makes life possible we could make the same conclusion furthermore James web can determine the axial tilt of a planet as well as its size relative to the size of the star all of these are very important parameters which will learn to apply in the future when the Space Telescope fully begins its mission in lrange point L2 in the summer of 2022 and in the meantime the telescope is being calibrated and prepared for the initial observation before uncovering the deepest secrets of

our universe when we talk about jwst we're talking about the imminent future of studying exoplanets but what if we look a little bit further what awaits us in a more distant but already foreseeable future travel to these new worlds of course only in sci-fi spaceships as a move through space using hyperspace engines and warp drives breakthrough star shot is an Innovative project aimed at creating spaceships with a light sail capable of reaching the alpha centuri system in 20 to 30 years by reaching the speed equal to 15 or 20% of the speed of light thanks

to super powerful lasers this initiative attracted the attention of many space Enthusiast including the founder of Facebook Mark Zuckerberg this project involves several stages the first one of which is taking the base ship to the orbit which will then get a number of smaller space equipment to orbit the second stage is the most challenging creating an entire Forest of super powerful lasers located around the world to enable the constant acceleration of the equipment due to the Earth's rotation each piece of equipment 4x4 MERS in size would be targeted by several lasers as powerful as one

terawatt hour that's quite a lot considering that the mining of all existing cryptocurrency takes 121 terawatt hours every year altogether the project Founders Yuri Milner and the late Steven Hawking plan to send a thousand items of equipment to Alpha centuri and even then the estimated cost of the project is suspiciously optimistic only 5 to 10 billion considering the creation of James web taking 10 billion the value of these projects to science is certainly comparable if not the [Music] same just imagine if we could send the probes to the stars that could become the penultimate stage

in preparation for colonizing the far away worlds this would allow Humanity to receive sufficient information about the worlds we may plan to visit in the near future it could also answer that most Essex ential question how many worlds are there and How likely is the existence of Life out there Life as we know it not to mention the more exotic options like those science fiction authors love to invent finally we want to discuss the potential non-standard life forms we might encounter on an exoplanet remember how mid video we mentioned that proximus centari is a rather

temperamental star which flares up every 10 to 30 hours showering the exoplanet Proxima B with abrasive Rays incredible amounts of radiation and other treats well these conditions are deadly to practically any life form on Earth but the hope to encounter aliens lives on theoretically life on Proxima centari B is possible even taking into account the massive burst of radiation some living beings are able to hide from the deadly UV radiation aliens or at least their single cell forms may exist under the planet's surface or deep in the water taking cover in natural hiding spaces Additionally

the process of UV absorption by proteins that's not been fully studied yet which once again in theory allows us to speculate that organisms that possess these protective proteins can convert the UV radiation into biofluorescent radiation with a different wave frequency roughly speaking we could dig down a few feet below the surface of Proxima B and discover an entire civilization of glowing biofluorescent creatures let's take Earth as an example as you come down to the bottom of the ocean you discover that some types of coral palps contain fluorescent proteins which are photoactivated when exposed to UV

radiation in the long wave a range at wave lengths of 315 to 40 nanom and in the blue regions of the spectrum at 4 20 to 700 nanom covering it into radiation with a longer wavelength if there are organisms on Proxima B that could have adapted this method of radiation conversion this planet could glow very brightly at certain wavelengths possibly even within the visible spectrum and such powerful glow would be possible to detect using the incredible Tech such as James web [Music] the possibilities presented by studying exoplanets are hard to overestimate because we're not just

nearing the answer to one of the greatest questions in history are we alone in this universe it also allows us to expand our Horizons of development and distribution of humanity Across the Universe [Music] time will tell if Proxima centari B is only the first of a trillion similar worlds or if it's an exception while we are alone in the universe it's up to us to answer these questions and our only allies in conquering space are human perseverance and curiosity [Music] it would be difficult to find a person who had a deep and serious thought about

the scale of outer space in our universe and didn't feel the utter chilling to the Bone Terror endless empty space terrifying black holes able to practically erase matter and trick trillions of strange worlds exoplanets that are so distant and mysterious that they seem unattainable today we'll tell you about six incredible exoplanets with conditions that resemble real hell just floating through space entirely isolated and some even fooling astronomers first is coret 7B first on the list is an exoplanet with a very exotic precipitation and no no umbrella will help you unless it's made from titanium meet

Coro 7B a planet where it constantly rains rocks the size of this unusual planet is just over 1.5 times the size of Earth its age is about 1.5 billion years it's relatively close by only 489 light years from us back in 2019 when Kobi was first discovered the scientist considered it the first Rocky exoplanet that resembles Earth however we class it as uninhabitable with 0% probability of life on the planet if you're ever lucky enough to watch the sunrise on this planet the sunrise would be the last thing that ever happens to you the Rays

of the Morning Star coros 7 from the monoceros or unicorn constellation will turn you into Ash as soon as the Sun appears Over the Horizon the reason sunrise on this planet is so much brighter is due to the fact coros 7B is 60 times closer to its star than we are to our sun in essence the visible size of the Coro 7 Star is 360 times larger than the way we see the sun the temperature on the sunny side of the planet can reach 4,7 700° F or 2,600 de Centigrade which makes the surface hot

enough to melt and vaporized rocks next something incredible happens hot vaporized Rock Rises to the upper atmosphere where condensation happens turning the vapors into fine gravel during the colder front passing which leads to the small rock fragments falling to the ground better known as the literal Rock rain looking deeper into it some theoretical models suggest you can come across the entire ocean of lava on this planet the situation is made even more dire due to the fact the planet is locked in in this position with the fire and sulfur side always facing the host star

at the same time the other side of the planet is very cold with surface temperatures reaching as low as 390° f or2 135° Centigrade astronomers think that Coro 7B formed initially as a gas giant which was 100 times larger than Earth but as it moved closer to its star the gas membrane was Getting Thinner under the influence of the sun wind until all that was left was the rocky core such is the unenviable past of Coro 7B and the no less terrifying present we hope the rough conditions of that world didn't put you off because

we're moving on to the next planet although the next horrifying world doesn't have the same Inferno like conditions it certainly fits into the category of places you never want to go near because trying to get to j1407b you would come across an endless belt of rock and Ice it's tempting to compare this massive gas giant to our Saturn because it's surrounded by gigantic Rings except they're two 200 times wider than the ones around Saturn Saturn only has three main rings j1407b has 30 Rings spanning across over 110 million miles now let that sink in that's

20% more than the distance from Earth to the sun which is 93 million miles which is 1.2 astronomical units for comparison the radius of Saturn's largest ring is only about 3 300,000 mies rings of this scale only form thanks to mass destruction of a planet's satellites so what might have happen it's likely that the mass of j1407b is between 10 and 40 times the mass of Jupiter that's a huge Celestial body the gravity of which just ripped the satellites apart there's another theory that j1407b is not a gas giant but an actual protostar that was

never able to become a brown dwarf currently there's no consensus in the scientific Community as to how to properly classify such objects another argument towards the theory that j1407b is an incomplete star is the fact that the object moves along its orbit around the host Star as opposed to around the mutual center of gravity like happens with a dual star system what's amazing is that these huge rings have a mass of only 7.34 by 10 to the 21 tons why only this impressive number is comparable to Earth's mass 5.9x 10 21 in the history of

j1407b could have been many amazing and frightening events and one of them could have been a collision with a satellite with the mass somewhere between Earth and Mars the trace of this encounter a large gap in the rings of j1407b speaking of which thanks to these gaps the scientist managed to discover this planet using the transit observation method the scientist managed to find out not only the size but also the position of the Rings around the planet take a look at the visualization of the Saturn rings a truly magnificent sight we can only imagine what

kind of view we can have if we were on j1407b or one of its satellites but this view would definitely cost us a jaw because ours would be dropped now we're heading closer to home about 80 light years from the Sun is an object that can be rightfully crowned as one of the loneliest in the universe the interesting thing about the planet with a complex name PSO j318 point5 d22 is that it doesn't revolve around a star psoj 318 belongs to the special classification of planets called rogue planets sometimes called orphans or Nomads these planets

are ejected from their planetary system and now they just wander through endless emptiness of space paradoxically the absence of a bright star only played into the hands of astronomers they can directly observe the light of psoj 318 without it being overshadowed by the host star since the surveillance is performed using the PS1 panoramic survey telescope pan Stars the excess light really hinders observation from Earth it allowed to take hundreds of infrared photographs which reveal that the planet's eight times larger than our Jupiter and much brighter too the shifts in its brightness showed that the planet

does a complete turn every 5 hours and has several layers of thick and thin clouds with a temperature around, 1470 de F surveillance performed by a group of astronomers using new technology telescope at the European Southern observatory in chil allowed them to create one of the first somewhat accurate weather forecasts for a Celestial body beyond the solar system and now a quick weather report we're expecting a cloudy but very warm day with dust storm several times the speed of sound and possible precipitation in the form of molten iron rain the estimated age of the planet

it's around 12 million years old scientists don't know exactly how such planets are formed but they theorize that such objects were either unsuccessful Stars gas giants several times as large as Jupiter or planets ejected from Young planetary systems after encountering another planet and under the influence of its gravitational field after being cut off from the gravitational influence they don't return to their original system doomed to drift through space until they're pulled into the gravitational field of another star system as a result there's an issue with classification of psoj 318 and similar planets because many scientists

tend to refer to such objects as sub Brown dwarfs hinting at their temporary State not yet a star but not quite a planet a gas giant either at least as we know it although the scientists have records of quite a few rogue planets this is only the beginning of their research we're likely to be amazed by the news of the properties of these incredible Interstellar objects in the future we're moving on to witness the slow Mero round of death a place where we'll find wasp 12b a planet labeled by scientists as doomed being on its

surface is impossible for a number of reasons with the most significant one being that the planet's literally torn apart by its host star piece by piece sending it out out into the outer space according to its characteristics wasp 12b is a gas giant with a radius about twice the size of Jupiter's however unlike Jupiter that performs one full revolution around the Sun in 12 Earth years wasp 12b fully revolves around its host star in one day such speeds create unbelievable tidal forces on the surface of the planet causing it to distort if the scientist calculations

are accurate wasp 12b is shaped more like an egg than a sphere astronomers estimate that the planet won't be able to withstand such torture much longer a maximum of 10 million years after which the planet will completely fall apart forming a gas and dust cloud that will be gradually consumed by the star furthermore the planet speeds up as it exchanges matter with its star until this moment the scientists thought this type of exchange was only possible between Stars the case of wasp 12b is the first confirmed case of this phenomenon happening to an exoplanet this

gravitational dance really heats up the planet making it reach temperatures up to 4,1 100° F making any possibility of Life on its surface obsolete but 5 years after the planet was discovered the Hubble telescope managed to use the spectroscopy method to detect the signs of a water stream an incredible Discovery considering the conditions on this planet the other shocking Discovery is that the hard surface of this planet if it indeed exist can be made of graphite and diamonds the reason for that the high concentration and density of carbon in the composition of the planet some

media Outlets even nicknam was 12b the Diamond Planet but for now scientists are more inclined to think the the vast majority of the carbon is contained in the planet's atmosphere in the form of carbon monoxide and methane additionally in 2012 research established that the planet may have a satellite wasp 12 B1 its radius estimated to be 6.4 times the size of Earth's radius which is only three times smaller than the radius of the planet itself what kind of conditions are on the surface of the satellite we can only guess probably not much better than its

torn apart neighbor and the next planet is surrounded by real mystery we're talking about formal hot be formerly known as Deon a distant world that didn't exist are you intrigued yet well let's dig in let's go back to 2004 the Hubble telescope discovered a gigantic cold debris disc of gas and dust immediately the theories about the object started circulating including the estimation of the planet's size which could be three times as large as Jupiter furthermore the scientist still hadn't managed to get a look at the huge Planet which was supposed to rotate around fomalont one

of the brightest stars in the night sky located relatively nearby at 25 light years away with a radius twice as large as the sun research showed that Dagon was behaving in a very strange manner the speed of the object kept increasing as time went by four years later in 2008 the news that an image of Deon was captured causing a real sensation in the scientific Community it was proven that the planet is much smaller than estimated previously with a mass somewhere between Earth and Mars the dim glow of Deon in the infrared range and its

inability to affect the debris ring of the fomal Hut Star indicated a low mass additionally the brightness of the object decreased while it size got bigger and its orbital movement did not correspond to the predicted data scientists have reached an impass astronomy has not yet encountered anything like this in 2014 Deon decided to finish the scientist off and just disappeared although in previous years the object was consistently registered starting in 2008 the planet started increasing in size and becoming more dim until it was completely gone all of these events went against everything the scientists knew

about exoplanets the researchers had to practically review the data again to come to a new radical conclusion that the planet deeon never existed the new theory proposed by the scientist suggests that the object originally interpreted as an exoplanet was a slowly dissipating dust cloud that formed as a result of a massive collision between two asteroids or Planet fetuses this discovery is even more amazing because a collision between two small celestial bodies is incredibly rare the Collision must have happened back in 2004 when the Hubble telescope was surveying the area around fomal how coincidence number one

as time went by the dust be to spread which explains the increase of the object's size and the lowering brightness coincidence number two and the Dust Cloud that formed in the Collision explained The Eccentric orbit coincidence number three and so a string of incredible coincidences confused the astronomers and created a beautiful legend about a strange and unpredictable planet deeon that does not look like a planet or move like a planet does not revolve around a h star on an elliptic orbit like a planet and instead moves along a runaway trajectory that eventually takes it far

away from the star although fahat B lost its exoplanet status it's no reason to be discouraged there are thousands of known and confirmed EXO worlds waiting for us which are definitely going to surprise us with their terrifying yet incredible characteristics and how about a journey to a planet that witnessed the first steps of our universe The Incredible World of capan B is only 13 light years away from us but its age is estimated at 11.5 billion years which is about 2 and 1/2 times older than our Earth in only 2 billion years younger than the

universe but we're not just impressed by the age of this rock hurling through space but also all the things that may have happened on the surface of the planet throughout its existence the thing is this planet's host star Captain is classed as a red subdwarf and therefore it has an anomalous luminos Spectrum due to its age the star radiates almost 250 times less light than our star and has a mass a quarter of the Sun's mass as such the scientists claim that the planet is within the habitable zone in relation to its star even though

it's very close only1 168 astronomical units which is even closer than the distance between the Sun and Mercury now theoretically the temperature on its surface allows the water to retain its liquid form by some estimation the temperature varies between - 58° F or -50 Centigrade on the dark side and 50° fahren or 10° Centigrade on the starf facing side all of these parameters affect the ESI index also known as the Earth similarity index as of the release of this video the ESI for cap and B is 67 similar to planet's koi4 5-1 and Kepler 62f

one of the main potential candidates for discovering extraterrestrial life forms of course the age itself is not enough reason for life forms to appear but it's significantly increases the chances of it being habitable the conception of life is a very long and complex process and if 4.5 billion years was enough for life to develop to the point where you're watching this video right at this moment then 11.5 billion years on Capon B might have been at least enough for microorganisms to develop perhaps for many years there had been ancient life forms watching us closely what

do we know about black holes it's a very dangerous object an area of space time with a gravity ational pull so high that it absorbs everything in its vicinity including light for a long time black holes have had a reputation of a space monster that consumes everything around it and it can even destroy information but how accurate are these accusations what if we tell you that black holes can do more than destroy entire star systems they can create them too let's take a closer look at their theories for starters let's talk about the terminology are

these objects actually holes and are they actually black if you ask scientists from different scientific backgrounds the question about the nature of black holes they answers may be similar but the approach would be different for a physicist an astronomer a mathematician for example that's because within a black hole the laws of physics as we know them doesn't function the same way and according to Einstein gravitation within this object warps space so much that it forms a tear so how does a black hole form can it form in place of any Star scientists are still debating

about the mechanisms behind the appearance of black holes but the most popular theory is the gravitational collapse which suggests that the hole can only form from Stars the mass of which is between 2.5 to 5.6 times larger than the Sun's mass and yet once the black hole is formed it will only be a few dozen miles in diameter incidentally if the sun ever became a black hole its radius would only be 1.9 Mi whereas the original radius is around 432,000 Mi what is the significance of these numbers what determines the compression limit at the point

a star becomes a black hole it's called the swore Shield radius named after astronomer Carl swor Shield who was the first one to discover this pattern the thing is any object in the universe can be turned into a black hole if it's compressed down to a certain radius and the sun would have to be compressed to 1.9 mil in radius for Earth that figure is 0.35 in just a little larger than a grain of rice or a ball in a ballpoint pin you can use this formula and have fun calculating how much you'd need to

compress the objects around you to make them into black holes there are two main ways to interpret the way black holes form one that is consistent with the general relativity Theory and one consistent with quantum mechanics according to the general relativity Theory the entire surface of a black hole is a spherical boundary preventing light and matter from escaping this is known as The Event Horizon the point when the gravitational forces within the black hole begin to devour everything around it it's a point of no return if you cross the Event Horizon you can no longer

Escape if we somehow managed to get inside a black hole we would discover that SpaceTime is more warped the closer you are to the center and at the very center it would be infinitely warped the scientists refer to that spot as the gravitational singularity here the concepts of space and time no longer have meaning and all known laws of physics no longer apply of course a black hole doesn't actually have a surface as such and a vent Horizon is just a boundary where the black hole starts Tech teally you can't even call a black hole

an object in a geometrical sense because it doesn't have a permanent shape or Surface you cannot feel or touch the Event Horizon the easiest analogy is this imagine being in a completely dark room you stumble upon a door leading to an exactly the same room in this case the door is a real object in a specific location it would be a different matter entirely if walking around in a dark room you stumbled into a black hole you would simply not notice the transition there's no solid physical boundary in front of a black hole a black

hole is a place where the mass has warped SpaceTime and as a result no object can leave it once it crosses the boundary everything that entered the black hole will forever remain beyond the The Horizon this is one of the fundamental questions occupying the minds of astronomers around the world what's inside what would an observer experience inside the black hole and what would that look like to the outside observers in the moment when you cross the Event Horizon the reality would split into two parts and one one you'd instantly evaporate from reality in the other

you'd be frozen in place safe and sound before gradually disappearing forever as we already mentioned crossing the Event Horizon would happen completely unbeknownst to you think back to the dark room analogy and what's amazing is that as you move closer and closer towards the gravitational singularity you won't experience any turbulence any pull or pressure you'll simply be in a state of Freefall and if we're talking about your subjective perception there will not be a horizon for you we must say that this Theory only applies to large scale black holes millions of times larger than the

sun whereas in case of smaller black holes you would experience a deathly discomfort the gravitation would affect your body disproportionately and you'd be stretched out like a strand of spaghetti and by the way that's the official scientific term for this process spaghettification but for the purpose of this experiment let's imagine we found ourselves inside a fairly large black hole we are doomed but at the very least we won't die instantly making a relatively steady descend towards the singularity instead and so your calmly flying through the infinitely warped space headed for the gravitational singularity while the

outside observers claim that you have vanished next to the black hole who's right in this case according to physics both additionally according to Steven Hawkings Theory you can slowly vanish within the black hole and be essentially erased from the universe which leads to a serious paradox in accordance with the laws of quantum physics from the point of view of the Observer you cannot cross the Event Horizon you must stay outside of the black hole one of the fundamental laws of physics says that information cannot be destroyed when you are inside the black hole the physical

you the atoms your body is composed of cease to exist from the observer's point of view this would go against the law of physics Steven Hawking determined that aside from everything else black holes also evaporate on the border of the Event Horizon so-called virtual particles are formed although the probability is low one particle can be devoured by the black hole while another remains outside of it turning into radiation Hawking radiation this way a black hole can very slowly lose its mass it would take 10 to the power of 100 years for a super massive black

hole which is formed through the merging of several black holes to evaporate and in theory any object that enters a black hole stops existing as we know it all of its matter turns into heat which goes against the principle of indestructible information that's something known as the black hole information Paradox for fortunately the scientists succeeded in getting closer to unraveling this Paradox but not without some caveats according to research by students from the University of Ohio black holes are actually gigantic fuzzy balls or as they are literally christened in the study fuzzbones contemporary Theory suggests

that a non-spinning non-charged black hole is characterized by a single indicator its mass if an object enters the black hole all of its characteristics and state at the time of the event will make no difference all that will change as a result of this absorption is a mass increase there is an expression to describe this aspect black holes have no hair what it's trying to say is that all non-spinning and non-charging black holes of the same mass are indistinguishable from one another even if the information about the object is stored inside the black hole it

has no influence on its radiation but String Theory physicists found an elegant solution for this Paradox according to this Theory all matter surrounding us is made up from thin vibrating Quantum strings and to understand the way they work we should imagine the strings of musical instruments normal strings can vibrate Bend fold the same thing can happen to these Quantum strings and so according to theoretical physicist black hole may look like a fuzzball created entirely from Quantum strings vibrating in accordance with their special Quantum laws in this case we can imagine a black hole not as

a Place full of densely packed particles but as a yarn ball of Quantum strings in this Theory there's no Singularity or even an inside of the whole SpaceTime simply doesn't exist Beyond The Event Horizon consequently you as the object couldn't enter the black hole your fall would change the vibrations of the fuzz ball which would affect the radiation emitted by the black hole as a result the information is not destroyed the the fuzzball theory helped to resolve another Paradox pertaining to the physics of black holes we already mentioned Hawking radiation but we didn't specify that

the mechanism of this hypothetical radiation emanating from the black hole is linked to creating virtual particles in a vacuum generally these particles can be observed in the same way we see light radiated by the Sun and other high temperature bodies the difference between Hawking radiation and electromagnetic radiation from celestial bodies such as stars is that in the case of the latter photons are generated from interacting Elementary particles as opposed to from nothing photons emitted throughout the lifespan of a black hole will have an entropy too great for the process to correspond to the general principles

of quantum mechanics in a nutshell entropy is a measure of how evenly the energy is distributed within the the universe the principles of quantum mechanics require for the photon entropy to be lower than the entropy of the black hole to resolve this Paradox scientists considered a phenomenon known as The Wormhole Paradigm to properly calculate entropy you must account for the photons leaving the gravitational field of the black hole as well as the particles that enter the black hole if we view a black hole as a classic general relativity object with an event horizon and a

singularity the equations have inconsistencies however if black holes are viewed as the string theory fuzzballs that problem is solved and very recently in January 2022 old man Hubble delivered another surprise related to black holes turns out the radiation we discussed can directly influence the process of forming Stars lighting up the stars in a far away region of space as if in confirmation of the fuzzball theory while observing the farway Galaxy hindes 2 to10 Hubble discovered a flow of radiation moving towards a dense gas cocoon from somewhere around the center of the Galaxy presumably where a

black hole must be spectroscopy showed that the radiation moved at the speed of around 1 million mph crashing into the dense gas formation and changing its density this is opposite to the effect observed in larger galaxies there matter approaching a black hole is swept up by the surrounding magnetic fields creating flaming burst of plasma these Jets move at a speed close to the speed of light any gas clouds that get in the way of these Jets emitted by a black hole would be too hot limiting their ability to cool down and form a star the

matter will simply be unable to condense into a star with the less massive black hole at the center of hindes 2 to 10 and the softer radiation it emits gas was compressed just enough to start the process of forming a star hindes 2 to10 is only 30 million light years away close enough for the Hubble telescope to record images and spectroscopic evidence of black hole radiation scientists expect that in the future even more research will be dedicated to studying black holes in such dwarf galaxies this could become a key to uncovering a mystery of the

origins of super massive black holes in the early Universe the main clue may have something to do with the mass of a galaxy and a black hole at its Center this type of research once again brings up the undeservedly tarnished reputation of black holes turns out as well as consuming that can also create and this is yet another reason to take a fresh look at black holes not as some scary monsters hiding in the depths of space But as incredible unique objects that turn our understanding of space upside down Multiverse theory is no longer just

a part of a good Sci-Fi story there are now some scientific theories that support the idea of a parallel universe beyond our own however the Multiverse Theory remains one of the most controversial theories in science today we'll find out where the edge of our universe lies if the Multiverse really exist or if it's just a philosophical concept let's take a closer look let's start from the beginning no the very beginning yes here right here where at some point our universe was born so where is here the question is irrelevant because space as we know it

does not yet exist all matter all that exist time and space absolutely everything that has ever existed and still exists was here in one spot this spot is what we call the singularity and then the singularity rapidly grew much larger the big bang had occurred stop let's take a look at the time by the way yes it already exists and so 10 Theus 43 perfect we are in the plank epoch here we'll draw the line of before and after we have absolutely no idea about the events phenomena and laws of nature before this moment The

Singularity Remains the most mysterious and unexplained state of the universe for us all of our theories and formulas stop working Steven Hawking explained it as the results of our observations confirm the hypothesis that the universe occurred at a particular moment in time however the actual moment of creation Singularity does not obey any of the known laws of physics The Singularity appears to be a paradox in theory it should have infinite density and temperature which is impossible in practice because with infinite density the entropy is approaching zero which is not consistent with infinite temperature there there

are many paradoxes like this one let's get back to the plank Epoch why is it called this it took place during the plank time the minimum measurable or detectable time span in our universe from time 0 to 10 to the minus 43 seconds in this Epoch the fundamental forces of physics electromagnetic weak and strong interactions were combined kind of like a unified Super Force a super interaction between matter due to extreme conditions this system was unstable and the unity of force and matter came to an end the process we call matter asymmetry or Barian asymmetry

practically created the physical conditions constants and particles that we observe to this day from our perspective this fact is unusual to Modern physicists because neither the standard model of particle physics nor the theory of general relativity provides a known explanation for why this should be so what's strange is that physicists predict the Big Bang should have produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter but in fact we practically do not see antimatter anywhere what occurred was the definitive divide into matter and antimatter matter became the dominant form of substance in the universe the disruption of symmetry

led to the second stage of creation the so-called Grand unification Epoch at that time gravitation finally becomes a separate Force the three others are still unified as the electr strong force the universe became relatively less homogeneous there is a shift in its density the second stage the grand unification Epoch ends as quickly as it started around 10 to Theus 36 from the moment of the universe's creation next the combin of various factors led to Rapid expansion of the universe in an instant a spot the size of a subatomic particle expanded to the size of an

orange and another moment later to the size of a Galaxy it continued to grow exponentially during the rapid expansion of the universe some points in the universe were moving apart faster than the speed of light this is an apparent contradiction because to energe is not per Ed to propagate through space faster than the speed of light from the perspective of any other observer in the universe however according to scientists this contradiction is resolved because while the distance between objects is increasing faster than the speed of light the objects are not moving through space faster than

the speed of light it is in fact that more new space is being created in between them from now on we will forego a few more epochs of the universe's creation to get back to the main topic of this video Let's just establish the fact that our universe has a volume it's homogeneous and relatively cold the matter that prevails here is familiar to us and this is practically the universe in which you and I live except there are no stars and planets yet but what shape is it in order to understand how the Multiverse works

you need to understand the shape of our universe it all depends on how dense the universe is the shape of our universe depends on the numerical value of the density parameter Omega which is a term appearing in the equations used to model a homogeneous isotropic Universe if the density parameter of our universe is greater than one Omega greater than one the universe is curved like a sphere if the density parameter is 1 Omega equals 1 our universe would be flat the third possibility is that our universe has a hyperbolic curvature like a saddle which is

the case if the density parameter is less than one Omega less than one why is this important the density parameter can show us how the universe will end for example whether it will continue to expand infinitely or will it collapse on it itself whether it will be finite or not and how do we determine the value of Omega for example by measuring the density of the universe and the rate of its expansion using the analysis of the cosmic microwave background Cosmic microwave background cmbr is radiation visible in all directions which is left over from the

high temperatures in the early Universe the analysis registers temperature fluctuations of The Relic Afterglow of the big bang you have probably seen this image more than once after the big bang There were minor fluctuations in the local temperature Across the Universe and these fluctuations are still visible in the cmbr and can be measured to a high degree of accuracy the presence of this anisotropy in the cmbr both confirms the Big Bang model and allows us to calculate the value of constant such as the density parameter the result is our universe is flat Omega equals 1

the universe is flat because it expands without a positive or negative curvature of course this question is still a source of many debates in the scientific Community to allow us to examine the concept of the Multiverse let's accept the flatness of the universe as fact all cont temporary Electronics from computers smartphones to robots and space shuttles would be impossible without the solutions of corresponding quantum equations which could have not one but two three a thousand or a million answers there are multiple Solutions but in an experiment scientist always only observe one until the result is

observed all solutions are realized and the particle is in all of its possible Quantum States simultaneously the scientists refer to this as Quantum superposition in 1926 Irwin schinger came up with a short equation that defined every Quantum State and elementary particle could be in the equation worked with one tiny Clause Schrodinger's equation doesn't have a single concrete solution as soon as the result is observed there is a single solution the rest of the possible solutions cease to exist their Quantum States collapse the life of the cat depends on the quantum state of a particle if

it collapses the cat dies if not the cat gets to live it exists in superposition of these Quantum States Swedish American cosmologist Max tegar took the Schrodinger's experiments even further and put forward this unusual idea what if we can only observe one result of the experiment because the other results are manifested in alternative universes so how many alternative universes are there theoretically an infinite number in every Universe there's an observer recording a certain result of an experiment different to the one observed by a physicist in our universe and if that wasn't enough tegar pushed the

concept of the Multiverse even further splitting it into levels the first level of the Multiverse universes exist in a single infinite time space which means all of them have the same laws of physics and constants they are so to say closest to us but due to the constant expansion after the big bang they keep moving further away so quickly they have no influence on the processes Happening Here at this level we could discover our doppelgangers practically identical to us there's no way to fact check this the other universes exist beyond our comprehension we just cannot

measure the status of the system while existing within it and for this exact reason tegmark's Theory remained an extravagant fantasy as opposed to being considered a serious scientific thought that was before traces of the Multiverse appeared in the formulas of cosmic inflation after the big bang second level of the Multiverse the second level is much more intriguing as it unites a multitude of universes appearing as a result of chaotic inflation the result of which are multiple Big Bangs in other words these are worlds with a different starting point to ours the fundamental laws of nature

in these worlds are the same as in ours but the constants and Elementary particles are different subsequently the worlds have much more variety infinite variety there's an infinite number of variations because each of these universes had its own evolutionary development in terms of chemical compounds and physics just imagine in these worlds there are possibilities of stars that never shown atoms that break down as soon as they form or the opposite Mass taking form we can't even Envision third level of the Multiverse this is akin to the multitude of all Quantum States in which the universes

from the first and second level can exist all mathematically possible event variations these universes May reflect alternative outcomes of the past and even future events to simplify according to Tark the third level of the Multiverse is the space of superposition furthermore if we take a more philosophical approach we can say this is a certain boundary after which our fantasy cannot function any further the third level of the Multiverse contains absolutely everything any Theory concept fantasy State and parameters of a substance types of substance all kinds of constants and law of physics everything that shapes reality

oh but we're not finished yet we're about to dive into the most insane part of this Theory and before we can even approach the fourth level we must have a small theoretical preface think about it even in this endless variety of universes on all levels with the difference in elementary particles laws of nature and Quantum States there is something that unites these worlds Something That Remains the Same from one Universe to the next we'll give you a few seconds and try to answer yourself math every single variation of the universe without exception can be defined

with maths and Tark tried to explain why imagine an apple describe it it's round red hard great now let's take a closer look at this Apple at the molecular or even Quantum level here these qualities disappear an atom is not round red or hard atoms have no color and the concept of temperature is not applicable to a single atom so what qualities does an atom possess Quark for example Spin and impulse but in their Essence both of these parameters are pure abstract mathematics immaterial Essence in reality just numbers if we are to believe the string

theory Elementary particles are just vibrations of some strings and these strings don't even have mass their mass is created in the process of the string vibration in so-called higs Fields the string is not strictly speak speaking a physical object it's purely mathematical a number as a result tegmark came to a shocking but fundamental conclusion on the most fundamental level physics does not exist only maths everything that surrounds is essentially nothing but abstract mathematical Concepts the math does not define nature math is nature fourth level of the Multiverse the fourth level of the Multiverse are realities

with different mathematical structures that are entirely different from ours and when we say entirely we do mean entirely in a way the question of what do they look like or how do they differ is absurd if not pointless it's a different reality in which math is different if it even exist and if the things that happen in that reality can even be described in any terms relative to maths but don't forget this is just a theory a theory that is paradoxical infinitely complicated and confusing and therefore attractive but still a theory with his iCal idea

techark aroused the brightest minds of this world but he also gained a bunch of opponents to his theory we are glad that there are radical thinkers like teg Mark striving to answer the philosophical questions that have tormented humankind over the ages what is time in a world of mathematics is an abstract concept the subjective nature of which is born exclusively within our Consciousness and what is Consciousness it's an infrastructure in our brain which can be clearly defined by physics and therefore mathematics which leads to the conclusion it is yet another abstract mathematical concept and so

on and so forth if tag Mark was wrong and the fourth level of the Multiverse does not exist then one day the scientists will come across an impenetrable obstacle they will find something that cannot be mathematically defined and then then the science will truly finish lose its meaning but if techark is right the science will never finish what do we think let's express our opinion in the superp position and we really hope that you're watching this video in the version of the universe where you've received a satisfying answer to your questions thanks for watching [Music]