Our culture is sick. Here's why.

this video is brought to you by Squarespace the all-in-one website building platform what I am now going to relate is the history of the next two centuries I shall describe what will happen what must necessarily happen the Triumph of nihilism hopefully by now most people are aware that n was not a nihilist in fact he was heavily opposed to nihilism and he saw its Advent as a great catastrophe that would befall Europe and indeed the whole world the misunderstanding probably arose from the fact that n wrote a great deal about nihilism and more specifically about

how nihilism seems to find its way into every domain of culture it does so via something nicho called the aesthetic ideal the aesthetic ideal is one of those elusive Concepts that escape a quick definition it's the form of nihilism without a determinate content the content is determined by its surroundings like a chameleon it takes the color of whatever is around it what does that mean nche explores the aesthetic ideal in the third essay of his Masterpiece the genealogy of morals and the entire essay the whole third part of the book is dedicated to the singular

question what is the meaning of aesthetic ideals by way of arriving at an answer n explores the Myriad ways the aesthetic ideal takes shape in different domains of human culture art religion philosophy and Science in this video we will follow in's footsteps and discuss how the aesthetic ideal in other words how nihilism infects everything from religion to Art to science to philosophy so strap in pour yourself some coffee black of course and join us for a nan Odyssey true European culture vagian art Christian religion shopen harrian philosophy and finally self denying modern science first stop

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knowledge either as it's easy and intuitive to get started using their fluid engine just drag and drop they also offer a huge library of extensions so you can customize your website even further down to your precise needs check out squarespace.com for a free trial and when you're ready to launch go to squarespace.com vist to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain thanks again to Squarespace for sponsoring this video when n traces the aesthetic ideal throughout these different domains of art religion science and philosophy he does so through attacking representatives of that

domain by attacking the part he attacks the whole he looks for types individuals who contain within them the essence of that entire domain in the domain of philosophy for example he takes schopenhauer as the archetype of the entire field of its Essence and its completion and when n discusses art specifically of course art in the 19th century he talks about Vagner as the most perfect representative of what art essentially is what it means and what it tries to accomplish it's easy enough to see why not only was n intimately familiar with Wagner's art he knew

the men personally they were friends but above all Vagner was considered the Superstar artist of his time of unrivaled influence and scope for better or worse Wagner's influence on music and stagecraft and by extension drama in general is unmistakable and long-lasting and this influence was already apparent in Wagner's own time in theing N went so far as to anticipate a Revival of German art and the German Spirit Awakening the degenerate German culture from their long slumber an Embrace of life and sensuality in the manner of the Greeks a Revival of the great Greek Theater festivals

of dionisis in other words Wagner's art would spark a revolution but then Vagner made his final Opera his Swan Song and his crowning artistic achievement the infamous parcifal with a plot that deals with themes opposite of the Ring gone is the rebellious Spirit the Embrace of sensuality the Resurgence of virility and a warrior ethos in parsifal the gods are not overthrown as they are in the ring in parcifal god reigns Supreme parcifal is ruined by sensuality and only attains Redemption when he becomes chased again even worse the entire plot of the Opera is set in

motion because a formerly chased King is seduced by an evil seductress fem fatal the message in parsifal is clear Chastity is good Chastity has Redemptive power Chas can save us we will release a full analysis of paral in due time for the purposes of this video however the important thing to keep in mind is that Vagner seems to celebrate Chastity in paral which is a radical departure from his earlier works the ring even celebrates the incestuous relationship between a brother and a sister scandalizing polite Society at the time and Tristan un old the Opera right

before paral although the work is a complex one also Champions the Redemptive power of erotic love these thems are turned upside down in parcifal where everything bad that happens is the result of erotic desire and everything good that happens is the result of Chastity for n this incitement to Chastity is an attack on nature an attack on life itself it is the aesthetic ideal communicated true artistic language the degeneracy of nihilism puts to Stage for parcifal is a work of per of vindictiveness of a secret attempt to poison the presuppositions of Life a bad work

the preaching of Chastity remains an incitement to anti- Nature I despise everyone who does not experience parcifal as an attempted assassination of basic ethics the plot of parcifal centers on the magical castle mon Salva where the Knights of the Grail live in seclusion and protect the Holy Grail The Chalice from which Jesus Christ drank during the last supper and which collected his blood after his crucifixion but the catch is that the castle only shows itself to people with a pure Spirit at the start of the Opera paral a young boy who grew up in the

wild after his mother died an early death discovers the Castle Almost by accident the castle is visible to him because his spirit is pure because he has never known the touch of a woman remember he's spent his entire life in the forest divorced from civilization and human contact but in the second act of the Opera parcifal is seduced by the evil witch gri eventually she kisses him and with this kiss suddenly within him the sexual impulse awakens in the stage directions Vagner writes down how parcifal reacts to the kiss parcifal suddenly starts up with a

gesture of the utmost Terror his demeanor expresses some fearful change he presses his hands hard against his heart as if to master an agonizing pain and paral exclaims here here in my heart is the flame the longing the terrible longing which seizes and grips all my senses oh torment of love how everything trembles Quakes and quivers in sinful desire note also the Buddhist and shopen harrian use of language parsifal's suffering stems from terrible longing and sinful desire what happens here is that parcifal becomes privy to the evil of the world the sexual impulse and the

longing desire that underpins it the second act of the Opera ends and with the third act we open with a Time skip many years have passed offscreen parcifal had to engage in a Herculean effort of Good Deeds to purge his soul of the defilement brought upon it by the witch's kiss the castle is no longer visible to him he cannot find it anymore and he needs to embark on a journey of soul purification to cleanse himself and become pure again all of this is completely counter to n and indeed counter to the early Vagner 2

who championed sexuality as liberating not as a source of some kind of defilement this complete 180 on the part of Vagner this promotion of Chastity and the Abundant Christian imagery in parcifal was for n a sure sign that Vagner at last in his old age fell victim to schopenhauer and Christianity but more importantly he fell victim to the aesthetic ideal he became anti-life anti- nature in other words he became a nihilist parcifal for Niche was the artistic embodiment of the aesthetic ideal a complete victory of nihilism in the artistic domain Richard Vagner ostensibly the most

triumphant creature alive as a matter of fact though a cranky and desperate decadent suddenly fell helpless and broken on his knees before the Christian cross was there no German at that time who had eyes to see and the sympathy in his soul to feel the ghastly nature of this spectacle was I the only one who suffered from it and speaking of the Christian cross we need to discuss why n said that Christianity is a nihilistic religion throughout his Works n has criticized almost every aspect of the Christian faith of course this critique Finds Its most

powerful expression in one of his final words works the Antichrist we've done a big video on that work specifically if you're curious to learn more about the nitty-gritty details of nich's criticisms for the purposes of this video where we're talking about the aesthetic ideal as a nihilistic psychological phenomenon that seeps into different domains of human culture we need to take a more General perspective and for that we turn to Beyond Good and Evil and specifically to something n called the religious neurosis there is within man an instinct for the religious a need for Faith or

rather a yearning for some kind of metaphysics something Beyond himself a justification for his life existence needs an orientation or as Nicha puts the phrase man needs a goal for the mature n this goal is the accumulation of power the venting of one's strength a discharge of virility but what happens when one is infected with a religious Neurosis a strange inversion of values occurs wherever the religious Neurosis has appeared on Earth so far we find it connected with three dangerous prescriptions as to regimen Solitude fasting and sexual abstinence in the history of mankind this is

a relatively new phenomenon the religions of primitive man in so far as we can know anything about them probably did not prescribe fasting and abstinence in the context of prehistoric tribes such a prescription would be disastrous for the continued existence of the tribe where food was scars already and discouraging procreation would simply expedite the extinction of the tribe a very real risk in Paleolithic times when life was nasty brutal in short we can support our hypothesis by looking at the famous Venus of wiendorf it's a limestone figure around 30,000 years old and thought to represent

some kind of fertility deity evidence these humans from 30,000 years ago weren't really all that concerned with Chastity the exaggerated sexual features on the contrary show a concern with not enough procreation let alone too much an understandable concern for a small time human tribe just trying to survive in the Paleolithic the point is this statue celebrates or at least doesn't condemn the human instinct for procreation and neither did the Romans and the Greeks the the overabundance of folic symbols and the preoccupation with sex is well attested in both Greek and Roman worlds no it seems

like the celebration of Chastity as opposed to virility was introduced in Europe through Christianity and when Christianity supplanted Greco Roman paganism something else disappeared also sacrifice n makes an interesting observation about the practice of sacrifice he calls it the ladder of religious cruelty in which broadly speaking three big movements can be distinguished first primitive religion demands Human Sacrifice Once Upon a Time men sacrificed human beings to their God and perhaps just those that they love best to this category belong the FirstLink sacrifices of all primitive religions later on this practice falls out of favor animals

are sacrificed instead or food but when this practice also disappears and at first glance sacrifice as such falls out of favor n argues that a sacrifice is still demanded but a sacrifice of something else entirely a psychological sacrifice then during the moral Epoch of mankind they sacrificed to their God the strongest instincts they possessed their nature This festal Joy shines in the cruel glances of Aesthetics and anti-natural Fanatics this sentiment will later become the backbone of Freud's seminal work civilization and its discontents but it's really n who made this point first right here in Beyond

Good and Evil and he fleshed it out in more detail in the genealogy of morals the religious Neurosis is a sickness in that it demands the stultification of One's Own nature the suppression of human instinct as n will explain later in the genealogy when the outward expression of one's drives becomes impossible they turn inwards and this becomes becomes impossible because societies and civilizations grow and they require a sacrifice on behalf of their members they must suppress their inner violent nature in favor of cooperation to ensure that the whole project of civilization keeps going but we

need an outlet for our instincts so they turn on themselves it creates the so-called discontents from Freud's work like the mythical iiz Ikon a Greek king who was cursed with infinite hunger and ultimately devoured himself the human thirst for power violence and cruelty must ultimately find the only Outlet still available to it its own possessor this self-inflicted suffering is the essence of the religious Neurosis It ultimately culminates in a transvaluation of values a great turnaround where Bad Things become good and good things become bad so the Natural inborn Instinct for Domination through the influence of

religion becomes humility the desire for Revenge turns into turn the other cheek the sex drive the desire to procreate turns into a celebration of Chastity the desire to acquire possessions and riches turns into an incitement to poverty and this in turn and in due time turns into a desire for nothingness because what else could the next logical step be Chastity poverty meekness fasting prayer these are things that are a move away from the world they shun the material and disregard the Flesh and beyond that what else is there n tells us what's next on the

religious ladder we go from sacrificing humans to sacrificing animals to sacrificing our own nature what comes after finally what still remained to be sacrificed was it not necessary in the end for men to sacrifice everything comforting holy healing all hope all faith in Hidden harmonies in future blessedness and Justice was it not necessary to sacrifice God himself and out of Cruelty to themselves to worship Stone stupidity gravity fate nothingness to sacrifice God for nothingness this paradoxical mystery of the ultimate cruelty has been reserved for the rising generation we all know something thereof already this is

of course the infamous death of God and the final stop for any kind of religious feeling nailism in nich's analysis of religion there seems to be something inevitable about its ultimate descent into nihilism the solution for our current cultural malaise the answer to nihilism can therefore not be found in a return to religion at least for n doing so will at Best Buy you some time and at worst it would be an inauthentic Play Act to try and return to some previous state of being that we as mankind have long passed the Rel religious Genie

is out of the bottle so to speak because what is at work in religions is the same underlying current that ran through vogner's ART the aesthetic ideal Mankind's desire to will something and in the absence of something mankind will turn to nothing here is the key to understand nich's enigmatic final line in the genealogy man will sooner will nothing than not will at all if there is no something to Will if God indeed is dead we will at any rate will something even if that something paradoxically is nothing that is the core of nihilism Mankind's

desire to desire even in the absence of an object of desire and if we leave behind the artistic language of Wagner and the religious language of Christianity we can discover the aesthetic ideal the will to nothingness in its clearest expression in the Lucid language language of philosophy we finally arrive at schopenhauer when nche is in attack mode he spares no kind words for the philosopher he formerly so admired in chomo he says schopenhauer's philosophy has the stench of a rotten corpse we've discussed n's relationship with schopenhauer in more detail in its own dedicated video as

far as the aesthetic ideal and nihilism are concerned nche finds them most clearly expressed in the philosophy of schopenhauer which he designated as the newest philosophy schopenhauer is for n the last significant philosophy before his own of course therefore in attacking schopenhauer he attacks philosophy as a whole and formally breaks with it by being opposed to it it's no coincidence that schopenhauer in his treatment of Ethics arrives at much the same conclusions as Christianity and other aesthetic religions such as Buddhism in fact he was proud of it to him it was the ultimate proof that

his philosophy talked about something profound within man that he put into philosophical language with other peoples and cultures had merely put into religious language when schopenhauer Paints the virtues of Chastity self-denial fasting and poverty with golden colors as n so nicely puts it he arrived at an intellectual underpinning of these virtues through the power of reason and contemplation whereas the old religions of Christianity and Buddhism only arrived at these things by Revelation or through mystical experience so schopenhauer in his own mind was the first who pulled these ethical precepts out of the dark cloudy language

of myth and religion and brought them into the lights of rationality and reason he thereby found himself in agreement with the oldest consciousness of humanity and he considered it a point of strength for his philosophy that he penetrated the depths of the human soul and got rid of the surrounding Ing allegorization and mythology and that he painted a clear Lucid picture of it of course From nich's perspective all schopenhauer did was regurgitate the aesthetic ideal and put it into yet another language he revealed the creeping nihilism that was silently preparing itself through the philosophical centuries

beginning with Plato it seemed to n that philosophy was on track to get rid of the material world in favor of some immaterial Beyond world a hinal to use the original German term a world divorced allog together from our reality of daytoday a hidden world but a more important World nonetheless for Plato the world of ideas is the real subject of philosophical inquiry the task of the philosopher is to contemplate the ideas the material world is only an imperfect reflection of those ideas this philosophy morphed into Christianity which also shunned the the material world heaven

or the kingdom of God in this system takes the place of the world of ideas in Plato's system and as the power of Reason plows through and marches on it arrived at last at K who posited yet another interval the thing in itself this weird strange unknowable World beyond that provides the metaphysical underpinning of our reality but which never less by virtue of our human reason is objectively and forever Out Of Reach for our human understanding schopenhauer identified this thing in itself as the will the ever striving blind irrational foundation of the world and he

saw it as the highest ethical precept to remove oneself from this world as much as possible so as to calm down the will and ultimately deny it this denial of the will takes the form of self mortification fasting Chastity and poverty so this centuries long march of philosophy be beginning with Plato going through Christianity finding K and culminating in schopenhauer starts exactly where it began with a hatred of the material but this hatred of the material for n is nothing else than the aesthetic ideal latent nihilism gradually taking a more definite shape it has always

been there it has always exerted its influence it will always devour whatever it finds and we have stopped believing in these intervals these Beyond world God Is Dead all that is left is this world of appearance the material world that philosophy has always regarded with suspicion philosophy shouldn't concern itself with the material it should concern itself with the world of ideas it should concern itself with meta physics not with physics physics that's science but there is no metaphysics anymore only the physical now remains will nihilism ultimately destroy this final Refuge as well we are now

ready to tackle the final frontier of this creeping devouring hungry nihilism modern science as for these celebrated victories of science there is no doubt that they are victories but victories over what up until now we have seen the aesthetic ideal at work in what we would call the humanities today at last n turns his mind to the world of science to be sure this distinction between the humanities and the Sciences is a recent modern development in the past and certainly in the German speaking World such a difference is not as clear-cut as it is today

still to Modern sensibilities there is a Great Divide between the humanities and the Sciences so much so that nowadays there is barely any overlap between them and both academic disciplines seem to live in their own bubbles doing their own thing far away from each other there might even be some hostility between the two spheres so while we have seen the aesthetic ideal at work in religion art and philosophy seeing the same principle at work in the cold calculating seemingly objective world of the heart Sciences might require some more effort luckily nche is here to guide

us a valuation of the aesthetic ideal inevitably entails a valuation of science as well lose no time in seeing this clearly and be sharp to catch it the main point nature will make is of course that in modern science the aesthetic ideal is at work also but to unmask it is not so simple as to compare schopenhauer's philosophy with Christian ethics for example what does the scientist believe in fundamentally a scientist is after truth in that respect he is no different than a philosopher or even no different from a theologian their aims are the same

even if their chosen method and the conclusions that they reach are not but it's precisely this belief in truth in the value of truth that becomes a problem now it has become a problem because God is dead and Truth died with him let's be more specific ever since the time of Plato there has been an unspoken assumption in philosophy in the platonic worldview All Good Things emanate from the form or the idea of the good therefore such Concepts as Justice equality Beauty Etc must emanate from the good it's Plato's answer to the question of why

we should care about these things why bother with Justice why bother with beauty answer because these things are good and the good justifies itself it needs no further explanation you can see how especially in nich's reading of History this idea of the good with capital G as the origin and Foundation of all things good lowercase G ultimately more into God in the Christian worldview Justice Beauty equality Etc likewise emanate from God they exist by virtue of God by the way this is how to understand n's famous quote that Christianity is platonism for the people the

Christian conception of God is in n's view a watered down version a more easily digestible concept of the platonic form of the good but here is the catch truth is also one of those attributes that emanate directly from the good or from God this is the platonic Union of things Justice Beauty and Truth are all branches from the same tree so to speak the good or to put it in Christian terms God this belief has become so ingrained in Western culture that we barely notice it's there and to be sure n will gly point out

that the so-called atheistic scientists of his day have not gone far enough enough in their repudiation of God that they still unknowingly hold on to metaphysical beliefs despite the fact that the foundation of these metaphysics has collapsed the tree is cut down and the branches are lying on the floor again God is dead therefore all these things that depend upon God such as Justice and Beauty but most importantly truth with a capital T lose their Foundation they lose their value because their value was derived from God it depended upon him and now he's gone because

we've killed him they all failed to realize the extent of the need of a justification on the part of the will for truth here is a gap in every philosophy what is it caused by because up to the present the aesthetic ideal dominated all philosophy because truth was fixed as being as God as the supreme court of appeal because truth was not allowed to be a problem do you understand this aloud from the minut that the belief in the god of the aesthetic ideal is repudiated there exists a new problem the problem of the value

of Truth the will for truth needed a critique let us Define by these words our own task the value of Truth tively to be called in question but we must take a moment to pause here this calling into question of the value of Truth strictly speaking is about nich's project for the future what we are discussing in this video is the past or rather the past up until nich's present time nich's big point is that the scientists of his day and let's be honest the scientists of our day as well don't see this problem yet

they still believe in truth they still believe that objective capital T truth is out there somewhere that modern science can uncover it and what's more that there is value in discovering this truth but to talk about values this is metaphysical philosophical talk haven't scien s progressed past the need for philosophy and metaphysics they might say they do but says nche in all actuality they don't they go about their investigations as if there is a platonic form of the truth out there and that they will uncover it of course they might say that they don't believe

in Plato or in the Christian God or any metaphysics at all they might even be hardcore materialists yet their belief in truth subsists but what is truth in a Godless materialist Universe what is the value of truth if the world is nothing but atoms simply doing their thing well says n scientists have not gone far enough they might have shaken off their belief in God but God is only the outer layer the external shell of something more fundamental something they think they are rid of but which actually still subsists only more sneakily more hidden more

elusive the aesthetic ideal the scientific Revolutions of Copernicus and Darwin provide n with the ammo for his attack to be clear nche is not saying that their discoveries are untrue rather he is saying that their worth their value we could also say their meaning are not in opposition to the aesthetic ideal in fact he calls them the strongest allies to the aesthetic ideal because they provide a veneer of objectivity of indisputable which is also how we need to interpret the following sentence as for these celebrated victories of science there is no doubt that they are

victories but victories over what nich's answer to that rhetorical question is of course that these scientific victories are not victories over the aesthetic ideal as much as Copernicus and Darwin have made atheists out of modern man it does not follow from that loss of belief in God that we are also rid of the aesthetic ideal remember that n says Christianity is nihilism but that does not mean that someone who is not a Christian is therefore not a nihilist as much as modern scientific man turns against God saying we don't need religion to understand our place

in the universe or to explain the origin of mankind it does not follow from this repudiation of God that he therefore got rid of the underlying Instinct that made God possible in the first place and that underlying instinct is the aesthetic ideal it's nihilism it's a desire of mankind to be little mankind it's the Instinct of life turned against life itself Darwin showed that mankind is not a Divine being created in God's image we are not a holy creature not Shepherds of the earth we are evolved primates who happen to be a bit smarter than

other primates on a more fundamental level we are just genes trying to procreate for no real reason other than apparently that's what genes like to do Copernicus proved that the Earth revolves around the Sun that we are not the literal center of the universe and he started a revolution in astronomy that has kept the same pattern ever since time and again we discovered that the universe is much larger than previously expected there is not just one solar system there are billions of solar systems in our Milky Way and not even our Milky Way is unique

no there are billions just like it in clusters and super clusters we discovered that stars are born and die and that our sun will die too and swallow Earth in its explosion and that there is such a thing as entropy which will ultimately result in the complete heat death of the universe and nothing will ever exist again how far we have fallen from the medieval worldview where man was the literal center of the universe where man was divinely crafted by God In His Image and nature called this nihilistic how much worse is it now has

there not been since since the time of Copernicus an unbroken progress in the self- belittling of man and his will for belittling himself alas his belief in his dignity his uniqueness his irreplace in the scheme of existence is gone he has become animal literal unqualified and unmitigated animal he who in his earlier belief was almost God since Copernicus man seems to have fallen on to a steep plane he rolls faster and faster away from the center with into nothingness into to the thrilling sensation of his own nothingness well this would be the straight way to

the old ideal but here's the thing this constant belittling of mankind is a source of pleasure it's the pleasure of inflicting pain at any rate it's the pleasure of feeling something the thrilling sensation of his own nothingness all science nowadays sets out to talk man out of his present opinion of himself as though that opinion had been nothing but a bizarre piece of conceit you might go so far as to say that science Finds Its peculiar Pride its peculiar bitter form of stoical ataraxia in preserving man's contempt of himself this is the essence of the

aesthetic ideal stripped of all its pretentions and window dressing it's pure nihilism without the ornaments of religion the intoxication of art or the consolation of philosophy but with the objective veneer of respectable science nihilism is the act of willing nothing because mankind will desire something and in the absence of something man will sooner will nothing than not will at all that's again a paraphrase of the enigmatic final sentence of the genealogy and it answers the question that we have left unanswered so far in this video where does the aesthetic ideal come from it comes from

Mankind's inability to find meaning for his suffering here on Earth and the aesthetic ideal gave it a meaning it gave mankind something to will something to strive towards something to do it gave man an orientation for his existence a reason to live man the bravest animal and the one most endured to suffering does not repudiate suffering in itself he wills it he even seeks it out provided he has shown a meaning for it a purpose of suffering not suffering but the senselessness of suffering was the curse which till then lay spread over humanity and the

aesthetic ideal gave it a meaning it was up till then the only meaning but any meaning is better than no meaning the aesthetic ideal gave mankind a direction the wrong direction to be sure but any direction is better than having no direction at all than being a leaf in the winds unsure of where to go or what to do better to set yourself upon a random path and see what you find than remain in place until you die and so n arrives at the end of his genealogy of morals which is is as we have

seen the history of nihilism the road that the aesthetic ideal has taken and the paths it has brought us on its Long March through history philosophy Art and Science finally n exposes it as a will through nothingness which itself is simply a will to will a desire to find meaning even if that meaning is quite literally a self-destructive nothing it is absolutely impossible to disguise what in point of fact is made clear by every complete will that has taken its direction from the aesthetic ideal this hate of the human and even more of the animal

and more still of the material this horror of the senses of Reason itself this fear of happiness and Beauty this desire to get right away from all illusion change growth death wishing and even Desiring all this means let us have the courage to grasp it a will for nothingness a will opposed to life a repudiation of the most fundamental conditions of life but it is and remains a will and to say at the end that which I said at the beginning man will wish nothingness rather than not wish at all so ends the genealogy of

morals nich's diagnosis of Western culture his unmasking of the European disease the march of nihilism and like any genealogy it looks at the past our ancestors those who came before and it ends with the present generation with the here and with the now so much for the past but what of the future n speaks about the aesthetic ideal as a direction a road that was chosen in the past the aesthetic ideal is an attempt to answer the question of the meaning of life or more pressingly the meaning of suffering but as we have seen it's

only one answer sure it was the only one available to us but beggar can be choosers and any meaning is better than no meaning but is there another answer something perhaps we should strive for going forward if we decide to take another Direction walk another path in other words what about the future of course dear viewer that future is zaratustra stay tuned and thank you for watching these long videos would be impossible without the support of our patreons if you enjoy the work that we do here take a look at our patreon page and consider

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