Why do we have chemicals in our food?

It’s a busy morning here in London.  I’m on my way to the CNBC office. But first I’m going to pick up a  coffee and probably a cookie too.

When it comes to food this is  usually how I start my day. Then it’s usually a sandwich for lunch  and a ready meal I purchased from the supermarket for dinner. And every once in a while, a cheeseburger after a night out.

All these food items have something in common, they all fit in the category of  ultra-processed foods. A 2021 study found that ultra-processed foods account for more than half of calories consumed in the U. S.

and U. K. , and about 20-40% of calories consumed in  other high- and middle-income countries.

And the bad news for me, and many others, is that recent studies have linked consumption of UPF to serious diseases  like diabetes, obesity and even cancer. So, how widespread is this problem and  should ultra-processed foods be off the menu? Firstly, I’m speaking to Tim Spector,  professor of genetic epidemiology at King’s College London and the co-founder  of ZOE, a personalised nutrition app.

I’m showing Tim my lunch menu: a tuna  sandwich, a lemonade and a bag of chips. Look all those carbs, you know. I mean, why do you want palm fat in it?

Why do you want wheat starch? Now, this one is a diet lemonade. It’s made  with ‘real lemon juice’ and ‘no added sugar’.

To make sure they're not adding sugar, they're  adding artificial chemicals, chemical sweeteners. So, you're getting this chemical composite,  which has this health halo of being healthy and source of vitamin C and all this nonsense,  but it's actually really, really bad for us. More than half the calories consumed by the  average U.

K. household are ultra-processed. It’s seen the U.

K. food industry become  increasingly lucrative for food companies. The food and beverage industry is the  largest manufacturing sector in the country, contributing $34 billion to the economy  and employing more than 400,000 people.

The British Food and Drnk Federation, which  represents the $128 billion food industry, says there are many benefits to processing food, such as turning raw ingredients into  edible food increasing shelf life, improving texture and  offering a variety of options. The first-time early humans processed  food was about a million years ago when our ancestors decided to cook meat with fire. Then came other interventions like  baking, fermentation and salting of food.

The industrial revolution brought  new techniques like pasteurization. All of this allowed us to consume and store  food in a safer way, free of infections. By the 1950s, with growing prosperity around  the world, food processing became less about preservation, and focused more on convenience,  enhancing the taste, color and texture.

These chemicals, those brilliant food scientist in these companies that come up with these foods that are just got that right mix  of fats, and sugars and salt, just to really make you want  more and more and overeat. Most of the ultra-processed food that you find are higher in salt, fat and sugar. They are designed to be extremely tasty, they're ready to eat.

And they are also really aggressively  marketed, especially to children. DrKiara Chang is the author of an  Imperial College London study that links UPF consumption to increased risk of cancer. We followed up almost 200,000 participants  who were aged between 40 and 69 years old, and we followed them up for about 10 years.

We found that for every 10% of the  proportion of their diets that's coming from ultra processed food, every 10% of that is  associated with higher risk of developing cancer. What’s the link between obesity and consumption  of ultra-processed food in your research? We also found that higher  consumption was associated with higher risk of obesity  and type-2 diabetes as well.

Non communicable diseases like heart disease,  cancer and diabetes, which are not spread through infection, kill 41 million people each  year; that’s 74% of all deaths in the world. The World Health Organization says that most of these diseases are the result  of four particular behaviours. Tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, physical  inactivity and of course an unhealthy diet.

Here in the U. K. , 1 in 4 people are obese, that’s the highest rate in Europe.

And rising obesity comes at a time when  there is also serious food insecurity. According to the Food Foundation,  healthier foods are twice as expensive as less healthy options, especially fruits and vegetables. I visited the Food Foundation and spoke to Rebecca Tobi, a nutritionist and business manager.

How do you think we can find the balance?  Because the problem is most of these UPF items are very accessible and cheap so it’s  an important option for a lot of people. I think we need to acknowledge that not everybody has the time or the mental  bandwidth to spend on food.

You know, if you're working multiple shifts,  and your food budget is really constrained. We need to make sure that the  government and businesses are acting to actually change the food  environment people are living in. It mustn't be about individual  choice because really, choice is severely constrained here  when it comes to what people can buy.

In recent years, Britain’s food system  increasingly became a controversial issue. Health campaigners have been calling  for the industry and the government to take action to improve access to better food. A group of investors have  also joined the conversation.

We noticed that investors did  not have a seat at the table when it came to advocating for the well-designed regulation that will be able to support us to build a healthy, sustainable and affordable food system. Sophie Lawrence leads a group of investors  called the Investor Coalition for Food Policy. They manage assets worth $7 trillion.

What sort of regulation would you like to see? What we specifically are calling for,  within the mandatory reporting legislation, is for food sector companies to report a set of health and sustainability metrics, and that would be on a mandatory basis. What history has told us is that the  voluntary reporting standards have really been inadequate in driving  the necessary scale of change.

But by reporting this data in a consistent way, it means that, as investors, we can understand  the risks that are facing these companies. Last year, another investor coalition called the  Healthy Markets Initiative, run by ShareAction, called on world’s biggest food manufacturers  to disclose the health profile of their sales. The investor letter said British supermarkets  were “flooded with less healthy foods, causing significant harm to population health,  and creating systemic risks to investor returns”.

The industry has responded to  calls for more transparency. Nestle, the world’s largest food company, reported the nutritional value of its products for the first time in 2022. Unilever revealed in its annual  report that 64% of its products met WHO-aligned nutritional standards.

In a statement to CNBC, Unilever  said they now have a new target: Making sure 85 per cent of their food portfolio  meets the companies’ nutrition criteria by 2028. However, these steps are voluntary, and at  the moment, companies mark their own homework. If you're a leading business, and you  know, you want to invest in healthier food, you're essentially taking a big commercial risk in doing that, because it's not a level playing field.

None of your competitors will be doing that. And so that we see as being quite unfair, and  something that the government needs to act on. There's been some really good research in  the last couple of years, that says that actually, consumers want their retailers and manufacturers to provide healthier products, They recognise that the cost of healthy food is actually really prohibitive to lots of people.

Clearly, many of us want to eat  healthier and better. But is it even possible avoid ultra processed foods all together? Now you can do it, but you  got to live a bit like a monk.

Food is there to be savored. But just eating this stuff regularly, every single day, every meal, accumulating all these chemicals  in our body, they make us overeat by 25%. And for people who may not have  yet access to a service like ZOE, for example, do you have a few simple tips?

Eat for your gut microbes. I've got five simple rules  that most people can follow. Try and eat 30 plants a week.

Eat the rainbow, lots of colours, which means you're getting defence  chemicals, Polyphenols, in your food. Have regular fermented foods. Try and leave a gap, ideally 14 hours overnight, where you're not eating so your gut microbes can rest.

And finally cut down, way down,  on the ultra-processed foods. And if everyone did that, the whole  country would be a lot healthier.