Fronteiras do Pensamento - Howard Gardner [parte II]

Fronteras de pensamiento gog apresenta segunda parte da conferencia ed Dukas oh no secular vision who Howard Gardner accompanied the two other Minds have less to do with cognition in the usual sense and more to do with how we relate to other human beings they are the respectful mind and the ethical mind personal the respectful mind is easy to explain but difficult to achieve the respectful mind begins with a recognition that people are very different from one another we look different we have different beliefs different tastes and so on it takes diversity as a fact of

life now when people are different from you you can kill them or they can kill you you can tolerate them which is better than intolerance but the respectful mind tries to understand other people tries to work with them tries to make a positive out of human differences some infancy children can tell whether their environment is respectful how do parents teach treat one another how do children treat one another when you go to school how do teachers treat the staff treat parents treat children respect is quite manifest it's easy to see but it's not easy to

achieve and much of the world is characterized by disrespect in fact I don't know about Brazilian television but if it's anything like US television it's filled with examples of disrespect people putting down other people and not trying to understand them there are lots of examples of disrespect when you're nice to people who have more power but you are nasty to people who have less power when you tell jokes which are at the expense of groups when you respect other people but you have a whole set of conditions and if they don't meet those conditions then

you don't respect them this doesn't mean that we should respect Adolf Hitler but it does mean we should give people a second chance the next slide suggests that there are ways to bring about respect when it hasn't existed there are political ways Commission's on peace and reconciliation which try to bring together groups that were in conflict there are efforts in music in the arts in athletics to have teams from different countries cooperate rather than fight and I don't know much about the history of Brazil but I think that Brazil has an advantage over most countries

in that diversity is so much a part of your history and is so much a part of your population that you've already learned a lot the comparison with Western Europe is very stark because until fifty years ago the population of each Western European country was quite homogeneous France for French Germans for German and so on now of course Western Europe is filled with people from East Europe from the former Soviet Union from the Mediterranean from North Africa from the Far East and as you probably know European countries have a much more difficult time dealing with

this diversity than places like the United States or Brazil which have had a very diverse population for four centuries the final mind is the ethical mind and it's somewhat more difficult to explain than the respectful mind and it's also the one that I've been working on for the last 15 years respect as I say begins in infancy and every infant can see if the people in the community respect one another ethics requires abstraction the ability to step outside of yourself as a person and to think of yourself as a worker and as a citizen so

I'm Howard Gardner and from an early age I could see whether people respected one another and you could see whether I was respectful of them and vice versa but only as I became an adolescent could I think of myself as a worker in this case as a scholar or teacher and as a citizen the citizen of my community of my country and increasingly we are all citizens of the planet we live in a global time and whether it's advertisements for diseases or global warming all these phenomena affect the whole planet people who are ethical think

about what is the right thing for them to do in their job and what is the right thing for them to do as citizens and it's not enough to think about what the right thing is of course you have to do the right thing so many of you are educators it's easy to talk about what your rights are as your edek educator but what are your responsibilities what are the right things you should do when it comes to a case of cheating or a case where your boss tells you one thing but you don't think

it's good for students or if parents come in and try to pressure you one way or the other ethical means what does it mean to be a teacher what does it mean to be a physician what does it mean to be a lawyer or judge that's what ethics is and you are all citizens most of you are citizens of porto alegre of the state of the nation the brazilian nation i guess you're also citizens of murca sewer but more importantly you're citizens of the planet and again human rights are wonderful but what are your responsibilities

what are your responsibilities for the environment what are your responsibilities for voting if you're sick should you go in an airplane if you have swine flu or h1n1 what are your responsibilities as a citizen so the ethical mind thinks about what's the right thing to do not just what's good for you for your own personal self-interest for the last 15 years prosím oh I've been asking the question what should we use our minds for what should we use our intelligences for we have minds we have intelligences but how should they be used how should they

be applied press Omo and I've written a book with two colleagues Damon and Csikszentmihalyi and as the cover says we've been studying good work on qualification involves three words which in English all begin with the letter e and I guess in Portuguese also good one e is excellent expert good work is a very high technical level the second e it's engaging it's meaningful you want to do it the good worker looks forward to Monday morning he doesn't dread going to work on Monday morning and the third e the good worker is ethical/moral tries to do

what is socially responsible not just what's good for you yourself presume oh ah another picture the good worker has three strands excellence ethics and engagement you know the double helix DNA this is the triple helix DNA and if a person is a good worker he or she is a combination of excellence engagement and ethics you can be excellent but unethical you can be engaged but not excellent you can be ethical but do inferior work so it's very difficult to be a good worker but that's what we should strive and the same analysis applies to citizenship

a good citizen is excellent he or she knows the rules the laws the regulations he or she is engaged cares votes reads the newspaper goes to meetings his part of the society and the good citizen is ethical the good citizen doesn't just try to promote his or her self-interest the good citizen says what's the right thing to do for the larger polity press amo I have a little elevator speech for respect and ethics whom do we respect we respect people who are ethical who do the right thing not just what's in their own self-interest and

of course I know enough about the United States and I know enough about Brazil to say that many people do not behave ethically and that's very bad for the larger society we're in a digital age now so one question I've asked is what will happen to the five minds in an age of social networks and multitasking and instant messaging respect and ethics are going to be difficult in the digital era because it's easier to be respectful and ethical if you see people face to face every day as we did in small neighborhoods but so much

contact now is impersonal via the internet people can have all kinds of different identities in social networks um people can be quite deceptive and I think we have to work out over the next decades new kinds of ethics which are appropriate to the digital age many of you are educators and so a common question is how can we be aware of the five minds we should always be looking for examples from history or from the news of respect or disrespect I said how our American television is so filled with disrespect and that's very unfortunate when

there are examples of respect we should honor those of course as educators it's more important that we ourselves model and explicate and embody these minds so whenever possible we should show how to respect how to synthesize how to create also it's important to identify negative examples synthesis which don't work false creativity lack of discipline disrespect unethical behavior and there needs to be consequences if somebody continues to be unethical in a community they need to be identified and and punished we've been working on this but I'm not going to describe that work now but instead I

want to say that these five minds don't necessarily fit together comfortably there's attention attention a conflict between discipline and creativity if you're too disciplined you probably never do anything creative so there's a conflict there there's also a conflict between respect and creativity if you have a teacher you owe the teacher respect but often creativity means overthrowing critiquing your own teacher and that can be very uncomfortable and so in the end ultimately everybody has to create his or her own synthesis we need to find ways to get these five minds to work together comfortably that's actually

a job of intra personal intelligence how do you understand yourself well enough to get these different minds to work together I have some slides of people who I think are good citizens one is Nelson Mandela probably the most admired human being on the planet another one is Mahatma Gandhi who I think was the most important figure of the last thousand years in terms of human relations but it's much too early to know whether Gandhi's example will be accepted even in his own country because Gandhi showed how people can disagree and conflict without hurting one another

and of course in the nuclear age that's a tremendous imperative and I actually the third slide is somebody who has been in the news recently but I often have shown her and this is answer suki the dissident in Miramar who has lived under house arrest for most of her adult life trying to introduce more democratic processes in that military regime now none of us in this room is likely to be Melton Mandela or Mahatma Gandhi or answers tsuki but nonetheless we can learn from people like that we can be inspired by them and that's important

as well so I now want to summarize and conclude I said that I began as a psychologist over 40 years ago and I developed a new view of the mind and intelligence drawing on psychology but also in brain studies and evolution and genetics and these ideas are still controversial in psychology but they've had a lot of influence in education and I hope and believe that influence has been benign and I mentioned that an education based on am I should individualize take individual differences very seriously and computers can help and it should polarize it should present

important ideas in many ways so we can activate many intelligences and many neural networks I then took off the psychology hat and the educator hat and topped in terms of policy what kinds of minds do we need in an era of globalization biological revolution and digital revolution and I argued that there are five kinds of minds three of them are primarily cognitive the discipline mind of becoming an expert by working hard in one area the synthesizing mind which can survey a wild wide territory and organize it so it can be retained and then the creating

mind which goes one step beyond orthodoxy and thinks new ideas and then I mentioned the two ideas from human relations face-to-face respect of people who don't necessarily come from your clan and the imperative of ethics in workplace and in citizen where you don't just do what serves your own self-interest but you try to think about what the right thing to do is and then I talked about our own work in ethics using the mind in ways which can be helpful for the broader society which are ethical as well as excellent so I want to close

by quoting to Americans who I think said something very wise Cosimo the first one is Martin Luther King jr. and he said intelligence plus character that's the goal of a true education intelligence being smart is good having multiple intelligences good but the kind of person you are is equally important a quotation from a 19th century American philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson he went one step beyond Martin Luther King he said character is more important than intellect so many of you here are educators and those of you who are not educators are probably workers or parents and

even though intelligence is tremendously important and multiple intelligences are very important it's the way that you use those intelligences which is what's most important Thank You vasya's issue a segunda parte da Palestra a bukas a moussaka da Vinci who Howard Gardner todo Nez vasya company aqui na hurich stevia mais un special Fronteras de pensamiento obrigado p la compañía ya t bed you you