"O Cientista" (The Scientist) - Legendado em Português

[Music] you are about to witness history in the making Rafael m [Music] sh [Music] why did you agree to let me make this documentary about you well unfortunately I don't know how to say no and when a friend ask me I normally will say yes but in this case I would also like to probably push ahead and tell people here we have a group of compounds an endogenous system of major importance it is not being used uh as much as it should be in the clinic it is of great promise in the clinic let's try

to push it forward and maybe this film can push it forward a bit hopefully hopefully a [Music] [Music] so this is your daily way to walk for the last uh how many years 40 years 45 years I moved from ROV to Jerusalem in 1966 uh a year before the war and uh I've been here ever since [Music] one of the topics that I decided to work on was the chemistry of the plant Cannabis sativa cannabis had been used for thousands of years both as a drug as and a recreational agent but surprisingly uh the active

compound was never isolated in pure form I decided together with my colleague go only to go and do research and find out what are the compounds present in cannabis and particularly what is the active compound active compounds present there well a scientist should try to find topics of importance and uh I I thought that this is a topic of importance I knew that the police have a lot of cannabis hashes that's being smuggled from the Lebanon and after all the legal things were completed they usually burn [Music] it I was at the whitesman institute at

that time a very young person I went to the director of The whitesman Institute administrative director and ask him do you know anybody in the police who can supply hashish to us for research so he called one of his uh friends can you supply cannabis to one of our researchers and I hear from the other side somebody shouting is he meaning me is he reliable and uh the administrative director who actually almost didn't know me said yes of course he's reliable let him come over and pick some cashes I went over I didn't have a

car took a bus Got 5 kilos of hashish went on the bus and people in the bus after 15 20 minutes just started asking what the heck is this smell very unusual smell I mean I had 5 kilos of hashish in my bag going around but I guess you're the only person in the world that took 5 kilo of kashish from the police and got away with it well uh probably yes it turned out that the police were not allowed to give us cannabis I didn't have the permit from the Ministry of Health therefore I

had broken the law and the police had broken the law and we should go to prison well it doesn't work that way I went to the Ministry of Health and some of them were colleagues of mine and the other knew what I was doing so I said I apologize I'm sorry I won't do it again next time when I want hashish I'll go to the ministry if and when I needed hashish I went to the Ministry of Health I filled the form I drank some coffee with them they gave me the permit I went with

the per it every time to the police the police I drank some more coffee with them and I got my hashish and went back to the lab we started working in those 5 kilos of hashish we didn't have a safe it was just in one of the cupboards in the lab nobody really was that interested so we started extracting it we started using modern methods now this is important up till the mid 60s even before that in order to find the structure of a compound one had to do a lot of reactions then and we

were one of the first to do that in Israel we found that by using the proper instruments one could find the structure of compounds without doing a lot of chemistry we put a compound on a column it is absorbed here in there two or three compounds this is the way we separated originally the compounds from Cannabis but that was many many many years ago we separated about 10 or 12 compounds and these compounds included the only one active compound active we tested at that time in monkeys I had a colleague who worked in a nearby

Institute and he had a colony of monkeys and he and his group indeed tested these compounds in monkeys and surprisingly found that only one compound did anything in these monkeys it sedated them they didn't sleep but they was sedated on the basis of this particular observation we decided there is just one active compound and surprisingly this is true to this very day there is only one major active compound which is named Now Delta 9 Tetra hydroc canabal THC and this compound causes essentially all the hashish type cannabis type effects that we know so well we

wanted to see whether well whether this compound which acts on monkeys acts also on humans so we did a small experiment there a wonderful story it was uh many years ago about the cake the special cake that Dalia made well that was uh the real testing of THC we had a few of our friends take 10 migam of beauty HC on a piece of cake that my wife prepared and five took only the cake without the THC and we compareed the effects none of us had ever used cannabis before as a matter of fact very

few people had used cannabis at that time in Israel all those that took the THC were affected but surprisingly they were affected differently some said well we just feel kind of strange in a different world we want to sit back and enjoy it another one said nothing happens but he didn't stop stop talking all the time a third one said well nothing happens but every 15 20 seconds he will burst out laughing these effects are well known today people are differently affected in one case however one of the participants got into an anxiety state she

felt I believe that her psychological guards if you wish were breaking down and all of a sudden she she was open to everybody so she really got into an anxiety state in some cases we definitely see anxiety attacks most do not most just feel kind of a little bit disoriented maybe a little bit sedated maybe a little bit open to discussion and socially open to the whatever is being discussed you remember what kind of cake it was well it was a very tasty cake but if you want any details I can ask my wife the

exact details well I'm married to Dalia we married for a few years about 60 years now almost can we go back to the time that you met uh we were friends in the Army and then couple of years later we got married as a matter of fact we got married while I was still in the Army we lived in Tel Aviv and we I worked in ROV and then 1966 we moved to Jerusalem and we've been here ever since in this particular apartment ever [Music] since I'm lazy and I forget things and Dalia I feel

the Dalia has to be next to me if I want to survive on a [Music] trip but you love going to these uh meetings well a meetings are useful in many ways uh people learn what other people are doing and going to do what they have done is published so I don't have to go to meetings to learn what other people have have done in the past nice to see you most meetings are just uh getting people from different aspects of a topic they talk to each other maybe something new comes out if you really

look at the history and what's been going on ever since he discovered THC it's not just discovered HC and then just you know relied on that and didn't do much but he continued to have have such a vision for the next step and the next step and the next step nine 8 is that a test for whether I'm intoxicated or not my name is mmud a Eli I am a research professor at the University of Mississippi cannabis is what I'm known for cannabis is a very old plant a very old medicine if you will that

people have used it for so many indications over the years in the literature marijuana has been used for all different types of things one would say well you know this is crazy there is no such plant that can you know do all of this and and today it's very easy to really go back to this old literature about the different indications for which marijuana was prescribed and find out that uh there is justification for that cannabis was used in the Middle East for thousands of years as medicine who knows maybe for other things as well

many of the tribes at the time used cannabis Assyrians used it for medicine used it for excitation as use it in religion the Egyptians used it as medicine surprisingly the Greeks and the Romans didn't know about the psycho activity but they used the Cannabis as uh anti-inflammatory drug cannabis in in India was used by people who want to be delivered from all worries and Care well that's quite a good definition of anti anxiety we knew that cannabis had been used for epilepsy in the past in the past there is for example a translation of Arab

story of the 15th century and it says that one of the Arab leaders had epilepsy physician came over and gave him cannabis and it cured him but he had to take it for his entire life so the field kind of told us tried an epilepsy we first tried it in animals and it worked so at this point we decided to go into humans trial took place in sa Paulo they had about 10 people that had epilepsy that could not be affected by the known drugs we started giving them high doses of canabal 200 mg per

day and you were producing the canab dial from kashish for almost 40 years we didn't produce it we isolated it we separated it from hashish hashish contains about 4% 5% canab Dio so it is really quite difficult to isolate to obtain uh large amounts but we did that we were happy to note that indeed they had no se meur es while they were taking canab dial and it was published and nothing happened afterwards so far 34 years later this is the only publication of canab dial in humans against epilepsy when one starts research one never

knows how How It Ends you know how you start I was born in Bulgaria and I was a child during the war though I was very well aware of what's going on my father before the war he was a physician and he was head of the Jewish hospital in Sophia in addition to his private practice when the anti-jewish laws were put into effect fact and there were very severe anti-jewish laws he decided that maybe just maybe going to H one of the small villages which badly needed doctors he and his family will be in a

safer place than staying in sopia where the laws were obvious all the time he was appointed as a village doctor in 1942 I believe it was and for about 2 3 years we spent moving from Village to Village and he was the village doctor in many of these places and I didn't feel so bad at that time in the village the doctor was considered an important person and uh so we were treated very well and there was no anti-Semitism and uh uh we had no major problems but at some point somebody decided that my father

should be taken to a concentration camp and he was taken to a concentration camp and the Concentration Camp burnt and my father was the only doctor on the spot not that he could do much because he had no drugs nothing to help them but he helped him to a certain extent then he was shortly thereafter released luckily the Bulgarian Jews were not killed the conditions were bad enough but Bulgarian Jews were not killed my Uncle saved them how there was um in the ministry of interior in Bulgaria they were planning to send all the Jews

to to Poland to the extermination camps so the leaders of the Jewish Community said look we have to know in advance what they're planning my uncle was a young man very representative really everybody L him and say you find one of the secretaries and become her lover and she'll tell you everything and that's what happened so I have to write that sometime with a greater detail so he knew the community leaders knew exactly what was being planned several weeks in advance or even a month in advance so they then tried to prevent it by talking

to people in the Parliament and so on and the people in the parliament said that's against the Constitution so on how the hell did you know that they're going to do it oh we just heard about [Music] it after the war in 1948 1949 most Bulgarian Jews came to uh Israel we came 1949 I worked for a limited period of time as a land surveyor and later I went into the army spent couple of years in the Army doing research as a matter of fact research and insect pesticides and I took my PhD degree on

a topic natural products related to biological problems I did the same when I went to the Rockefeller Institute when I came back and I got a position at The whitesman Institute I was looking for problems that are in that field namely chemistry problems related to biological problems but why canab be you see doing research in a small country with a very limited budget My Philosophy was that one should try to find out topics that are not being pursued by the major groups throughout the world we cannot compete with them it's obvious that we should try

to find by studying the literature by thinking about important project we should follow research Pathways that were not being followed by major groups nobody was working on cannabinoid chemistry so we thought at that time that this is a project worth following in 1986 in the introduction to cannabinoids as therapeutic agents after summarizing the knowledge about the historical use of cannabis you leave us with a question are we missing something what is that thing we knew a lot about the plant cannabinoids they had been evaluated in in the test tube they had been evaluated uh in

animals to a certain extent in human patients but nothing was known at that time about uh the [Music] mechanism a group in the US professor alen holet she was a young researcher at that time in St Louis I really didn't know very much at all about marijuana or canabo that wasn't my area of expertise uh in the United States we need DEA approval to get canono drugs for research so I got through the approval I got some Delta 9 THC and did these studies and found some very interesting things Dr pet found in the brain

a specific receptor for THC it was named the CB1 receptor cannabinoid receptor number one now that was a major major Discovery in the mid 80s so here we had for the first time an indication that THC acts on a receptor so that was the first momentous Discovery and then once it was discovered that there are receptors then the next obvious question is why are there receptors in the human brain for a smoke substance how did God know that his Creations will smoke marijuana receptors are made for compounds that we produce not because there is a

plant out there and the answer obviously was that it's not for marijuana there are some compounds in the body itself which mimic marijuana so we went ahead looking for endogenous [Music] compound in my lab there were three collaborators who contributed a lot in this research my name exactly is Lum Andre when for socialism in Czechoslovakia Professor mulam invited me I'm here already 30 23 years 23 I came just for one year and uh it's a little bit extended one year it was not enough for research he already had here post do Bill de vain Dr

Bill de vain in the states I go by Bill in Ireland I go by Will okay R over he used to come late in the afternoon and then work throughout the night and a Viva Brer she worked with me in the lab for about 30 years she still works with me in the lab she used to come early in the morning so some times they would meet here if it was 5:00 in the morning she would come in and he was just about to leave in 3 and 1/2 years we never had a lab meeting

looking for the endogenous cannabinoid a lot of brains were involved not only brains of the researchers well we initially worked on brains of pigs it is generally accepted that the organs of Pigs and the organs of humans are somewhat closely related and probably pigs and humans are also somehow closely related well I'm not sure that the pigs will be very happy to be related to humans but that's something else so we wanted to work in pig brains and pig brains are not so easy to get in Jerusalem it's not Kosher I took my car bill

and I went to Tel Aviv bought a few kilo of pig brain the butcher thought that we are having a party we're going to do something with it cook the brain each time when we came to buy it again so price was higher and the end it was very [Music] expensive I got the brain and just made some fractions and put it over a silica a sand column and separated a few fractions and tested them for how they bound to the receptor and I thought oh it won't take long you no I came just for

one year but after one year we this with Bill still we didn't have pure compound so we as Professor mulam to [Applause] extend shom a few other labs were already looking for compounds he thought we might be scooped by some other lab but we told him just try it with us we are very close [Music] and after about 2 years we found in extremely low amounts it was only like a few droplets in the end of a little test tube a compound in the brain which acts on these [Music] receptors and of course as with

every important Discovery no single lab usually has all the expertise so Rafi was such a well-known figure in the field that he was able to put together a team of outstanding colleagues including Roger per I'm professor of neuropharmacology at the University of abine considered one of the top experts in cannaboid receptor research but they then needed to uh see whether it uh behaved like a we expect a canabo to behave so uh we just developed a new essay for doing that so they um sent me some anandamide and we were able to show in our

laboratory that it did behave like we would expect a canabo deceptor acist to behave we've had other collaborations uh since then but that was the most very much the most exciting one we hadn't figured out the name of it yet though the chemical name is aranam we could have left it to death we thought that maybe it has to do with mood uh emotions things of that sort and therefore we thought well if it causes some kind of changes in Emotion maybe it causes happiness if you smoke marijuana it gives you a certain Bliss so

the natural compound also is responsible for that same type of a bliss and Inter internal Bliss that you have you know we looked for a good name and although some people do not agree with me but in Hebrew there are not too many names for happiness for sorrow you can find a lot of names but for happiness not for extreme happiness we've looked into Ayan things but the Assyrian things are more complicated they call cannabis with apparently a lot of THC they call it ganu well call the compound ganu was too complicated so we decided

we'll go to something else I remember actually uh discussing the naming of this um I think it was bilder ban Who come out with the name right right rafiul and Roger Perry and myself were all sitting outside in the sun overlooking a nice little river and two years before I said to Rafi if I isolate this chemical I get to name it don't I bill was interesting in uh these Sanskrit stories and he found that Aranda is B theight people who know me know that I study Eastern philosophy and I know lots of Sanskrit words

you know Ananda means in Sanskrit Supreme Joy professor mulam said you know it can be a good it will be a part just on chemical nature of this compound and because it's ethanol amide so we did Ananda and Amite so it's Anand Amite [Applause] even in the print form of a dictionary the Collins unabridged English dictionary and I bought one for my sister and gave it to her and it's in the dictionary anandamide anandamide yeah they made this discovery and published in this Landmark paper and its importance is Illustrated very well by the fact that

it's one of the very few papers in the biomedical literature that has been cited over 2000 time since its publication they even don't site it anymore because it's considered such an well-known thing an obvious thing that they don't even site our work anymore they mention an emite does A and B and C it turned out that there is a whole system in the body which uh is involved around an emite and this in many respects parallels important systems that the body relies upon them and this system is called now the endocannabinoid system and a huge

number of researchers are involved in investigating this system from many aspects I'm a full professor of biochemistry the basis of my work was to understand how the nervous system works I I usually go by doctor mariao the CB2 receptor is is we're trying to discover how the world works or in our case how cannabinoids work and how the brain works are there additional uh receptors that we know CB1 CB2 are receptors and you see a difference between the oral Administration versus the smoked form which is very this model we found that activation of C2 was

effective the compound which we haven't managed to isolate yet but we strongly believe exists the endoc canaban system is complex it's very challenging if the animal during the timeout period is still pressing the the the lever is because he has lost the control it just perhaps not easy to describe actually how you know the beginning it says how all of a sudden the poet found himself in a strange place a black forest saura is a black forest and he was lost but thanks to another poet that is vilo a famous Roman poet he found the

guide through the hell to the paradise then [Music] [Music] [Music] well many years ago I had the time to play around with photography but that was many years ago unfortunately I don't have time for [Music] hobbies as scientists indeed as intellectuals we should try always to be skeptical so in 1995 you had an idea of testing THC on children it has been known for many years that cannabis can lower the effects of um anti-cancer drugs anti-cancer drugs many of them cause terrible side effects and in children unfortunately children get cancer as well children vomit and

uh want to vomit amnosia they're really in a bad shape and they cry all the time and their parents are in a bad shape luckily most of their children can be cured of the cancer but the treatment is absolutely difficult we wanted to do a clinical trial in children we did that with Professor arov a arov she was was head of the Department of uh pediatric oncology in one of the Jerusalem hospitals and we did a major study with uh THC given in oily drops under the tongue of children obviously children cannot smoke we had

children that were not even one year old we dropped or she dropped THC in oil in olive oil under the tongue at 2 two or three times a day small doses during the anti-cancer treatment at the beginning we wanted to do a double blind study some of the children got the THC some other children got only the olive oil after a week she told me I'm not going ahead with that I know exactly who is getting the THC I know exactly who is not getting it there was a complete separation those that didn't get it

continue to vomit so she went ahead doing an open study and she gave THC pure THC under the tongue about 400 times which means that those that were involved in the experiment got it every time they were treated with whatever they were being treated and at the end we saw that we had complete complete block of vomiting complete block of nausea by small amount of th C which did not cause any uh psychoactivity nothing so here we had a complete therapeutic effect and we published that and again essentially nothing happened phito that was it it's

still not being used in children and you think it's it's a good idea to use it for children well I believe it's an excellent idea because we help those children that suffer but uh I have no influence an [Music] oncologists if there is a cancer patient who's got pain and that pain is not being controlled well by other kinds of drugs they're on cancer chemotherapy they're vomiting I think it's unethical to withhold a drug from them that can be very useful to help them in their pain management and in their ability to cope with their

[Music] disease in about 1999 he came up with a concept with Dr Ben Shabbat of the Entourage effect the idea that there were many compounds endogenous canabo some seemingly inactive on their own but together they make this beautiful music they they create uh an Entourage effect that greatly increases activity Rafi uh basically spoke to me about this Entourage idea and he made a very nice comparison you know like politicians if they go alone to places nobody pays them any importance if they go accompanied by perhaps less Active Components just the fact that the politician or

the minister or the president is accompanied by many people uh makes it more important so this is the Entourage effect I feel that the same applies to the components of the cannabis plant itself uh and so many of these are what are called minor cannabinoids uh contribute to an overall effect that you cannot produce with a single molecule uh this has been a key Concept in what the work I've tried to do under his influence um I was convinced that one should only test pure compounds uh with the one target whereas it's the combination sometimes

of the compounds that can do the [Music] trick a very serious group of researchers has recently published a paper saying that the endocannabinoid system is involved in essentially all human diseases if you combine CB1 receptors and CB2 receptors they cover most of the organism at least in mammals we are mammals we are mammals okay but uh when you talk of mammals you talk of horses and dogs and mice and rats and rabbits and lions and we all share the the can no system I believe so I believe so and it has been demonstrated in many

species cuz now suddenly everyone has cannabis in their bodies or everyone has a cannaboid in their bodies so it can't be bad these molecules that we all have are so critical from the birth to the death of each of us in health and [Music] disease he suggested that endocannabinoids in the milk of of mothers actually may contribute to the hedonic effects of uh uh of of the milk and it turned out to be U almost true actually so he had he has a great vision and then I know that he suggested to eat a b

that he should look at the bone why would anybody in the world actually with all preconception look at bone development man we're going to my lab we can go through the bigger entrance oh to the to the small entrance here my name is Professor iTab I am the director of the bond laboratory at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem we're going to see now the canab noids in Bones yes okay ah so you do have aor here you've been here you we have discovered the skeletal endocannabinoid system these are ocast cultures OST ocast are cells that

break down bone okay so she's analyzing the effect of uh cannabinoids on the number of osteoclasts this is the gross engine which is similar in mice and humans mhm you see here the Bron cell these are CB1 receptors these are C in the engine we've got a lot of research now going on because now we know there are CB1 and CB2 receptors in those kinds of cells that either help degrade the bone or help rebuild the [Music] bone in this day and age people are living women Beyond menopause men well into old age and we're

going to have to think about how to preserve those bones so they can last another 40 years after menopause when a woman becomes pregnant basically the body should get rid of the embryo because the embryo to a certain extent 50% comes from a different organism from the Father the body doesn't do that we don't know why the body doesn't do that it's kind of a lower in of the immune system certainly around the embryo and it seems it's quite possible that the endocannabinoid system and a white sense of meaning may be involved in prevention of

uh this kind of immune effect which is the basis of our life I obviously if the Embry is kicked out there is going to be no life on this planet [Music] all right so you're checking in then sir I need you to fill in all this here okay according to your Wy you're most welcome and uh where are you from Sir Israel Israel oh well that's very cool that's cool you know why why cuz the first guy to discover tetrahydro canaban is actually an Israeli man thank you very much you're welcome okay thank [Music] you

you are named as the grandfather of Canabis Research or canab well I'm a grandfather of seven grandchildren and I'm very happy with them so you're not accepting the title the grandfather of cannabis research we started research when essentially nobody was doing research so if this is the grandfather okay so I'm a grandfather [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] down [Applause] [Music] Works under the ego obviously people are happy to get an award that people recognize their work definitely mean it will be silly to say that I don't care yes definitely I care like anybody else

[Music] I've received quite a few Awards in different places in the [Music] world in Israel I got an Israel prize Ro child priz other prices got important prices in German in the US had Awards in the Czech [Music] [Music] State I've had honorary doctorates one in Spain one in the US when in [Music] [Music] is the National Institute of Health gave me an award recently in 1962 I had asked for a grant from NIH but NIH wrote me back well the topic you're interested in namely the constituents of Cannabis sativa is not a relevant topic

for the US it's not used in the US when you have something more relevant ask us for a grant so a year later I got a phone call from one of the main pharmacologists of the National Institute of Mental Health said he's interested in cannabis so all of a sudden they had a change of mind so I asked them what happened well apparently somebody H up an important person maybe a senator had called NIH and asked what does cannabis do it seems that his son had been caught smoking pot what yes yes it's the truth

father and I'm pretty pretty ashamed of it and he wanted to know whether the marijuana destroys his mind now they didn't know anything about marijuana and the only thing that they actually knew was that young person from the Middle East had asked for a grant and was working on it so pharmacologist came over and asked me are you still working and said yes we had just identified the active compound and we had a large amount of the active stuff there we had about 10 G of THC so he said please give us the 10 Gams

and we'll do a lot of pharmacology in the US so he got the world supply of THC nobody had THC at that time got the world supply of THC took it to the US actually he probably smuggled it because I don't think that he had a license so uh he could take it to the US but then of course nobody was looking for THC it was not an own compound so he took it to NIH and for the next couple of years most of the research in the US on THC was done with material supplied

by us those grams that they took and for many years nearly 40 45 years I was supported financially by the National Institute of Health and they never never interfered with my research the cannaboid field was starting to really come online and there was this big connection with with endogenous canabo and exogenous canabo and pain my PhD was in female reproductive pain it's just really fun to be at this point of going wow we're actually you know understanding some of the mechanism of why women basically have taken cannabis for thousands of years for Reproductive pain I

I would consider myself still as a mouse geneticist and neurobiologist so our approach is to make a mut animals so almost every talk that you hear contains some data that we generated with the mice that that we generated that we made you get seniority if death you can't avoid the lab was up to me I chose canabo heard it's a fun house where a little lab mouse can party for several years I was um researching uh motor neuron disease uh amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and was able to show that THC was actually uh protective for in

a mouse model of ALS uh the mice that were given THC uh lived a little longer and did a little better than the ones that uh did not get treated with with THC so that was really exciting work pass that new compound over to me do then I I'll swim around you can punch the clock work on mice has been done in so many areas that I normally joke saying that if I wear a mouse I can be treated for just about every disease around well it is partly true I ain't cynical Life's a clinical

trial for a mouse or a man an andite and 2 AG although they were discovered uh almost was 20 years ago 15 20 years ago they have never never been administered to a human so we speak about mice well mice are nice animals but they are not definitely not humans let me nibble your can just let me nibble nibble your can obviously mice can be treated with canab noise for cancer mice can be treated for all kinds of other diseases which in humans the answer is no it has not been tested um can cannabis cure

cancer well first of all we know that THC lowers the effects of cancer treatment but what you asking is is it an anti-cancer drug and the answer is I don't know and the reason for that is silly it has been tested in the test tube THC has been tested cannabid dial crude can cannabis has been tested in the test tube and yes in many cases it blocks the development of cancer cells [Music] yes Professor Guzman is a major researcher in Spain he has worked on the mechanisms through which cannabinoids act on cancer in our hands

classical cannabinoids are the ones that work best by large inducing cell death in cancer cells DC comes from can be so comfort from from synthetic no it's TC coming from Cannabis oh okay so it's TSC the real TC now we know that canabo can exert anti- tumor actions in animals not only in brain tumors but in many different types of tumors we know that canabo act not only by inducing cell death through that a specific mechanism called apoptosis but we know that canabo can tackle other processes of cancer cell growth such as angiogenesis metastasis cell

cycle Etc he even did a small clinical trial we did a trial with nine volunteers that had a very malignant form of brain cancer blastoma multiform and we observe some positive effects of canabo in survival of the patients and also on tumor growth B both on Imaging techniques magnetic resonance imaging and also based on the measurement of some biomarkers of tumor progression though we have done quite a lot in the field of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids we have not done enough in clinical trials this is something that has to be done if this is not done

we will certainly miss a lot and we will not be helping human patients it should be done I have one dream that comes on and off in very different ways I'm in a city that I don't know and I don't know how to go back to the hotel I'm staying and I don't remember the name of the hotel and I I get into an anxiety and I wake up and this has happened many many times so I think it has to do with the whatever happened in the second world war when my parents told me

remember these names and these addresses because if you if we disappear you should go there which is uh well not very pleasant which is quite a shock probably to a child and of course we were very afraid that we'll be separated my parents and I I was afraid I now remember more than I did over the many many years that have passed since then all the people they start remembering things that happened in their childhood [Music] [Music] at one point somebody decided that it is worthwhile testing cannabis with relatively high doses of THC I believe

in people that are Alzheimer or Alzheimer like patients they got it in their food in their the yogur or [Music] whatever some of them I believe not all of them but some of them were in a better shape some of them started speaking their eyes became brighter in one case an next writer started writing again in another case a woman said I feel fine and went home so it seems to be helping the symptoms of Alzheimer or [Music] senility Alzheimer at the moment is a huge huge problem and there is very little that can be

done for Alzheimer patients so maybe if if it is well researched in the future we should know how to help these patients we're dealing here with population of millions and this population will grow because in most countries Western countries at least the number of older people is growing all the time we are lucky that cannabis is not toxic people do not die from overdose of can cannabis most appropriately for a canabo meeting uh we're ending on a high really in the form of a talk by Rafi mulam uh who's of course the father of uh

modern canabo research no doubt about [Music] that and I would like to end with uh something that's really crazy speculation each one of us has a different personality and we have no idea why why do we have different personalities well part of it is the effect of the environment okay but part of it is genetic and we don't know why we have different personalities one way of explaining it is there are several hundred compounds endocannabinoid like compounds they are like anandamide in their chemical structure that are present in the brain and it is quite possible

that each one of us has a different slightly different level of these compounds this is genetic this is based on the different DNA of everybody but DNA doesn't affect the personality it is the compounds that are formed from DNA through RNA to proteins and peptides and and secondary compounds so it is quite possible that differences in the endocannabinoid system system and the cannabinoid like system can have something to do with the different personalities well that's a very complicated story but it may work I went to a mathematician and told him look I believe that there

are 8 billion people on this planet and I believe that there are 8 billion different personalities is it possible that the 200 compounds that we have may be involved she said of course there are so many possibilities that the ratios of 10 of these to 10 of others and so on will cause that this is a crazy speculation but at some point we'll have to find a biochemical basis of why we are [Music] [Applause] different many years ago when I had an administrative position in my University I was recor I was told never given after

dinner speech before the dinner and I sincerely apologize for doing so now he used to get the H from the police and we used to chop it up in the lab it's 555 nanom and it's the healthiest for for your ice this is from Cannabis if you are in the nature green it's the healthier yes it's f 555 nanom popular media is very powerful and very convincing we should try to go to the basis of these media presentations and be convinced that the facts support the conclusions this is true for every sphere of life and

certainly for every scientific area and I want to thank many of my collaborators we have drank a coffee many many times I believe that the next paper will be um uh drinking coffee as a scientific method and [Music] we so if Myra can get The Nobel Prize why not po