How An Oil Tanker Works And Designed

[Music] thank you an oil tanker is a ship designed for the bolt transport of oil or its products there are two basic types of oil tankers crude tankers and product tankers crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries product tankers generally much smaller are designed to move refined products from refineries to points near consuming markets the size classes range from Inland or Coastal tankers to the ultra large crude carriers we are focusing on an ultra large crude tanker [Music] let's take a closer look at the main parts

of this vessel [Music] pipeline systems are used to load and discharge oil water gas and many other purposes there is a helicopter landing pad cranes are used for transporting heavy equipment on and off the ship Mast risers are connected to the cargo tanks below they are designed to release pressure that builds up inside the cargo tanks during the loading more unloading of oil the accommodation area is where the crew members stay eat and sleep this is the control room emergency escape boats are used for the crew members to escape in life-threatening situations awesome now let's

take a look inside the hull [Music] the oil cargo tanks store crude oil for transportation water ballast tanks provide stability for the vessel in the AFT of the vessel there are heavy Fuel Oil and Marine gas oil tanks that are used to power the ship a sludge tank stores waste from the treatment system there is also a fresh water tank in between all these tanks of different types of liquid there are empty spaces called the cofferdum and down here is the engine room this is the pump room [Music] the crew working on this gigantic vessel

can number around 30 people not all oil tankers have the exact same design many ships might have Parts located in different spots but in this animation this is the basic design principle a large crude oil tanker has multiple oil cargo tanks primarily to avoid free surface effects sometimes the sea can be rough just like in this scenario if an oil tanker has only one giant tank to carry oil cargo it will face free surface effect when the liquid inside a tank moves from side to side it generates forces that impact the side of the hull

if the impact to one side of the hull is too strong it can cause the ship to capsize to solve this problem oil tankers have multiple smaller tanks when the liquid moves the impact is divided into smaller sections reducing the impact on one side of the hull this provides more stability for the vessel [Music] all oil tankers with a length above 120 meters are required to be double hauled the double Hull is designed to protect the oil cargo tanks from external damages in a single hold ship if the hull is shredded or cracked by any

external impacts it can result in oil leakage into the ocean endangering marine life and polluting the environment the space between the hull and oil cargo tanks are used as water ballast tanks when not carrying oil the tank doesn't have enough weight to counter the buoyancy and will easily be moved by the waves without stability it will be difficult for crew members to work and live [Music] well stabilized the bottom part of the vessel needs to be submerged Under the Water by filling the water ballast tanks foreign [Music] foreign tank will discharge its water Back to

the Sea to keep the ship from being too heavily loaded All Ships are required to have a water treatment system it is important because when a ship pumps sea water into the ballast tanks from one location and carries it to another location it might potentially bring unwanted microorganisms and bacteria before discharging water Back to the Sea in a new location the water needs to be treated to kill all the harmful bacteria cofferdum it is a space which is used to separate different liquid tanks of different types when two tanks of different liquid types share the

same wall and if there is a crack or leak two types of liquid will end up Spilled Out and mixing with each other that's why with the cofferdum separating two tanks apart it creates a space for fixing the leak without contaminating the other tank let's take a look at how oil is loaded into the cargo tanks when loading oil weight distribution is very important to consider if weight distribution is uneven it can result in an unwanted accident for example if there is too much weight on one side The Vessel will lose its balance to avoid

this accident oil has to be loaded evenly each time there is a jungle of pipes here so let's simplify it and focus on the oil loading pipes only this pipeline is used to load and discharge oil in and out of the cargo tank this part is called a manifold and oil enters here a pump is used to push the oil through a bell mouth where the oil comes out into the tanks from the bottom to the top for example in this model there are 15 oil cargo tanks the first pipeline will load oil into these

five tanks to ensure that the weight is evenly distributed the second pipe will load oil into these five tanks and the third pipe will load oil into the last five tanks three sections represented by three different colors or Easy View in this animation in reality crude oil is black with this design it doesn't matter which pipeline is used to load or unload oil first as the weight will still be distributed evenly oil cargo tanks are also equipped with heating coils to reduce viscosity for easy pumping oil tankers use a device called loading arms to load

or discharge oil during offshore oil loading the tanker receives oil directly from the subsea pipeline using a boy and floating hoses if an oil tanker is too large to get close to a dock it will transfer the oil to a smaller tanker to carry it to the dock thank you for watching if you find this interesting subscribe to my channel my name is luces and I'll see you in the next video [Music] foreign