Why You Make Mistakes

there are a bunch of mistakes that you make every single day simply because of the way in which your brain works today in the change of Minds podcast I'm going to walk through the most important psychological mechanisms that are at play in guiding why we make the mistakes that we do we'll be talking about things like confirmation bias fundamental attribution error cognitive dissonance loss aversion and many many more of the most popular and most important insights and ideas in Psychology over the last 100 years I'm going to walk you through these biases how they impact us why they cause us to make the mistake that they do and more importantly how we can start to leverage this knowledge to be able to transform the way in which we think this is going to be one of the most useful episodes you will ever come across if you're into psychology there's nowhere better to be let's get to it hello and welcome to another episode of The Changing Minds podcast I'm own Fitzpatrick and today we're going to talk about cognitive processing now I know what you're saying you're thinking to yourself cognitive processing really that doesn't sound like fun I'm telling you it is a lot of fun because we're going to be looking at psychological Concepts that you might have heard before and you might have thought to yourself I think I know what that means but I'm not 100% sure or I do know what that means if only someone was to do a podcast where they were to walk through examples of it so that I can then communicate about it even more impressively than I already do well you're in the right place if you've no interest in Psychology and you're here for some other reason and I don't know what to tell you but I hope that you find what you're looking for anyway today we're going to talk about some of the biases that causes to make some of the mistakes that we do and we're going to explore some of the most popular terms that have been used over the past few years to describe some of the ways in which our minds think and why we think the way we do we're going to start off and we're going to look at cognitive dissonance first of all and cognitive dissonance is something that I'm sure you may well have heard of if You' have any interest in psychology is a term that you would have heard of quite a bit and it's basically the mental discomfort that we experience as a result of simultaneously holding two or more contradictory beliefs ideas or values sometimes it's also the tension that exists whenever your behavior is at alignment with your identity so you see yourself as this type of person but your behavior is saying something different this whole notion of how we change habits as a result of changing our identity what James Clear talks about in his great book Atomic habits that one of the things that you do is every Behavior you engage in is a vote for the kind of person you want to become and if you want to shift your behavior change your identity is a great way to do that and vice versa that in a nutshell is explained by this notion of cognitive dissonance this is something that was originated by the wonderful Leon festinger in the 1950s he also as we've talked about in a previous episode was discussing Concepts like social comparison Theory as well but cognitive dissonance explains why people strive for internal consistency why they want to be able to make it so that their beliefs are in alignment with each other and their beliefs are aligned with their behavior and this is really important for us to know because it'll often explain why we may well sabotage ourselves why we screw ourselves up why we don't always make the best decisions possible so some examples here would be we might not enjoy smoking but still find ourselves doing it or we might struggle with the ability to quit it because we see that we are indeed just a smoker and as a result of that the label or identity that we believe about ourselves will cause us to prevent the opportunity we might have had to be able to make the changes that we need or we might experience tension because we're not exercising even though we talk about how valuable Fitness is and then either we stop talking about it or we eventually will exercise so sometimes cognitive dissonance can be the very reason why we actually start to engage in the behavior we want but more often than not it can also be the opposite it can prevent us from doing what it is that we want to do we might feel uneasy about criticizing a friend while trying to be supportive as well and be caught in a situation where on the one hand you don't want to support your friend's Behavior but on the other hand you want to be a good friend and that creates a sort of a conflict or a state of tension that can only be resolved once you make a decision what are you going to do or we might experience conflict from wanting Independence but also wanting closeness this whole Chestnut whereby on the one hand we want our freedom but on the other hand we want to be able to be in a Rel relationship uh sometimes this happens in in lots of different situations where we're struggling with two opposing uh needs so for example Tony Robbins talks about what he calls the six needs uh and in those six needs one of them is certainty and the other's variety which are obviously opposite so on the one hand we want certainty we want to know what's next on the other hand we like variety something that's a bit different on the one hand once again he also talks about the need for a desire for connection on the other hand he also talks about the desire for being what he calls significant so we have significance against connection that's a sort of a tension between the two and we've certainty versus variety again tension between the two and that's pretty much our brains our brains have lots of these tensions happening and whenever we have beliefs that are oppositional or beliefs that are conflicting that tends to lead to a state of cognitive dissonance once again this also leads us then to make the changes that we need to so that we resolve this tension and this is often what happen happens whenever we successfully change Behavior whether that's in a good direction or in a bad direction another example might be we might say on the one hand I value work life balance but we might find ourselves work addicted or feeling conflicted about unethical business practices to achieve success and we rationalize it because we don't want to admit to ourselves that we're engaging in that kind of behavior because that's against what we believe or we might feel regret after making a purchase that contradicts our desire to save money because on the one hand we're supposed to say but on the other hand we made an Impulse by etc etc the real reason for us to be able to understand cognitive dissonance is first of all to recognize what it's happening to us and therefore to work out what is it the belief that is most important for you what do you choose to believe but also it's recognizing that happens in others as well and also how can we leverage cognitive dissonance to make it more likely that we engage in the kind of new behaviors that allow us to get the results that we want that's how we start to use this concept so cognitive dissonance is obviously popular but so is the next bias this is something I've probably said or mentioned more than any other bias and that is confirmation bias this is our tendency to search for and interpret and remember information in a way that confirms our pre-existing beliefs so we look for evidence to prove that we're absolutely correct and we dismiss evidence that contradicts us sometimes this is also known as disconfirmation bias we look for ways to contradict whatever messages we're getting in when they disagree with our point of view or our perspective so this has been widely studied in cognitive psychology there's tons of examples there Warren Buffett talked about confirmation buyers being one of the single biggest reasons why people lose money in Investments now he didn't necessarily use the term confirmation bias but he did talk about how we get an idea of a particular investment we want to make and then we look for evidence to prove that we're right and dismiss evidence that contradicts us but in business it's the equivalent of searching for data that supports a business strategy while ignoring data that suggests it might fail or hiring candidates based on information that confirms your initial positive or negative Impressions you think to yourself oh yeah yeah yeah see I knew what I was right other examples might be in relationships you focus on the other person's behavior and confirm your belief that they're trustworthy where you ignore all the red flags anyone ever done that have you ever seen a red flag and you're like um uh I don't think that's a red flag I think it's just contextual because of this and this and this but genuinely once you get to know them when you have to say once you get to know them they're actually a really good person that's a red flag sorry to tell you sometimes people no once you get to know them um you know uh the serial killer yeah I know he was a serial killer I know he killed lots of people but actually once you get to know and you take all the killing out of the way he's actually real sweetheart right he's got a really good sensitive heart and uh he's got more than a heart cuz he eats hearts and um who wouldn't most people wouldn't so please get out of that relationship sh with the serial killer it's just not going to go anywhere except you know to your death probably another example would be reading reviews that supports your decision to buy a product while disregarding negative feedback you just like head in the sand technique as we call it or in health you seek out articles that confirm your beliefs about a particular diet while ignoring studies to disprove it oh I read a study online that shows that if I eat uh ice cream and M&M's all day long uh it actually uh helps me decrease stress and there helps me live longer now I don't know where you're going to find a study that says that I'm pretty sure you're going to be stretching a lot to find one of those but if you do then all you'll do is go benefits of M&M's you'll type that into Google you'll ask all every AI system you can here at chat GPT tell me what are any of the potential good nutritional benefits I can get from M&M's and ice cream and then chat GPT good old chat GPT if it doesn't have an answer it'll probably you know hallucinate one like it does and tell you what you want to hear again this is when we want to listen to what we want to hear and we ignore anything that contradicts it so if by any danger it gives you any information you don't want that says oh M&M's are full of sugar no I don't want to hear that don't tell me about the sugar there or in health you might interpret symptoms in a way that fits a self- diagnosed condition so you already convince yourself that you've got like minutes to live and you go oh there we go I've got a scratch an itchy knee and I found evidence that says The Itchy knees sometimes mean that you've got seconds to live by the way just to let you know disclaimer if you do have an itchy knee has nothing to do with six minutes to live or whatever you probably have a lot longer maybe an hour I'm joking I don't know not a med you don't come to this channel for medical advice do you if you do God bless you you you really are in a bad place the next one is what we call the Dunning Krueger effect and this is named after David Dunning and Justin Krueger who first described the effect in 1999 there has been a little bit bit controversy over it blah blah blah blah blah but it basically in a nutshell we all like it because it explains how people's lack of Knowledge and Skills leads to overconfidence in other words the smarter you think you are often times the Dumber you are and generally speaking a lot of people who think that they're not that smart more often than not you're smarter than you actually think that you are which is probably not hard if you think that you're don't anyway this is the tendency the bias where people with low ability at a task overestimate their ability while those with a high ability underestimate their competence so some examples of this would be in health you might overestimate your ability to F follow a complex diet plan without proper understanding so you go oh yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah so if you've ever heard a person go uh what that means is number one they're annoying because anyone who says yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah like that is annoying but number two it also suggests that uh they are engaged in Dunning Krueger effect uh and the Dunning Krueger effect manifests in this way also then you might believe that you can effectively self treat medical conditions without adequate knowledge raise your hands up if you know somebody that does this all the time right raise your hands up if you know somebody that acts as if they are a medical genius they give you all the vitamins to take they tell you the minimals you know what you need to do you need to eat more of this you know what you need to do you need to do this stretch you know what you need to do and you don't need to do any of it I mean maybe you do but more than likely you don't but lots lots of folks out there like that from a business point of view these are people that might overestimate their entrepreneurial skills despite lack of experience or knowledge think that they know a lot more than they actually do or believe that they're an expert in the field after minimal exposure you know what I saw recently there was this guy who wrote down and and put it I think it was on LinkedIn this is this is Dradful this is I feel pain thinking of this but I'm going to share with you so you can feel the pain too this guy writes on um LinkedIn he goes I believe we can learn everything from YouTube in fact I would be quite confident that I would be able to do heart surgery if I watched heart surgery done enough times on YouTube now here's the thing if you agree with them please just don't ever watch another video of mine again that the knowledge that someone exists out there and you're watching a video like this makes me too depressed so I I beg of you please go somewhere else right but number two like watching heart surgery let me tell you if I met a surgeon I'm like what's wrong I have to do this and I go okay just so we're clear what's your experience they said I've watched the same video 150 times have you been in medical skill have you ever done any form of surgery before no so what's your experience 150 time watched it 150 times you are never ever getting anywhere remotely close to my heart right and I mean that metaphorically as well as literally right so that's an example of Dunning Krueger at its height I mean pretty sure it's an insane example but the more I go online the less I think it's insane and the more I see it is way more common than it should be and in one other example we overestimate our ability to evaluate Tech products after reading a few articles we think we're genius after reading just a couple of things and uh this is something again you can see plenty of evidence of over time the ding kruer effect the fun one another effect that is quite important is what we call the framing effect and this is the tendency for people to make different decisions depending on how the information is presented or framed to them so a great example of this would be we'll go to a medical one a surgery so people were given the option in an imaginary scenario and this included doctors were given this option as well and the scenario that they were given was that this particular operation has a 90% survival rate and they asked how many people would actually go ahead with the surgery or operation right because they had a certain limited time that they were alive if they didn't have the operation right so 90% survival rate how many people said yes and then they took similar group and they said 10% mortality rate how many people and they found significantly more people chose the 90% survival as opposed to chose choosing the 10% mortality even though 90% survival is 10% mortality but when it was framed as 90% survival more people elect for the treatment which is absolutely insane right also people will opt for a diet plan described as 90% effective more than they will look at 10% failure whenever we frame it in terms of success versus failure in relationships we'll perceive a partner's Behavior differently based upon whether it's framed positively or negatively and will react to feedback differently depending on whether it's framed as constructive or complaint in business we'll make investment decisions uh based on positive framing of potential returns more that an objective analysis so once again the way in which it's communicated to us the language that is used when it's described to us will often influence the decision that we make and we'll often choose products based upon positive Framing and ads such as 80% lean more likely than we are to go 20% fat so we see 80% lean and 20% fat even though it's the same thing we are more likely to choose the 80% lean we're also more likely to buy a product with a money back guarantee framed positively rather than the same guarantee framed as a re fund so instead of saying you know uh money back guarantee instead you say we'll give you a refund if you're not happy it's actually better to talk about it as a guarantee once again framing matters so the framing effect is a very very important effect to consider we then have what we call the sunk cost fallacy this is the tendency we have to keep investing in a decision this could be with time energy or money based upon previously invested resources rather than current and future costs and benefits in other words if you're doing something and it isn't working yet but you put a lot of energy and a lot of time into it you might keep flagging as we call it flogging a dead horse you might keep trying to it's pretty cruel on the horses apologies for anyone who loves horses it's just a metaphor don't actually mean it literally but obviously it came from a literal example but anyone who flogs a live horse in my book is uh is not someone I would invite around to dinner so uh I just want to be clear a bit where I stand on that but the reality is there's examples of this for example you might stay in a relationship that's unfilling just because well we've already been together 10 years you know put a lot of effort into this relationship even though every day might be a nightmare for you or you might use a service or a product that doesn't meet your needs because you've already paid for we've paid for it so we better use it but you got no use for it we'll find a use for it we've already paid and there was no guarantee they didn't give us a refund see the call back there then there's Health you continue a diet or exercise program even though you're not losing any weight you're going oh I hate eating kale in the morning 6:00 a. m. and this protein sandwich and I hate to do CrossFit followed by running 20 miles this is agonizing and it's not working for you you're not losing any weight by the way if you are running 20 miles and you are doing CrossFit and you are eating kale and you're not losing weight I check that out mate check that out Uh something's wrong something's definitely wrong and again I'm not a dietitian not a nutrition I'm not a fitness expert but something's wrong trust me don't trust me I don't nothing about you know medicine um but another example would be persistent with a medication that a side effects because you've already bought a lot of it right so you go okay well all hands are on Deck I've already paid the money so therefore let's just keep using this you know no matter what and so these are some examples of sunk cost bias another bias that's quite popular in the everyday world we live in is what we call loss aversion this is the tendency we have to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains this is made Popular by Danny canaman and Amos tersi again the two sort of Godfathers of Behavioral economics which is the psychology decision making and this highlights this loss of version highlights how we overvalue loss so the pain of loss is more is worse than the pleasure of gain and so if let's say me and you we have a game where we toss a coin and I say if you win you get $5 if I win I get $5 most people won't take that bet but most people will only take the bet when they stand to gain $8 in exchange for the risk of losing five so in other words you won't take the BET until you stand to me giving you $8 if you win and risk losing $5 if I win and so again it shows that we tend to overvalue the losses quite significantly more than we do value the actual gains that we get and so some examples of this from a health point of view it might mean that we stick to a familiar diet or exercise routine to avoid the potential loss of control or loss of comfort like we don't want to go inside of our comfort zone or we avoid a new treatment with potential side effects just because we're worried about the negative even though there's benefits there or we stay in a comfortable relationship to avoid the loss associated with breaking up so we don't want the feeling of or we don't want to lose out and as a result you keep engaging in that relationship or in business you might hesitate to invest in new opportunities to avoid potential Financial loss is where we're way too worried about and not taking risk we're way too conservative and as a result we shoot ourselves in the foot or we don't even go near shooting ourselves in the foot because we're too scared of using guns that's a terrible example anyway avoiding new products or Brands to prevent the potential loss of satisfaction again this is when we're too safe and we avoid doing any s sort of things that are adventurous because we don't want to take any former risks which is not so great the next bias is the representative juristic and this is our tendency to judge the probability of an event by how much it resembles what we consider to be a typical example of the event this was again popularized and introduced by Danny canaman and Amos tersi and it looks at how we rely on stereotypes and past experiences to make judgment so some examples here is we might judge a person's potential partner compatibility based upon superficial traits that resemble past partners so oh I go for brunettes therefore whatever so we tend to think to ourselves well we're compatible because uh I tend to work well with brunettes or I tend to work well with people who have this particular quality that particular quality or assuming someone's relationship advice is good because they fit The Stereotype of a successful partner oh they'd be a good partner I must listen to everything that they have to say don't don't hiring someone because they fit the profile of a successful employee based upon appearance and background oh look at the way their suit fits them the way their suit fits them probably won't help in terms of give you an idea as to whether or not they would be great at the job maybe a influenc if for example they're selling suits maybe that's relevant but if they're doing almost any other potential job not so much then investing in a business because it resembles other successful Ventures ignoring specific details once again that's obviously not going to work out too well I'm believing a product will be high quality because it packaging uh resembles other high-end packaging just cuz it's packaged nice doesn't necessarily mean it's going to be the same or if it resembles in some way other successful Brands you've used before again doesn't mean that it's going to work out the same or finally some health examples if we believe a treatment will work because it worked with someone else with similar symptoms that doesn't guaranteed that it'll work with you as well and um if we just look at someone and we think oh they're fit and we assume they're healthy as well just because they're fit doesn't automatically make them healthy also they could be fit but also have lots of health issues as well so those are kind of examples of where the representative juristic needs to be something we go hang on a second how am I am I jumping to conclusions here you don't want to then we have another really interesting one called the fundamental attribution error and this was again identified by the psychologist Lee Ross it explains how people often attribute others actions to their personality while neglecting external factors so it's the tendency to overemphasize our personal characteristics and ignore situ AAL factors when judging other people's behavior so this is a case where in so for example in health we might blame someone for their health issues assuming it's down to their lifestyle choices someone's sick or someone's got bad health issues well of course they do they don't take care of themselves however if it turns to us we're not going to do that right we'll tend to go oh it's so unfair life is so hard I've been so unlucky so we're more likely when it comes to us to go the reason for my problem is the situation whereas when it comes to other people the reason for their problems is their choices judging a person's weight gain is a lack of discipline right if you're overweight you're more likely to say oh it's so unfair metabolism is not right blah blah blah whereas when someone else is overweight we're more likely to think oh they obviously aren't disciplined and whatnot now you might not say that out loud because it's kind of a mean thing to say but you might say it to yourself mind you I'm not saying you would I think you probably definitely wouldn't but other people they would do see we're even doing a sort of met a fundamental attribution a there it's not greedy but you know next relationship you might assume a person's bad mood is down to their personality not down to external stressors and when I say external stresses are probably meaning you so you know it's like your partner's like really annoyed and angry and you're like God they're so moody maybe you pissed them off maybe the reason they're Moody is because of you maybe you're the mood Creator maybe they were absolutely happy until they met you maybe their lives were amazing and then they fell in love with you and now they're Moody probably not but just in case you want to be wary of it right imagine imagine all of our partners are just they would have been so much happier without us is that's something nice to contemplate I'm sure it's not true it's definitely not true for you another example in business would be attributing an employees poor performance to laziness uh not considering external distractions or lack of resources oh my goodness they're so late well maybe the reason they're struggling because of the circumstance the situation or maybe the reason we think that our colleagues behavior is rude is not necessarily because they're rude maybe they're under a lot of stress they just reacted we need to start to pay attention to these issues because often times by just assuming that because a person is this way or has this Behavior it automatically means that it's coming from them and it's their own fault that is an erroneous conclusion for us to get to just like it is when we do the opposite to ourselves and say the reason I'm not getting the results is because of the situation it's cuz my lack of look it's cuz a whole host of other things that we say now the next bias is called the curse of knowledge this is our tendency to assume that others have the same background knowledge as on themselves this is really when we are trying to put ourselves in other people's shoes we overedit them with having all the information we have inside our head it's hard for us to see the wood from the trees it's hard for us to to have what we call a beginner's mind and this is like when we try to explain let's say doctors explain complex medical terms to a patient without considering the fact the patient might not now have a have a clue what they're talking about right I've been in some meetings with like investment financial advisers and they bombard me with all this technical language and have no clue and I have to like sift through the complexity and say excuse me what do you mean by that what do you mean by that what do you mean by that and not everyone's going to want to look like a dummy so therefore when they do use complexity we might not you know check in with them so they might speak it goes over our head but we don't want to say it and so it's imperative for us to stop and to ourselves what is the level of knowledge this person has and how can I be aware of that and how can I consider that so that I'm communicating with them at the level that they're at we also have relationship examples whereby you might expect a partner to understand certain references to past events without pred you know presenting any form of context sometimes you might even have a partner that will start having a conversation mid conversation cuz they've had the rest of it in their head which is a fun one so like they're they're just going I just don't understand understand why and it comes out of the blue and they expect you to be like yeah I don't understand why either I don't understand what you're talking about so maybe you can give me context because sometimes we just assume it we just don't even think about it or from a purchasing perspective we might expect other people to appreciate the technical specifications of a product without explaining them so I've gone into some computer stores you know or Apple Stores where they go oh it's got this gigawatt you know High pixelized you know blah blah blah blah blah I'm like going really oh that's brilliant that's brilliant yeah I've always wanted a pixel pixel wat pixel watts are my favorite right you know what I hear then I hear 1.

21 gig 1. 21 gigawatt what the hell is a gigawatt where's that from Back to the Future 1. 21 gig that's a lot of energy that's enough that's like the same amount as a bolt of lightning which by the way is just enough of nuclear energy that would get you to um engage the folks capacitor which makes time travel possible so there you go not everyone knows what a gigawatt is so chill is all I'm saying so that's the the curse of knowledge the next bias is called the Hawthorn effect this is the alteration of behavior by study participants due to their awareness of being observed this was based upon studies done in the 20s and 30s in Hawthorne Works Factory where they demonstrate how people change their behavior when they have a feeling that they're being observed really fascinating study that was done on this I think a few years ago whereby there was a place set up like a museum or like an art gallery and it was a $20 bill and it was placed in front of this painting and there was two conditions one condition was the painting had the eyes of the person in the painting was looking away and the other one the eyes were looking directly at whoever was looking at the painting and in the situation where the eyes were looking directly at whoever was looking at the painting people were far less likely to pick up the $20 or whatever it was and pocket it and they're much more likely to actually either ignore it or bring it to the lost and found and tell people about it so really interesting even when it's not a real human even when it's a painting we're still more likely to be Hoodwinked by that which is very interesting so just be careful whenever you're walking past a painting if there's eyes and they're looking at you you might feel like you're being looked at so there you go it also explains a concept called Zoom fatigue whenever we're on Zoom can be stressful if we're on there for a long period of time and a big part of the stress comes because we're aware that we're being watched by people and this almost you know influences in the back of our mind some examples of this in the real world might be in health patients improving their health habits because they know their progress is being monitored so they're extra careful in what they do or in a fitness study they might exercise more diligently because being they're being watched or relationship we might improve Behavior towards a partner when we're being observed by a therapist in business employees increase productivity when they know that Management's observing them and in terms of purchase ing Shoppers tend to be more selective with purchases when they know that they're part of a study so they want to again impressed we want to signal to the world something about us which is quite important the next effect is the hard easy effect and this is the tendency we have to be overconfident in our ability to perform hard tasks and underc confident in our ability to perform easy tasks and this is very interesting phenomenon so some examples of this would be we might overestimate our ability to stick to a challenging Fitness r routine or regime at the same time we might underestimate our ability to maintain simple healthy habits like daily hydration right drinking water regularly might think to yourselves I don't know if I can drink water regularly look drinking water is easy see do you think you could do that of course you could could you do that regularly of course you could but often times we think to ourselves oh we'll never be able to do it this and that and the other and instead we get offer this other fancy Dan technique where we got to go on this special diet or we got to go and do all these fancy exercises and you go oh that's for me right so that's another example of this hard easy effect in terms of relationships we might underestimate our ability to perform easy relationship tasks like showing appreciation regularly right that might be something oh I'm not sure that'll be that'll work out well whereas you think to yourself I'd really get like to get stuck into some of the complex you know challenges that we have and we might think that we're able to solve them easier or in business once again we might be more confident the better ability to handle complex business challenges difficult business tasks but we might be underconfidence in handling handling routine tasks or doing Simple Things on a regular basis and then finally we have naive realism naive realism is the belief that we see the world exactly as it is and the people who disagree with us they're the ones that are uninformed irrational or biased now if you tell me that there is a particular bias that tends to infect The World At Large and some many people have it this is it naive realism this has been studied extensively and there's loads of examples especially in politics I'm seeing the world as it is they are seeing a distorted warped version of the world and sometimes you have intellectuals sometimes you have people who are let's say particularly smart and they classify themselves as independent thinkers and they have a very sort of definite view of the world this is the way the world works and anybody disagrees with them they just immediately count as a can't believe they're so stupid we've heard politicians use the term as well when they say oh there's this group of people who are the deplorables or this group of people who are this type of person and the problem is is that as soon as we fall into this trap we make the same error and we fall into the Trap of naive realism some examples of this would be in relationships you might believe that your perspective relations Dynamics is objectively Right where's your part Partners isn't or you assume that friends who disagree with you on these issues are biased irrational from a health perspective we might believe that our certain diet is the right diet we're on the right one and everyone else is wrong or you might assume that other people have different exercise regimes than us oh my God you're running running is so bad for you what I do is I do CrossFit that's good for me or I lift weights that's good for me or I cycle and that's good for me but running is terrible those kind of assumptions we might have in business you might believe that your business strategies are the best and dismiss any Al alternates or alternatives to that or you might assume that colleagues who disagree with your ideas oh they're so stupid I can't believe there's people that are that stup but that work in the business world is crazy how do they get their job how they how can they even tie their shoelaces with opinions like that very condescending but also great examples of naive realism so there you have it we covered a lot of really cool stuff I hope you'll agree naive realism is one we talked about the hard easy effect the Haw thorn effect the curse of knowledge we looked at the fundamental attribution a representativeness heuristics we talked about loss aversion we talked about the sun cost fallacy we looked at the framing effect the ding Krueger effect confirmation bias and finally cognitive dissonance and I hope that you're not in a state of cognitive dissonance when you think about the change of Minds podcast I hope you're in a state of oh my goodness I thought it was amazing and I think it's brilliant and there's no distance there I'm going to subscribe I'm going to rate I'm going to review I'm going to leave leave a lovely comment I'm going to say really nice things and I'm going to watch every episode I can get my hands on and if I can't get my hands on it then I'm just going to watch it on the computer and I'm going to tell lots of people and spread the word I'm going to sign up for Owens newsletter on.