Ionic and Covalent Bonding | Chemical Bonding

hi everyone welcome to this chemistry class on chemical bonding this is a very very important topic uh because chemical bonding is uh used in many different chapters the concept of chemical bonding how the bonds form uh how the atoms form chemical bonds very very important topic and I'm going to make it absolutely easy and crystal clear for you so let's get started and before we begin I just want uh to say that do check out the other courses on our website we have physics chemistry biology and Maths for cbsc Class 8 9 and 10 so

guys if you haven't taken the other courses do take them and please do share it with your friends so just like we have a lot of friends right we form friendship bonds with our friends and you know friends always help us so why do we form these friendship bonds because friends are there for life they in times of need the friends help us we enjoy socialize with them so life is great with friends similarly we're going to see why do bonds why do the atom form these chemical bonds so you're going to become the James

Bond of chemical bonding by the end of this video so let's get started so chemical bonds so just like we form friendship bonds atoms form these chemical bonds so what you see over here which is marked with these uh lines these are basically chemical bonds so these atoms individual atoms they tend to combine with each other they form these bonds and they form molecules of compounds but the question is why so sometimes atom combine with itself to form molecules of elements or in this example you can see here these are molecules of compounds but the

question is why what do you guys think so that's right the atoms form chemical bonds with other atoms to gain stability right it is just like you know with friends we have a stable line or with good relationships we have a stable life same way here atoms that need stability form bonds with other atoms and these what are these chemical bonds do they actually exist like this are there some you know sticks or lines joining these no this is just a representation what is it representing chemical bond these lines are representing a force of attraction

between these atoms because if this force was of attraction was not there this molecule would have just broken down if molecules break down you and I or the whole world will break down so what we are representing here is the force of attraction between these atoms and they are doing it for their stability so here's an example of what stability means have you guys played this Jenga game I think it's one of the favorite games very popular game with these wooden blocks so here you can see this Jenga Tower as we call it does this

look staple or this one so clearly you can see this one looks dangerous it looks like it's going to fall it's on this block so this is an unstable jatar and when you rearrange the blocks like this it becomes stable so we here we have a stable jatar so same way atoms are doing this many of the atoms or most of the atoms except you know for the noble gases iner gases are unstable so they are forming bonds for stability so let's take a look at these atoms here and let's understand what is stability so

you can see I've put two atoms over here can you guys tell me which atom is stable even though you may not know what is the atom is it you know hydrogen oxygen carbon or what atom is it but just based on how the electrons are arranged that is the electronic configuration we can tell which atom is stable it's very simple so first of all let's take a look at the first atom the first atom is having two electrons in the first shell or the first orbit and four electrons in the second shell so how

do we write its electronic configuration 2A 4 right so let's write that down the electronic configuration is 2A 4 here and what is the electronic configuration of this guy it has two in the first shell so let's write that and comma How many in the second shell 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 here8 in the second shell so you can see both the atoms are having two shells but one is having 2 + 4 6 electrons this guy is having 2 + 8 10 and they are arranged according to bore berries rules right

so these Electronics uh electrons are arranged in accordance to certain rules which are known as bore berries rules now which atom is stable we can easily tell the answer by looking at the last shell the outermost shell so if the atom is having only one shell and it has two electrons in the outermost shell then it is stable this is called duplate Rule so only one shell I repeat and two electrons in that shell because you know the first shell can have only two electrons maximum of two so if it has two electrons it is

stable that is called duplate Rule but here you can see it is having more than one shell it has two shells so now we look at the outermost shell and if it has eight electrons in the outer shell then it is stable that is known as the oct rule So based on the octet rule which one is stable definitely it's going to be this guy because this is having that magic number of eight electrons so we can see it is following the octet rule so which atom is stable clearly you can see the one on

the right this guy is stable because of its electronic configuration note we still haven't identified or maybe you guys have guessed which atom it is is but just based on how the electrons are arranged in the atom the electronic configuration we can tell which one is stable clearly this one because it is following octed here we can't apply duplate rule because duplate rule says only one shell and two electrons in it here they have two shells now can you guys identify these atoms for me which one are these so who's this guy the guy on

your left is basically carbon 2A 4 six electrons so very good this guy is carbon and who is this guy 2 + 8 10 electrons atomic number 10 it is basically the noble gas neon this is the noble gas neon and we know all inert or noble gases are stable and it is stable because of the octat rule so in summary the rule of stability says that atom is stable if it follows the duplate rule which basically means one electron sorry one shell and having two electrons right so if the at has only one shell

and has two electrons and who is that guy who has one shell and two electrons it's the helium gas again the noble gas right so this is basically the duplate rule and this one if it has more than one shell then you only have to look at the outermost shell if the outermost shell is completely filled up with eight electrons because the outermost shell can have maximum eight the magic number is eight like in Harry Potter the magic number is seven seven Harry Potter books seven hor cruxes right here the magic number is eight unless

you're following duplate so here you can see the outermost Shell is having eight electrons so we say outermost shell or valent shell and it's called OCT rule because octopus has eight legs similarly OCT and in the duplate rule one shell with two electrons because you can see the first shell can have maximum of only two electron so this is how you apply the rule of stability so we know that atoms form bonds for stability to become stable and we'll see how they do that because if they do not have the duplate or octed then they

will you know gain lose or share electrons so they will form these chemical bonds but chemical bonds are of different types okay they do not the bonds are not of the same type so here uh you have just like you know in life also in relationships you know you have brother sister you have cousin you have friends husband wife same way over here you can see Bonds in atoms are not only one type you have ionic bond calent Bond coordinate Bond different types of bonds and we'll see what is the difference in these chemical bonds

but again the atoms are doing it for their stability so these are the three types of chemical bonds in today's class class we will be focused on ionic and calent coordinate bond which is there in the ICC syllabus I'll be covering in the separate class okay so today's class will be focus on ionic and calent now the question is what is the difference here in the bonding type so in ionic bonds these are also known as electrovalent bonds so let's write them down so the other name for Ionic is electrovalent so in ionic or electrovalent

bonds these involve the transfer of electrons which means if two atoms they want to form a bond there will be a transfer of electrons from one atom to the other so it's like you know you give your friend a chocolate you know let's say you want to make somebody a friend you give them a chocolate and say will you be my friend same way over here the one atom is transferring the electrons to the other atoms and they are becoming ends they are having this Bond so here we can say in ionic bond there is

a transfer of electrons and when there is a transfer of electrons because electrons are negatively charged particles so let's say you transfer electrons to your friend then what happens your friend will gain more has more electrons so he becomes negatively charged and you have lost electron so you become positively and positive negative attract each other so you can see because there's transfer of electrons ions are formed and you know that there is a attractive Force so that is why it is called ionic bond because it is uh uh when there is a transfer of electrons

ions are formed cation and anion and we'll be looking at the details of this next one is calent Bond so just like you can make friends by giving a chocolate you can also make friends by sharing a chocolate so let's say you take a chocolate to your school and you share it with a friend and he becomes he or she becomes your best friend so same way over here covalent bonds here of course there are no chocolates calent bonds involve sharing of electrons because atoms are all dealing with their electrons protons neutrons they are all

in the nucleus so always sharing is with electrons so here we can say calent Bond involves sharing sharing of electrons so now when electrons are shared ions are not formed because there's no real transfer so there's no positive negative or C anion happening so here it was called ionic bond these are called covalent bonds but what is formed as a result of it molecules so another way another word for calent bond is also called molecular Bond so let's write that down Co calent or molecular bonds so these mean the same thing and the last one

is coordinate Bond another name for coordinate is also called dative Bond so the difference here is so when as mentioning the covalent or molecular example molecular Bond let's say you're making friends when you take a chocolate and your friend also takes a chocolate so that is the real sharing just we say sharing is caring right so you are not just giving the chocolate your friend has also brought a chocolate for you so you are sharing the chocolate and then eating it during your lunch break right so that is really calent of molecular bonding but in

coordinate or dative bonding what is happening the chocolate one friend is giving it to the other or sharing it with the other but the other person is not right the sharing is the chocolate is being shared only by one person or the electrons here are being shared only by one atom here both the atoms are sharing electrons to form calent Bond here the sharing is done only by one atom so the important difference here is that the shared pair of electrons comes from just one atom okay but here both the atoms are sharing electrons one

two or three or whatever but here it's only coming from one so that is the difference here again in today's class we'll be focused on ionic and covalent bonds so now let's dive into the details of ionic or electrovalent Bond same thing right ionic is the easier word easy to remember than ions are formed so let's say there are these two atoms okay remember in ionic bonding what did I tell you you are giving a chocolate there's no sharing you're not eating it together you are just giving a chocolate to a friend and you become

friends with them right so you you're being generous and you give the chocolate so let's see here how the chocolate or the electron is being transferred and why they are transferring it so let's say you have these two atoms okay even if you don't know the atoms doesn't matter let's write down their electronic configurations based on this diagram so what is the electronic configuration of uh this atom you can see two then eight in this next Shell and one in the last shell so it's basically 2A 8A 1 and what is the electron configuration of

this guy here two then you have eight electrons and then 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 so let's write it down it's going to be 2A 8A 7 so are these atoms stable for stability remember I said you if they have more than one shell you have to look at the last shell right so outermost Shell is having only one electron this guy is not stable because he's not following octet rule you can't say oh there's a eight here no no you have to look at the last shell the valid shell same way

over here 2A 8A 7 is this guy stable no because he's having seven electrons in the valence shell for stability you need eight and this guy has one so how will these guys get stability so all of you agree that both these atoms are unstable because obviously they're not following duplate rule they have three shells and they are not following octed also octed means last shell should have eight electrons for stability so now these two friends or trying to be friends guys say how do we become stable so this guy says okay I am 28

and one electron how about if I lose that last electron or another option is he needs seven more so to get seven electrons he'll have to contact you know seven friends or seven people or you know more people so he says rather than doing that I'm going to be smart and give away my last electron the valence electron because if he gives it away he's going to become 2A 8 do you guys agree if this guy gives away his electron he's going to be 2A 8 8 means stable OCT and this guy says hey I

have 287 electrons so for me to become stable either I have to give away all seven electrons which means I have to find people to receive these seven electrons or I can just gain one more so again he's also smart finds the easy way just like we find shortcuts he says if I just get one more electron I'll become 2A 8A hooray I'll become the octed so what is going to happen here this guy is going to he wants to lose an electron and this guy wants to gain an electron so can you see what's

happening here there is going to be a transfer of electron okay so if this guy transfers the electron then this electron is gone so this he loses the electron and he gains it so when he loses this electron what happens here so by losing a electron this guy is going to become 2A 8 and by gaining an electron he is going to become 2 comma 8A 8 so here rather I can write it as so there you see both these guys are happy he has become stable he has also become stable by OCT rule because

they are having eight electrons in the valence shell so they are happy both are stable and by losing an electron and this guy by gaining that same electron okay but when you lose an electron what has this atom become because remember one very important chemistry concept all atoms are neutral no charge because the protons electrons are equal in number and opposite in charge they cancel each other so all atoms in the world are neutral neutr but when he loses an electron what is going to happen to this guy he's going to become positively charged he

will become a cation and this guy on gaining the electron he becomes negatively charged he becomes an anion cation is positive anion is negative positive negative attract each other just like North Pole South Pole of a magnet attract you know positive and negative charges unlike charges attract each other so it forms a ionic bond attraction there is a force of attraction here because this guy is positive this guy is negative so till now we have not identified these guys right we have just been talking in terms of electrons and atoms so let's take a look

who these guys are so in this example this is 2A 8A 1 atomic number 11 who is it it's the atom sodium so this was sodium atom and you know when sodium loses an electron so sodium on losing the electron becomes the sodium cation and we know metals like to lose electron because they have only one two or three valence electrons they want to lose it and become stable and who is this guy 2A 8A 7 which means atomic number 17 this is nothing but chlorine atom chlorine atom on gaining an electron becomes chloride ion

so what you're looking here on this board you have sodium chloride you've seen sodium chloride it's the salt that we eat every day so it is formed by the combination of sodium uh cation and chloride anion so this when this sodium cation and chloride anion attract each other we have our ionic bond as simple as that and both these guys are happy because they have become got to a stable state so it is all happening due to the key thing is in ionic or electrovalent Bond there is an actual transfer of electron now there could

be a transfer of two three you know it could be more as well but in this case there's a transfer of one electron and we have formed our sodium chloride uh compound so many times when you have to show the electron dot structure sometimes it'll be saying uh the question will be show the bonding for example here between sodium and chlorine between sodium chloride if you want to show the bonding so here we know that this is the sodium atom and this is the chlorine atom now if you want to show the bonding diagram how

do we express the bonding so usually in the bonding we don't have to draw all this structure and show the transfer the simpler way is because who's the key thing over here is it all the electrons or only the valence electrons so you know in bonding it is usually the outermost the valence electrons which are involved so we don't have to bother about all the electrons what we are going to do is show only the outermost electrons so please do that so how we are going to express this we are going to draw sodium and

it outermost it has only one electron so we're going to draw that here and then you know it's combining with chlorine which is having seven electrons there you go okay so when these guys combin what is going to happen there is going to be a transfer of electron so you can draw an arrow over there so we are just drawing the electrons of the valence shell and usually in electron dot structure what do we do we draw the atom the electrons on one atom with dots the other one with cross so that we can differentiate

between the electrons you can use uh dots on both if you want or if in your school they're doing that but usually one atom you show dot the other one with crosses but both are representing electrons here there's one electron and here in the outermost shell there are seven electrons can you see I've represented the 7 so now when this transer of electron happens what is the next step because sodium loses the electron it's going to become sodium ion so we are going to write na plus and usually for the ion we put these box

brackets around it because it has lost the electron we mark it as na+ with the Box bracket and who's this guy chlorine has gained an electron so what does it become so you draw chlorine with its seven electrons so the original Seven electrons and then it has gained one more electron here so once again we put the box brackets and we put the minus sign here so minus sign you can put inside or outside depending on how it's shown in your school so in some of the books it's drawn outside is as well so there

you can see we have shown the bonding of sodium chloride and then if you want you can even write this as further one more step na+ CL minus which is nothing but your compound na CL so this is called if they ask you the question show the bonding between sodium and chlorine or between any other uh two compounds then this is how you show it right by the transfer of electrons okay and this is the bonding diagram now one important thing here that when are ionic bonds usually formed ionic bonds involve transfer of electrons so

when will there be a tendency of transfer of electron if one guy is ready to give away the electron and one guy is ready to accept it right so suppose one friend wants to give the chocolate and the other one wants to receive it if one guy doesn't want to give or the other guy doesn't want to receive you will not have an ionic bond so when when does this happen ionic bonds are usually formed when there is a metal and non-metal involved so this is very important thing because metals tend to they have the

tendency to lose electrons they have only one two or three electrons in the valence shell and nonmetals they have four five six uh four five six or seven electrons in the valence shell so they have tendency to gain to complete the octed so this is an important point that usually ionic bonds are formed between between the metals and non-metals so you can write remember this note here usually formed between metals and non-metals because metals tend to give away electrons nonmetals tend to receive the electron let's also try the bonding between magnesium and chlorine when it

forms magnesium chloride again you can see here magnesium is a met magnesium is a metal chlorine guy is a non-metal so metal and nonmetal will tend to form ionic bond or electrovalent Bond so we can see here that when metal and nonmetal combine you will have an ionic bond always before drawing the bonding diagram you need to ask yourself that question is it ionic or calent ionic involves transfer of electrons and it happens between metal and non metal covalent as we are going to see usually happens between two non-metals so the simple James Bond rule

is if there's a metal non-metal ionic bond if there are two non-metals calent Bond so let's try to draw the bonding diagram here so again in the bonding diagram you don't have to draw all the entire shells just the valent shell the outermost shell so for magnesium we know magnesium is basically having atomic number 12 so the electron configuration is 2A 8A 2 and chlorine as we saw has electron configuration 2A 8A 7 so first let's draw the Magnesium uh structure so magnesium is having two electrons in its valence shell as you can see here

chlorine has seven so magnesium wants to give away how many electrons to become stable it wants to give away two electrons so that it becomes 2A 8 but the problem is chlorine wants only one so what do you think is going to happen here magnesium wants to give two chlorine wants only one electron so how will they form the bond otherwise there's going to be a fight here so what is the solution here so another nice James Bond trick is before you draw the diagram first you think what is the formula of the compound so

if you think magnesium and chlorine just by valency we know magnesium has valency two chlorine is one so if you guys do the crisscross we are getting mg cl2 right so we know that magnesium chloride molecule or when it forms the compound magnesium chloride it is having two chlorine so one chlorine is not enough we need two chlorine atoms here so what we're going to do we're going to draw another chlorine atom now you can transfer the electrons because this electron goes here and the other electron goes to the second chlorine atom now there is

no problem because both the chlorines want only one electron and magnesium has two there two chlorine atoms so this is how you draw the structure and finally what are we going to get when they combine magnesium is lost both its electrons so it has become magnesium 2+ ion the Magnesium cation and chlorine each of the atoms have gained one electron so it has become chloride Min - netive now rather than drawing two chloride ions you can simply and please don't write the two here that is what is written in the uh formula mgcl2 the 2

by convention is actually written here so this shows one magnesium uh cation and two chloride anion so this is forming magnesium chloride so we can write it as mg cl2 so this is how you show the bonding structure so the simple tips and tricks here are before you start drawing the bonding diagram first think is it ionic or calent the simple rule is ionic is formed between metal and non-metal calent bonds are formed between two non-metals so here it will be ionic then before you start drawing the bonding diagram first thing what is the formula

we know the formula is mgc2 so that means I need one magnesium atom two chlorine atoms so you draw it like that show the transer of the electrons with the arrows and it's always good to put you know dots for electrons on one atom and crosses for the other when you show the transfer now you show the ions and your ionic bond so isn't this simple and easy now next let's look at covalent bonds what did we say in calent Bonds in ionic bond there's transfer of electron calent Bond involves sharing of electrons let's see

why so for example you have these two atoms and these atoms are very simple they have only one electron so you guys can guess who is this atom which has only one electron and one shell simplest atom in the universe it is hydrogen right so what we looking over here is hydrogen atoms now both these hydrogen atoms they say to become stable I want one more electron so this guy says I want one more to get to duplate because I have only one shell this guy and one electron he says I also have only one

electron I want one more so he says you give me the electron he says you give me the the electron so there's a fight happening here but the simple resolution of the fight is their mom comes and tells them why are you fighting for the electron please share the electron just like you know moms tell two siblings why you fighting over the chocolate share the chocolate same way the mom is going to say share these electrons so that's it when they start sharing so when these two share the electrons that means this electron is also

ready for this atom and this electron is revolving around this atom so now both are happy because both have got two electrons each and so they have formed their duplate so how we can draw this or represent this you can imagine it like this here is one hydrogen atom with an electron and then you draw another hydrogen atom having an electron so can you see both are sharing it so these two electrons belong to this guy as well as to this guy they have formed a CO valent bond between these two atoms so is this

clear to you so now we can and when we draw these two atoms right when we represent the bond the covalent bond is represented with a single line or a simple line so we say this is the bond and they have formed the H2 the hydrogen molecule so this dash line is representing the calent bond between these two atoms is this clear now how do you draw the bonding diagram simple you just represent let's say one hydrogen atom it is having one electron then you it's trying to combine with another one now since these atoms

are the same we can represent the dot in both right rather than Dot and cross so what happens is these two guy come near to each other and they end up sharing one electron each so you have a shared pair of electrons so both are having two electrons they're following duplate they are happy and stable and they have formed the hydrogen uh the calent bond between the hydrogen atoms which gives rise to your H2 so this is how you represent it in chemistry sometimes you'll see in the books they also draw these uh to show

that these two electrons are belonging to hydrogen you'll see these kind of circles here and you can draw another Circle this so there you can see both the hydrogen atoms are having these two electrons this looks more like a V diagram if you guys have done sets and V diagrams so it is showing that both the hydrogen atoms are having two electrons each and they are following the duplate so this is known as a shared pair of electrons so what we have shown over here is a shared pair pair of electrons and this dash line

is nothing but a calent bond and we call it a single coal Bond because there is one shared pair of electrons so can you see here one shared pair of electrons why pair of electrons because one there are two electrons one coming from each atom so please remember in calent bonding both atoms are contributing to electron uh to the shared pair in coordinate bond which we not going to do in today's class only one atom gives the Shar pair the other one doesn't right so here both the atoms are contributing one electron and that is

forming your covalent bond and both these hydrogen atoms now become stable now you can see why hydrogen is a diatomic gas why it is forming the H2 molecule can you guys see because a single atom is very unstable it wants to react with itself or somebody else that is why hydrogen is forming the hydrogen molecule the diatomic molecule let's try another example of calent bonding which again means sharing of electrons so here you can see we have two atoms having 2 comma 6 electrons so who are these guys this is having 2A 6 electrons and

this one as well so these are identical atoms so these atoms are nothing but oxygen because we know oxygen has atomic number eight 2 + 6 electrons so now these guys say I want to be stable by I need two more electrons to become stable because 2 comma 6 is not stable so what do these guys decide to do again both of them are fighting they want two more electrons so their mom tells them why are you guys fighting why don't you share two electrons each so why don't you share two electrons each so this

guy will get two this one will also get two so here he'll have two with him he'll also get two with him so sharing means the electrons are revolving around both the atoms So This Is How They are forming a bond so this will end up looking something like this right so oxygen both of them are having sharing two electrons so you can see both of them will have ultimately eight electrons so how do you draw the electron dot structure of this how you guys going to draw this so if you guys draw the electron

dot structure it's going to look something like this so the bonding diagram oxygen having six electrons this oxygen atom also having six electrons and we draw the electrons in pairs and remember since they're sharing it so we keep these two electrons ready for sharing with this guy and these two here on this side so don't draw the electrons this side draw them as if they're ready for sharing okay because these two are going to be shared so when when they come close to each other and share the electrons the diagram is going to look something

like this so there you go and again you can draw the circles to represent you know has the octed been completed so there you can see this oxygen is having eight electrons this oxygen is also having eight electrons here so both are having their octet so finally what do we get as a result of this both the oxygen atoms are sharing how many electrons two pairs of electrons and every Dash or every line represents one shared pair so since you have two shared pairs here we are going to draw two lines so this looks like

you know a pair of glasses here or something so but these two lines are representing two shared pair or two calent bonds and that's how you get your O2 molecule so please understand what you have over here what is this this is a double calent bond because they are two shared pairs so what we have over here is a double covalent bond in hydrogen you had a single calent Bond here you have a double calent bond is this crystal clear and this is how you show the bonding diagram let's look at the nitrogen molecule so

nitrogen again we know nitrogen is diatomic N2 so how is the uh Bond formed so nitrogen atom is actually containing 2A 5 it's electron configuration it has seven electrons so 2A 5 so let's draw the electron configuration again we are going to show only the valence shell you don't have to show all the shells right so in the bonding diagram you just draw nitrogen and we're going to draw two electrons then two here and then one here so same way when we draw two two here and then one here now we know in nitrogen to

gain stability how many more does it need three more because 2A 5 it needs three more to become 2a8 the last shell needs three more that means nitrogen wants to share three electrons with the other guy so you have to modify this diagram a little bit because we want to share three electrons so we are doing an exception over here rather than drawing it in pairs and this single electron we're going to draw a triplet over here because again I said they should be ready for sharing so you have to keep them ready for sharing

like this so what does the diagram look like now when they come close to each other the two nitrogen atoms are going to look like this so there you can see if you draw these circles this gu having eight electrons and same way this guy has eight electrons as well there you go so both have got their octed both are happy and stable and so what does our bond look like think how many shared pairs do we have 1 2 3 there are six electrons three shared pairs so we need to draw three bonds 1

2 3 and then finally we represent the molecule N2 so nitrogen is containing a triple calent bond there are three bonds right so this is nothing but a triple calent bond that is the nitrogen molecule clear so this is how you represent it and so the difference you saw there sometimes it can be single covalent double covalent triple covalent every line this line represents a shared pair of electrons and in shared pair one electron in every shared pair one electron is coming from each of the atoms so yeah this is an interesting question that why

this is not N3 this is a triple calent bond but how many atoms are there two atoms so the formula is N2 it is a diatomic molecule not triatomic how about water molecule so water molecule is formed between hydrogen and oxygen so what type of bond will it be water we know is H2O so compound formed between hydrogen and oxygen hydrogen is a nonmetal it's a gas oxygen is a nonmetal non-metal nonmetal calent Bond so water molecule involves two non-metals non-metal plus non-metal will obviously result in a CO valent Bond yes so how do we

represent this please try it out so we are going to draw so we know in water so rather than starting with all the diagrams another interesting trick is you can think in terms of valency oxygen has valency two hydrogen has valency one since oxygen has valency two that means two bonds it can have with hydrogen atom so the water molecule structure is going to look something like this see oxygen can have two bonds or two lines hydrogen has valency one so only one line one Bond so we know the structure is going to look like

this now you can backtrack and you know arrange the atoms like this so we are going to draw one hydrogen atom having one electron oxygen atom with six electrons but one here on each side so that it's ready for sharing and now now the sharing is between hydrogen and oxygen so when you guys draw this and again see I've drawn dots for hydrogen and cross you know for oxygen so when you bring them together so hydrogen oxygen there you see this is how the sharing is going to look like which will result in this sort

of bond and so the final molecule is H2O and once again if you guys draw these circles to see there you can see hydrogen is getting its dup plates oxygen is getting its OCT over here there you go if you look at the methane molecule how does the methane molecule look like so methane is involving carbon and hydrogen so it is CH4 carbon has valency of four so we know Carbon can hold have four bonds around each other so around itself and hydrogen can have only one Bond so we know the structure is going to

look like this so please go ahead and draw the uh atoms with their valence electrons so carbon is going to have four valence electrons and hydrogen has one but we know that we need four hydrogens so we are going to write 4 * H so rather than drawing 4 H you can simply write four * H so what is the structure going to look like so you put carbon in the center and surrounded with four hydrogens so there you can see we have our bonds and this is what methane is going to look like which

is containing four single calent bonds so final formula is methane CH4 and here again you can show the circles to show the octat and dup plates again happening due to sharing of electrons methane will again form calent bond by met two non-metals carbon is a nonmetal hydrogen is a nonmetal so we know this is is not going to be an ionic bond so what are the difference between properties of ionic and calent uh compounds so we know that ionic compounds contain ions so the particles are ions because the force of attraction between Katon and anion

is very high so they are usually hard solids having high melting and boiling points and they are also good conductors in Molton or Aqua State due to the presence of ions so molten means liquid state so when you heat it and Aquis means when dissolved in water so due to the presence of ions ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity they are also soluble in water so these ionic compounds easily get broken down in water and they are soluble in water but they are insoluble in the organic solvents organic solvents means compounds like alcohol or

uh you know Benzene toine these are all considered organic solvents and calent compounds they are the opposite these particles they contain molecules not ions and because the force of because the calent bond is weaker so here there's strong electrostatic force between ions but here the force is not that strong so they're usually gases liquids or soft solids having low melting and boiling points so you can see they're sort of opposite to each other and and since there are no ions these guys are non-conductors in solid molten or Aqua State and they tend to be insoluble

in water but they are soluble in the organic solvents so here you can see these differences and you can easily understand these differences based on the bond that we have seen right the ionic bonds are formed from ions whereas covalent compounds are formed usually by sharing of electrons so they end up having particles are having molecules not ions what type of bond is present in hydrogen chloride what do you guys think so again be the James Bond here hydrogen chloride is a compound containing hydrogen and chlorine so we know hydrogen and chlorine hydrogen is a

nonmetal chlorine is a non-metal so what type of bond they'll form obviously they'll form a covalent bond and hydrogen has valency one chlorine has valency one so they end up forming a single calent bond by sharing one electron so the correct answer here is single calent Bond so hope you guys enjoyed this class where we looked at ionic and covalent bonds so these were the two important types coordinate is also there but that's not in the scope of today's class that will be done in a separate uh video so we uh we have learned about

the different types of of bonding and ionic and covalent in particular this is due to transfer of electrons this is by sharing of electrons so hope you guys are now the James Bond of chemical bonding and do check out the other courses on our website we have physics chemistry biology and Maths for cbsc Class 8 9 and 10 so guys if you haven't taken the other subjects do take them and do share it out with your friends for the ICC students once again we have physics chemistry biology and Maths for classes 8 9 and 10

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