Finding Something to Live and Die For | The Philosophy of Viktor Frankl

“The meaning of life is to give life meaning. ” What keeps a human being going?  The purest answer to this question is perhaps to be found in the worst of  places.

Austrian psychiatrist, philosopher, and author Viktor Frankl spent three years in  four different concentration camps. He was at the mercy of sadistic SS guards and the so-called  “Capos:” prisoners with special privileges who willingly collaborated with the Nazis and  were even more ruthless than their masters. The camp inmates were constantly exposed  to famine, sickness, slave labor, and the possibility of punishment or execution.

There  was no freedom. The prisoners moved around like a defenseless flock of sheep, kicked and beaten  by their shepherds, stripped of all human dignity. What’s left to live for in such a horrible place  like a concentration camp?

When they’ve taken all your liberties and possessions, and when death  at short notice is almost inevitable, is there any reason not to give up on life? Viktor Frankl  concluded that there’s always a reason to live even in the worst conditions: there’s always  meaning in suffering. And if we can grasp this meaning - this star in the sky - we can  overcome even the most painful circumstances.

According to Viktor Frankl, it’s not pleasure nor  success and power that essentially drives people; it’s finding something - a purpose,  a meaning - to live and even die for. What’s the purpose of my life? What’s the  meaning of all this?

These questions echo the current societal condition, predominantly  in the Western World, in which our lives seem to revolve around working a meaningless job  to earn money so we can buy stuff as a means to dull our sense of meaninglessness. During times of  globalization, secularization, and relative peace, we’re less likely to find meaning in being  part of a tribe, religious community, or defending our countries and loved ones against  neighboring enemies. Everything has become so dull, so pointless, that we engage in rampant  consumerism and distraction just not to feel a deep-seated sense of purposelessness that  plagues our existence.

And before we know it, nihilism kicks in, and we begin to ask  ourselves: What’s the point? Why keep going? We cannot compare the circumstances of  the modern-day Westerner with those who lived in the concentration camps during  the Second World War.

But oddly enough, we walk around with similar existential  questions and have similar reasons for giving up on life altogether: the lack of  purpose, hopelessness, meaninglessness. When we’re trapped in what Viktor Frankl  called the ‘existential vacuum,’ what awaits us is despair. During his days in the concentration  camps, he noticed a division between two kinds of people: those who had given up on life and those  who had not.

The first group was more prone to illness and death; the second group was more  likely to survive. The difference? A sense of meaning or, more specifically, the discovery of  purpose in their unbearable living conditions.

For example, Frankl himself was a doctor  and found purpose in helping the inmates who suffered from illnesses. One day, he refused an  opportunity to escape the camp so he could stay with his patients. He wasn’t motivated by money,  status, power, or even freedom: his purpose, in his case taking care of his fellow human beings  and not abandoning them, was so important to him that he was willing to die for it.

His life had  become a sacrifice of most profound significance. On the other end, Frankl wrote about those  who collapsed under the harsh conditions of the camp. They always had the same reasoning  for giving up, and I quote: “There’s nothing anymore to expect from life.

” End quote. Devoid  of meaning and faith that things could turn out more favorable, our bodies and minds begin  to wither as we’ve lost our will to live. Frankl wrote about a prisoner who had dreamt about  the end of the war and his release.

His dream also revealed the date on which the liberation would  happen: March 13th, 1945. He was full of hope. But when March 13th finally passed, nothing happened. 

As the prisoner’s prophecy was naive and he had no purpose within the context of his imprisonment, he  was struck with disappointment, suddenly got ill, and died of typhus shortly after. But looking at the horrible and hopeless circumstances that some people find themselves  in, is it fair to expect that they find meaning? Aren’t some situations simply too  overpowering, so much so that they eliminate one’s responsibility to choose?

When the war was over, Frankl reflected on the validity of human liberty during the horrors of  the concentration camps. He concluded that we are indeed able to preserve a “vestige of spiritual  freedom” and of “independence of mind” even in such terrible conditions of mental and physical  stress. Thus, we always have a choice.

I quote: We who lived in concentration camps can remember  the men who walked through the huts comforting others, giving away their last piece of bread.  They may have been few in number, but they offer sufficient proof that everything can be taken  from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms—to choose one’s attitude in any given  set of circumstances, to choose one’s own way. End quote.

The ruthless Capos without morality, the sadistic  SS guards with no respect for human life, the prisoners who lost their will to live, the  guards who tried to help the inmates, those who found meaning in the deepest of suffering: they  were all responsible for their life choices. Hence, regardless of how terrible life is, we  still can and must decide in what direction we go. Do we choose to betray our people and commit  brutal acts to escape torture and death in the concentration camps?

Do we choose to succumb  to peer pressure and hateful ideologies? Do we choose to embrace a nihilistic, destructive  mindset due to living in a consumerist society that seems spiritually and morally bankrupt? Do we  choose to become a plaything of our circumstances?

According to Frankl, the spiritual freedom we have (which cannot be taken away) makes life  meaningful and purposeful. I quote: The way in which a man accepts his  fate and all the suffering it entails, the way in which he takes up his  cross, gives him ample opportunity—even under the most difficult circumstances—to  add a deeper meaning to his life. End quote.

Imagine having to get out of bed every morning  without a meaningful long-term goal. The only reason you get up is that you have to get to  work and engage in activities you don’t like, just to financially support a meaningless  existence and the many pointless pleasures to cope with it. You blame your past, parents,  circumstances, and even your genetics for not having anything going for you.

But, in reality,  you can still transcend your predicament and find purpose despite any external situation. The question is, of course: how? Before we get into that ‘how’ of meaning, it’s helpful to look  at the ‘why’ of meaning.

Especially in the current age, there’s a tendency to focus on money, status,  power, and pleasure rather than a meaningful life. But, according to Frankl, these pursuits  are ways to cope with an existential vacuum. They are a consequence of a lack of meaning.

In  a society highly concerned with pursuing pleasure and achieving wealth, it’s often difficult  to realize that these pursuits don’t fill our existential emptiness and are only  cheap substitutes for what truly matters. A more direct approach for dealing with  the pain of meaninglessness we see today is the pursuit of ‘happiness. ’ In some  circles, like the good-vibes-only movement, happiness has even become a requirement.

Frankl  describes a characteristic of American culture: one is “commanded” and “ordered” to be happy.  There’s nothing wrong with ‘happiness,’ of course, as happiness is probably the ultimate pleasant  state of mind and the eventual by-product of following, for example, Stoic and Buddhist  teachings. But, so argues Frankl, happiness itself cannot be pursued, as it must ensue.

I quote: One must have a reason to “be happy. ” Once the reason is found, however, one becomes happy  automatically. As we see, a human being is not one in pursuit of happiness but rather  in search of a reason to become happy, last but not least, through actualizing the potential  meaning inherent and dormant in a given situation.

End quote. The same goes for success, according  to Frankl. Success must also ‘ensue’ and not be ‘pursued,’ as it’s the unintended side effect  of one’s dedication to a more significant cause.

It must happen. The more we care about  it, the less we can focus on our cause, and the less likely success will occur. But  if we dedicate ourselves to a purpose and don’t care about success, the more likely it  will happen as a byproduct in the long run.

So, it seems that meaning is at  the root of happiness and success, and the lack of it at the heart  of indulgence in and addiction to pleasure, money, fame, and power. Having explained  this, let’s take a look into the ‘how’ of meaning. First of all, according to Frankl, the meaning  of life depends on the person, the moment, and circumstances.

So, there’s no one-size-fits-all  type of meaning that suits everyone at any time. He compares the futile quest for general  meaning, to a question posed to a chess champion: “Tell me, Master, what is  the best move in the world? ” There’s none.

The best move in chess depends  entirely on the situation in the game and the characteristics of one’s opponent. We cannot invent the meaning of our existence, but we can detect it. As Frankl stated, meaning  is inherent and dormant in a given situation.

We can discover our purpose only if we interact  with the world or determine what the world needs. Frankl wrote that we find out the  meaning of life in three different ways: (1) by creating a work or doing a deed (2) by experiencing something  or encountering someone (3) by the attitude we take  toward unavoidable suffering The first one lies in achievement and  accomplishment. Creative pursuits like writing a book, painting, sharing stories  about our sufferings and life experiences, or solving today’s problems with  science and technological inventions, can help others.

We’ll only find out when  we get started and engage with the world, so other people’s needs become apparent.  The benefit of performing good deeds doesn’t need an explanation. But it probably doesn’t  have to be grandiose; even sharing a small piece of bread with a starving inmate can  be a profoundly meaningful experience.

The second one lies in the connection we have  or find with people and things. The experience of life itself, caring about the environment and  its people, can be meaningful in itself. Frankl describes this as love, as he argues that it  requires love to know something or someone truly.

I quote: “The second way of finding a meaning  in life is by experiencing something - such as goodness, truth, and beauty - by experiencing  nature and culture, or, last but not least, by experiencing another human being in his  very uniqueness - by loving him. ” End quote. The third one lies in finding meaning in  suffering.

Frankl gives an example of an elderly practitioner who consulted him because of his  severe depression after losing his wife. Instead of telling him what to do, he asked: “What would  have happened, Doctor, if you had died first, and your wife would have to survive you? ” “Oh,”  he said, ”for her, this would have been terrible; how would she have suffered!

” Frankl pointed  out that the Doctor’s wife has been spared from such suffering, and he spared her by paying the  price: that he has survived and now mourns her. We cannot bring back the dead. In many situations,  like being imprisoned in a concentration camp, there’s isn’t much we can do about the external  factors.

“When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves,”  Frankl stated. By changing our attitude, we can turn adversity into triumph; we can find meaning,  even within the worst sufferings imaginable. The philosophy of Viktor Frankl could  perhaps be summarized like this: ‘finding something to live (and even  die for) transforms a meaningless, hopeless existence into a life worth  living, regardless of any circumstances.

’ Hence, he quoted Nietzsche, saying: “He who has a why to live can bear almost any ‘how. ’” Thank you for watching.