Capítulo 5 - O Último Reinado | Brasil - A Última Cruzada

For a long time we heard that Brazil has no history That we don't have heroes and we don't even know our great-grandparents Today we launched the penultimate episode of the series Brazil: The Last Crusade This series promises to lead us to the great mistakes and successes that have formed us We do this because we believe that the only way to transcend our own experience, and overcome the reality that is imposed on us, is discovering what we are made of is knowing the accumulated experience of our ancestors The chapter: "The Last Reign" brings us closer to

the end of a cycle that marks forever the history of Brasil Paralelo. Thanks to your trust, thousands of people awaken every day as Brazilians Rekindling this flame is the first step on pursuing the change but we don't stop here as we still have a long way to go and 2018 is a decisive year. If by now we have reached more than 10 million people and supported by you we will go even further. Becoming a member is crucial for new series to emerge. And for new Brazilians to be awaken from the false narratives and continue looking

forward for a greater country. Today, together with that next chapter we launched a special condition for those who want to finance this change by doing something really effective for the education. Exclusive content from the series Brazil: The Last Crusade, has a promotional price and for a limited time. Being the last opportunity to purchase over 120 hours of exclusive content and win as a bonus all webinar recordings in 2018. Come on to be an active part of Brasil Paralelo and welcome to the protagonism of change. See you soon Previously... Napoleon reacted by decreeing the closure of

the ports across Europe to the trade of British products. His orders were immediately obeyed by all countries. with one exception, Portugal. For this reason French troops marched towards the border ready to invade the country and dethrone it´s Prince Regent. Dom João had two bitter and excluding alternatives, the first was to yield to the pressures of Napoleon and the second was to accept the offer of the English allies. Portugal was invaded by 50 thousand French and Spanish soldiers who hunted the court. While they set sail towards the new world, and left them in the dark. Forty-eight

hours after landing in Rio de Janeiro, he organized his new office and founded the first ministry. It was on May 13, 1817 that the son of Dom João VI, descendant of the House of Braganza married the Austrian princess. In Portugal, the hope that the war with Napoleon would end, taking Dom João VI to finally make the decision to go back to Portugal alone leaving his son as the regent of Brazil. He says; we can see that Brazilians are taking up arms, We are having problems Both José Bonifácio and Leopoldina wished Pedro to stay in Brazil.

Both believed that in case the Prince returned to Lisbon the country would not be able to resist a revolutionary furor. On January 9, 1822, Dom Pedro from the Paço Imperial addresses an apprehensive public to proclaim his stay in the country. He creates the idea to establish an empire in Brazil. That is, as if was a breakup. And then Brazil became independent and did not have a legal order in fact. José Bonifácio writes at least 200 official documents. The empire was simply the empire, just stands there still. What did Dom Pedro do? Calls the army, then

closes the constituent and exiled the Andradas. That´s it, no more of this. The popularity of Dom Pedro was deteriorated. The political conflicts that he was involved, and his extramarital affair with Domitila had his reputation tarnished. Dom João dies of mysterious causes. What was left to Pedro, was to abdicate the throne in favour of his eldest daughter. Pedro goes to Europe delivering his letter of abdication to be read to Brazilians. Then in France he begins to set up a plan to invade Portugal and dethrone his brother. In the same year that signed his brother's surrender the

war would take its toll. It would mark the end of the journey of the man who made Brazil independent. And that he would never find peace and tranquility of soul if José Bonifácio denied the last request he had, that he was the tutor of Pedro, Dom Pedro II. Our monarchy history is a rich history. Rich. And I don't say that with a kind of patriotism, because I don't say was the perfect story. It´s rich because we have been able to profusely manufacture great men. Great men. Campinas 11.07.1836 A boy who was born poor, lost his

mother He makes Brazil at that moment an active participant of the great culture of the West. And Carlos Gomes with his avant-garde art, he leaves Brazil present in the high legacy of culture. Rio de Janeiro 21.06.1839 Machado de Assis was born in the late 1930s of the 19th century in Rio de Janeiro, and Machado de Assis had an aggravating factor of being mulatto in a country that goes through a lot of that matter of slave culture. He is also someone who becomes orphaned from mother too early, and he, let's say, didn't have any kind of

formal instruction as we expected. What turns out to be interesting if we think he is the greatest Brazilian writer to date. Recife 19.08.1849 Nabuco was a boy, a child sitting on the porch of a Massangana, and he is faced, still a boy, with a slave crying out for acceptance. Then Nabuco when he sees the cry of that slave he sees the clamour of a country They are very important characters in the history of Brazil that are poorly explored unfortunately and for now I hope this changes, and I hope that we an change that for the

next generations. The Last Crusade Chapter 5 The Last Reign Brazil is now an independent and sovereign nation with a long future ahead. Dom Pedro I, had left the country to fulfill the mission of winning his brother in the greatest civil war in the history of Portugal. When he abdicated the throne under Brazilian law he built himself a temporary government until his son Pedro II reached the age of majority. It was The Regency Era. Dom Pedro I, in his last act of love for Brazil, left José Bonifácio as tutor to his son. Before his death, Dom

Pedro exchanged letters with the future successor of his throne Talked about love to the homeland and to follow the advice of those who educated him. Bonifácio was at home after having gone through a series of questions with Dom Pedro I, anyways, and when he was called he could say so; "no, I won´t go." "Look at everything you did." Bonifácio could have personified the country but he realized that there was a demand to educate Dom Pedro II And for two years he taught his way he was a guy who preferred to educate with the kid running

everywhere... he didn't teach etiquette and he wanted to teach botany in the midst of the plants, he wanted to teach zoology with animals, astronomy with the observatory, he wanted to teach things by pointing out, as he was an expert Then he taught the child, to Dom Pedro this things. But it was just two years. These two years, I really believe, he taught the basics for the learnings to many languages, and we know that José Bonifácio spoke 11 languages, but Dom Pedro even spoke 16 languages. Secondly, he left in Pedro's heart a deep love for knowledge

and for knowing As well as a deep love for Brazil. Exactly what Dom Pedro I wanted, do you remember? Honor, patriotism and knowledge. Everything was great until the enemies of Bonifácio started to conspire to remove him from office. At first, they claimed that the boy was becoming a savage, and that Bonifácio wasn´t able to be tutoring the future emperor. The opposition of Bonifácio did not retreat. In order to try to remove him from office, they accused him of committing unconstitutional acts when minister. José Bonifácio was always a politician, so he uses the position of tutor

to do politics in Rio de Janeiro and the court. But then, how do you turn someone into a criminal so fast? You don´t turn, he was accused. And an accused person, even if the charges had not been proved, would have to have been removed from office. Then they send a bailiff to remove him from office. He slaps the guy and sends him away, but he doesn't leave office. And then they send another one. He sends the guy away with a kick in the ass. They have to send an army battalion to retreat José Bonifácio from

tutoring Dom Pedro II. And then when he leaves he says like this: "I'm just going to leave because you guys are scaring the children." you are wrong and you will regret. At that moment then he loses all his public performance. But in a little while you see a public figure... it seems that you get used to it so much to be in war, and big things like that When he manages to isolate himself in a small house, so he has a serious stomach problem then he starts having pains and then he has a problem which

is kind of a stroke. And they called it cerebral seizure. So he is in bed. José Bonifácio was a father. He's got that weight of the wise man, or of the most experienced person. Unfortunately there were few men, let's say, men of learning. There are some, of course. For example José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva. José Bonifácio once coined the term: "Brazilians will be the new Athenian if they do not fall into the tyranny of the state." The men who loved Brazil, Bonifácio who renounces the comfort to be regent even going through the problems that

he had in terms of political and personal interaction. So he said the league of all races here in Brazil, especially the main ones, The Native, the African and Luso-European would generate a new breed that would be Brazilian, would characterize the Brazilians. Then he said that Brazilians will also come from these marriages So he creates the idea of miscegenation. He saw this great possibility, this great potential of Brazil, of being a new great influential power. 1822 - To the eminent founder of the Brazilian empire 1922 – The Portuguese of Santos José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva

- The Patriarch of Independence 1763 to 1838 May time sweep, one day, in the distance, The robust factory; but the names of those who founded it will live eternal, and you will live, Andrada!" Machado de Assis Once Bonifácio was removed from office other tutors took his place. Dom Pedro, still very young, could not take the throne By voting, assumes the regency one of Bonifácio`s enemies, which had accused him of crimes. Diogo Feijó During the Regency Era, political divisions between the two parties have been consolidated that led the ideological disputes in that period. The conservative party

and the liberal party. Object of disagreement between conservatives and liberals was very little. Liberals believed that to guarantee freedom, the power couldn´t be concentrated in the figure of the emperor, but in the states On the other hand conservatives understood that at that moment to guarantee freedom of the states, the power should be in the figure of the emperor. That is, deep down conservatives defended the centralization of the power... that was seen by liberals as an attack on freedoms, as a defense of local freedoms that were called into question by local oligarchies. Riots What happens in

Rio Grande do Sul that makes them decide to break it all? First there are the liberals in power, and the liberals in power increase the power of the provincial assemblies. The provincial assemblies being too strong, decide they don´t want to know anymore about this empire. This is the first reason. And just after that we will think about taxing the beef jerky. A lack of adequate parliamentary representation in the crown by the “Riograndenses”. A failure to attend by the regents on the interests of Rio Grande do Sul. Cause on September 18, 1835, some military and civilian

leaders decide that it is time to attack Porto Alegre, to depose the president of the province and establishing the other. Who was not a slave to the interests of the regency but someone serving the interests of Rio Grande do Sul. Bahia had something similar, the so-called "Sabinada". In the south they get also Juliana Republic, so you have Riograndense, Juliana which is Santa Catarina, and then you have Bahia, "Bahiense" Republic, with Sabino. The idea was little by little they proclaiming republics uniting against Rio de Janeiro. Well, it didn't work out. Sabinada didn't last even a few

months, and Juliana didn't last many months either. the one that really lasted was the Farroupilha. But it was not a matter of understanding the Farroupilhas as separatists in absolute. The majority did not want the separation because they understand that Rio Grande should grow without Brazil. The separation was an extreme way that some Farroupilhas understood to make themselves heard. And the pursuit for an end to this taxation without representation, was not heard so that only the secession remained. Regency Era was a period of much more revolts than that. If we stay here analyzing it happened lots

of revolts, and caused by what? By premature decentralization and the breakdown around the centre. We had 9 years with 10 small civil wars simultaneously in different regions of Brazil. They increased the province's power very irresponsibly José Bonifácio had not warned? Just happened what he said. How do you govern in a situation like that, without returning to a dictatorial form of governing, without putting a military ruling society. We're not coming back. Diogo Feijó then left the power, he resigns. And when he resigns then comes in a conservative. Araújo Lima took over the regency government in 1838

putting an end to the policies that generated the revolts in the Regency Era. The liberals no longer pleased with this way in which the... conservatives to reorganize everything in a formerly way, decided to promote the Majority Rule (The Coup) The idea of emancipating Pedro was well regarded by both parties. The presence of the emperor figure was indispensable for the country's sovereignty. Residing within him, the symbol of the union of the homeland. Then the politicians of the two parties met. Forming a delegation that was sent to the palace of São Cristóvão to ask Pedro if he

would agree to anticipate his coming of age. With a shy yes, the young monarch would assume with full powers the leadership of the young Brazilian nation. On the next day, the general meeting formally declared Pedro II, emancipated. On July 18, 1841, the coronation ceremony of the new emperor took place. His imperial majesty Dom Pedro II. By the grace of God and unanimous acclamation of the peoples, constitutional emperor and perpetual defender of Brazil. He wanted, the Brazilian congress was consulted, the population wanted. What we did was an absolute genius. We emancipated Dom Pedro II, who was

only 15 years old. We signed that in order to assume the throne he was already of age. I wonder; how can a process in which there is popular participation in which the congress approves, and in which the one involved wants can be called a coup? The Coup is one thing you always do in the absence of the population. If there is an inappropriate expression in the history of Brazil, and that should be changed it is this story of the Coup of the Majority (Rule). It was absolutely no Coup. In 1840, he takes over, he shows

great resourcefulness. He begins to make institutions to work Understanding very well each of their flaws. Because it was hard to have well-organized and modern parties back then, isn't it? And they played against each other, maneuvering from here and there and moved on with this tram that is called democracy, to relatively a good place. The need for maturing for Don Pedro II, led him to the arrangement of a dynastic marriage. With a member of a European royal family. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies offered the hand of the Princess Teresa Cristina. Delighted with the portrait was

sent to him, the emperor accepted the marriage. Married, the royal couple would see their first child die prematurely. It wouldn't take long to be born a new heiress to the Brazilian throne. Princess Isabel The pro-independence revolts were practically pacified throughout the country. However, the Farroupilha revolution still presented weapons against the central government's misdeeds. In one of his first acts as the emperor of Brazil Dom Pedro II, and his ministers decided to send Luís Alves de Lima e Silva the future Duke de Caxias. To end the revolution so as they did with The "Balaiada" and other

uprisings in previous years. Thus gaining extreme confidence from the emperor and ministers. Proving his current military and political talents, Duke de Caxias acted diplomatically. Conducting negotiations, and signing the Ponche Verde Treaty. It was the end of a conflict that lasted for ten years. Lima e Silva´s performance was so noble and correct towards opponents, that the province once more unified with Brazil, nominated him for senator. But this wouldn´t be the last time that Duke of Caxias would need to intervene in the Prata Region. In 1847 we have created a position called: President of the Council of

Ministers. That is, Prime Minister. We have become a parliamentary regime. The position of President of the Council of Ministers, represented little attrition on the figure of the emperor. Instead of having to appoint all the ministers belonging to the government, appointed only the President of the council. He was the one who should choose other members of the ministry. In this way, liberal and conservative had more power of action being able to debate their views of government. Later as Dom Pedro became someone with a certain maturity he worked around between conservatives and liberals. And how did he

form an office? He appointed the president of the council of ministers, who in turn appointed the ministers. When he realized that the policy was not well underway he would remove them from power and gave way to the other group. The emperor once he had a permanent political power so there was no need to worry about the election he could see politics in a much deeper way. He didn't need to get into the political fallacies, he didn’t need to get into the petty of politics, to defend, as an example, freedom. And it was under parliamentary regime

much more civilized, much more flexible than the presidentialism adopted in all the Hispanic republics that we developed during the 19th century. That was very useful. That saved us a lot of trouble. Of all these caudilisms, of these internal struggles that almost all these countries had. Compare Brazil with other countries, and see if we didn't have a fair model compared to the others, compared the republican tyrannies that took place in Mexico, Argentina, other countries, Peru and the other massacres that took place in those countries. The second reign has many important features, but among them we should

focus a little on the figure of Dom Pedro. He was an extremely sensitive person, focused on the arts, an intellectual, speaks Fluent French, English and German. He said that the press we have to fight with the press itself. that is, this is a phrase that I like to quote which shows, let's say, his vision in relation to the importance of the democratic debate. So you still see all those values in Dom Pedro II. You can see values for the study, and for the freedom of expression. He liked new technologies, and science. So he wanted Brazil

at the forefront of scientific processes, and news and such. And they speak thus: if they had gathered in the same man Dom Pedro I and Dom Pedro II, we would have had the great monarch in human history. A boy who was born poor, orphaned by a mother, was welcomed pedagogically by Dom Pedro II. Upon discovering a musical talent, Dom Pedro II will understand that there, there is a human value. And this human value has the power of an artistic value. Then Carlos Gomes will have his studies financed in a very funny way indeed. Because Empress

Teresa, she argued that Carlos Gomes should study in Italy, while Dom Pedro II defended that Carlos Gomes would have to study in Germany. The two great powers in the history of music. Carlos Gomes chose to go to Italy, developed all his technique over there and in his first presentation of O Guarani, in the Teatro alla Scala in Milan, He makes Brazil at that moment, an active participant in the great culture of the west The prejudiced European could see Brazil as a great jungle. The novice in the history of the world. And Carlos Gomes with its

avant-garde art with his self-culture Will then demonstrate that Brazil was a protagonist in the contemporary production of his contemporary in the arts. The "Guarani" that highlighted the value of the Brazilian Indians, one of our brands. And when presenting in the Teatro alla Scala, the Brazilian Indian he thrills and even more than this, he makes Brazil present in the high legacy of culture. And that same Carlos Gomes returns to Brazil, and presents in Rio de Janeiro, for the first time for Brazilians: "O Guarani". Having Dom Pedro II and the Royal Family in the audience. Then we

have the meeting of the writer of "O Guarani", with the man, Dom Pedro... who saw his real creature, the father of Carlos Gomes who had to face a widowhood and with all the problems of a widowhood. Carlos Gomes´ father often failed, by the number of children he had, to give the affection and attention deserved to his own son. But found it there, at that right moment, and during the first performance of "O Guarani" in Brazil, The clear definition of what is the strength of a personality and Carlos Gomes gathered in his life the breathtaking strength

of a unique man who loved Brazil until the end He loved Brazil even in his will. The formation of the national identity had two great moments. The battle of Guararapes and the Paraguayan War. And it was a wave of warlike enthusiasm like never before. In other countries, especially Argentina, there was great resistance to war... ...but not in Brazil. And I don't know why there was a wave of warlike enthusiasm and this settled at that moment the national unity. That is, Brazilian culture, as Machado de Assis pointed out, was aimed at seeking a national identity. And

at that moment the war appeared as a magical solution to the formation of national identity. Let's examine how this Paraguayan war begins... The Plata has always been a problem. You realize that we lost the Cisplatine, we had the Cisplatine war. But later there was an internal war in Uruguay. The crisis occurred due to a power struggle between the two Uruguayan parties. The freedom of navigation in the Platinos rivers, was a reason for divergence between Colorados and Blancos which attracted neighboring countries to the conflict. Paraguay dazzling greater protagonism in the region, decided to intervene and support

the Blanco party. Realizing the threat, Dom Pedro acts and make an agreement with Argentina to support the Colorado party. By sending troops to Uruguay, and taking down the power of the Blanco´s government. Paraguay is governed by a man called Solano López and he had an ideal, an expansionist ideal. He was known as a dictator but a dictator who is well regarded. The problem is that, this narrative doesn’t proceeds. This is simply a parallel where the school teacher dressed with the Che Guevara shirt says, because is a parallel with Cuba. So they liked to say; "look

at Paraguay." Paraguay literate everybody, so they pushed to the student; "Just like Cuba." Paraguay had a great health, protect the people, Just like Cuba, just like Cuba. So it's a convenient parallel, but the truth was a different one. Solano López was deeply hated by the population. It begins this way, his father on his deathbed said to him; "my son, never go to war with Brazil." Not only did he go to war with Brazil, but he also joined Uruguay and Argentina. Then Solano López figure out an opportunity. Paraguay then decided to unite with the Argentine groups

averse to that Uruguayan group that came out winner with the Uruguayan groups averse to that Uruguayan group that came out winner and regain power on the spot and creating, so to speak, a triple alliance against Brazil. He then invades Brazil and kidnaps the president of the province of Mato Grosso and his secretary. He kidnaps and arrests him. Do you believe that, these guys were arrested and starved to death in prison. This story that Brazil went there to end up with Paraguay, and the war was quite complicated The origin of the whole process does not come

from Brazil, it clearly starts from Paraguay. And then he invades, I mean, he also passes through Argentina trying to go to Uruguay and change the whole situation. The problem is that nobody joined him in this process Brazil manages to establish diplomatic agreements, then the triple alliance was formed but along with Brazil Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay signed an agreement to go to war against Paraguay. It was practically impossible for Paraguay to do so well in all of this. To face the Paraguayan military threat, Brazil needed to strengthen its army I would remember that, when the war

began, Paraguay was with 85 thousand men at gunpoint with state-of-the-kind equipment Brazil had 20 thousand with outdated equipment. Appealing to the feelings of the Brazilian people Dom Pedro creates the Fatherland Volunteers. The emperor was eventually prevented by the state council from going personally to the battle front Thwarted, Dom Pedro made a memorable pronouncement saying that: "If they can prevent me from going as an Emperor, they can not prevent me from abdicating and going as a Fatherland Volunteer" The monarch became known popularly as; The Number-one Volunteer. In charge of a troop of Fatherland Volunteer, was the

so-called; Major Deodoro da Fonseca. A military man who stood out in the war for his acts of bravery receiving the The National Order of the Southern Cross. Later he would be promoted from office until he reached Marechal and President of the province of Rio Grande do Sul. Not resisting the impetus of the allied powers Paraguayan forces were wiped out. More than half of the Paraguayan population perished in the war. The bloody conflict would leave numerous casualties on all sides Brazil losing more than 50.000 fighters. With victory approaching, Duke of Caxias sends a message of Dom

Pedro II, communicating that the war was almost won. Dom Pedro 2 was already in a moment where he felt weaker he was already making trips around the world and whoever was there was but Princess Isabel as regent. And her husband influenced her, The Count d'Eu. And The Count d'Eu saw all of that and said: "no the war isn't over we're just going to end up when we arrest Solano López." And then he goes personally to the war sites, he conducted all the war procedures not to stop the war. You notice that there is merit in

the Paraguayan war, which was one of our best soldiers. In March 1870, José Francisco Lacerda one of the Fatherland Volunteer, and known as Chico Diabo. He struck a spear at the Paraguayan dictator Solano López After six years of battles and blood shed, thus ended the greatest conflict in South America. We owe it to the military. The national unity was the Duke of Caxias. Stop the invasion and outrage of Solano López in Paraguay and his military. The victory over Solano López in the war of Paraguay was the culmination of progress to the empire. Gradually we could

see the end of the colonial system through technological improvements and legislative reforms Industries, varied services, banks and power plants started to appear. Financed and maintained by local entrepreneurs. In the beginning of the Brazilian Empire, the imperial family arrives, perhaps, as the richest family. But at the end of the 19th century, it was no longer anything like that. There were Brazilians richer than the imperial family. So there was great economic success, because of a transfer not only of political power but of economic power. The decline of the traditional sugar culture in the north of the country,

this coincided with the peak of coffee in the South Central. Revealing in São Paulo's hegemony a new force in the balance of national power. It will be at this environment that the personification of the country's industrialization project, In the figure of the Gaúcho; Irineu Evangelista de Souza, the Viscount of Mauá. The Viscount of Mauá was the greatest businessman Brazil has ever known. And became rich using this particularity of employing paid labour and his ability to generate business and accumulation at a greater rate than slave production. Innovations like railways, gas lighting, sewer plumbing, and the shipping

industry were some of the various investments arranged. Urban renewal takes up space. Wide streets, hospitals and prisons, bridges and tunnels, elevators and trams become part of the urban scene. With the transport, cities grow and evolve. Engineers as André Rebouças had a great participation in the works. Especially in the struggle to replace the slave labor by an employee. The emperor's popularity was greater than ever. And the international reputation of Brazil improved thanks to political stability and investment potential presented. We had a strong economy by the end of the 19th century A vast and respectable merchant navy,

and a political system of respect. It was respected in all over the world. We then lived a Brazilian Belle Epoque. The empire was seen as a modern and progressive nation. There was nothing like it in the Americas. The country had telegraph lines, articulating all the most important capitals and cities The city of Petrópolis gained prominence for its art and beauty. And it is in this environment that the Brazilian culture flourished. Music and literature was colouring the popular imagination. Machado de Assis It is difficult to talk about Machado de Assis because a lot has already been

said. To Machado de Assis, founder of the Brazilian Academy of Letters "Mulatinho" in Morro do Livramento. The poor boy that was born and develops, an orphan who loses his sister. Which is marked decisively by mourning. That has a high impact education process. Frequent visitor to The Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading. To this Machado de Assis so often underlined. Machado de Assis comes with all this heritage of being an exception someone without information, without a family name, with no one who was worth him And then he ends up, let´s say, having a whole path of informal

work that equip him with great instruction, and readings. Which turns out to be very interesting is if we think that he is the greatest Brazilian writer to date. One simple aspect that I have rarely seen being remembered, which is Machado de Assis involved with the great Brazilian issues. He will be the one who will have an extremely deep reading of our country. We have a Brazilian history even with all our problems, we see that problematized and humanized. We will learn Brazil by reading Machado de Assis. He wrote texts, like for example, the stories; "Pai Contra

Mãe", "O Caso da Vara". In which they make explicit the absurdities of the slave system itself. He will not have been blinded, as he is often accused. Machado de Assis was a man who cared about men's things. Machado de Assis is a genius, writes wonderfully well, he is a guy who has this metaphysics ambition, He clarifies many things of our human behaviour. Readers who fall in love with Machado de Assis, fell in love because it has a terrible problem Which is, I must be a sneaky person or not so I can face life. The question

that Machado de Assis asked his soul, it was not why I am black, but why I was born. That was his anguish. It was a human anguish not a social anguish. Religious Issue Dom Pedro II, in the context of political action, had great merits. Stabilized our economy, made Brazil a protagonist in the world. He was a man of great fiscal rectitude. However, on the religious issue he did very badly. He lost the church, and losing the church he lost crown. Brazil had inherited from Portugal, two institutes of state-church relationship. By the 1824 constitution, the Roman

Apostolic Church was official. And the two institutes to which I refer are called: "beneplácito e padroado". The padroado was basically the characteristic of the state managing the church. The second point was the beneplácito, which is; comes the papal bull, comes the order of the pope, and then the emperor had the authorization to accept or not. Would not be of any value to the clergy of Brazil, nothing the Pope would speak of, without the emperor signing below. The emperor had not only the prerogative to sanction the papal bulls, and documents, after all he was the head

of the church, virtually. One of these documents signed by the pope, prohibited marriage between Catholics and masons. The emperor won't sign it. Pope Pius IX does that. It's still valid, you can keep marrying Mason to Catholic. It turns out that, a bishop, the famous Bishop of Olinda, Dom Vital. He decides like; I'm not marrying anyone; you can stop this marriage now, so imagine the scandal. You can stop this marriage right now; I'm not marrying anyone, this guy is a mason. He is Satan. Then what happens? It´s over, that was a tremendous scandal. On February 2,

1873, Dom Vital in a pastoral letter denies the legitimacy of demanding the beneplácito. In this way the bishop incurred two of the crimes that were typified in the criminal code of the empire. They resorted to a foreign entity, and disobeyed the emperor's orders. Do you know what Dom Pedro does? He arrests Dom Vital and subjects him to forced labour. And then Catholics start to turn against him. And then comes the trickery, the faithful Catholic and the masons. Freemasonry and Church starts to fight. It was a horrible thing because, you see, the two emperors and mainly

the second one... they were anti-Catholic people, we can't deny it. When the Independent Brazil started, Brazil had 3 thousand monks. When the empire ended there were only 8. Because there were laws that forbade the superiors of the religious orders to come and supervise what was happening there. So we had, priest with 3 lovers, priest with 20 children and, in a way, it was a situation that the government itself protected. Not allowing superiors to inspect. In the meantime, the prime minister's office is replaced. As the situation gets worse, Dom Pedro places his trust in the man

who serves him so much during tough conflicts. Duke of Caxias would only accept the post under one condition They told the emperor that the solution was through the unconditional amnesty of the bishops. And that it was the only way to avoid a more acute crisis. But then he sets them free, okay, apologizes and all of that stuff, but then you realize you didn't get it right. So you already have a considerable part of the clergy, and of the faithful opposed to Dom Pedro and the monarchy. That was a huge mistake made by the emperor. And

that would eventually turn against themselves. Nabuco When we think of Nabuco's life, we speak of someone who was born in an aristocratic environment. Coming from a background closely linked to the economic elite of the time. Nabuco was just a boy, a child. Sitting on the porch of Massangana and eating fruit, in the company of his dear fat godmother, who loved him, and was also a widow. Then Nabuco still seated, was faced, and he was just a boy, with a slave crying out for acceptance. Acceptance of his godmother, who was known to be a good lady.

That's where Nabuco realizes reality, the reality of Brazil. And then Nabuco when he sees the clamour of that slave, he sees the cry of a country at that very moment. And he always will be the boy of Massangana, because that encounter with that slave was decisive for his whole life, and all his political training. At that moment, Nabuco lived his horse fall. At that moment the scales fell from his eyes. That meeting was decisive, and he understood that he had a mission. And that mission was not only with the slave who claimed for acceptance but

it was with the slaves and the social problems of our country. So much that even living far away, he never forgot our rights. Nabuco when his training begins, and he is grown-up, he seeks to defend who; slaves. It's perennial. The impact of Massangana within his first professional activities. He's going to study, go back to Rio de Janeiro, become a lawyer, and a diplomat, convert to Catholicism. Will be monarchist, will change his political views. And all this, without ever forgetting the moment, that the boy of Massangana always lived in that porch. Abolition has always been a

theme that has remained in the minds of the emperor and Princess Isabel. And many of those figures from the Brazilian parliament and also from public figures, led the movement and the empire always came along with this movement. Dom Pedro II even, so that his public example was seen as an abolitionist symbol, he didn´t walk with slaves on the street. He had that thing of walking with slaves carrying him abolished. Then, by his example, he tried to infect Brazilian society and the slaves themselves so that abolition would be a reality. The first attempt to reduce slavery

was still in the Regency Era. Through the repression of the slave trade. Feijó´s Law prohibited the importation of slaves, in addition to declaring free all captives brought to Brazilian lands, from that date. But it was ignored for decades. Due to lack of oversight. Therefore, this law would be known as: law for English to see. In 1850, so we have the famous Eusebius of Queiroz law, and that one, it was not for English to see. The government decided to charge. From then on the traffic was extinct. Then we have the law that said that; every black

man born to a slave mother would then be free. Which is the Law of the Free Womb. After the 50s, everyone was born free. Thereafter the 60s, the Sexagenarian's Law was made. Which freed all slaves over 60 years old. However with the Paraguay war, those who presented themselves to fight for Brazil were given freedom. This is something that shows us that there has been great care, in order to forward a solution in the medium to long-term. Then we can ask this: well, but if the emperor, Don Pedro I and Dom Pedro II held so much

power the emperor had so much power, had a moderating power why the emperor simply did not decree the end of slavery, just with the stroke of a pen? Abolition was a social cause. It was a popular cause. But at the same time was a cause that you, in defending it, had much to lose. Amid the extensive debate of abolitionist actions, public opinion and political class were divided between those who were against abolition, and those who were in favour. There was a third group that envisioned a gradual abolition. In order not to generate a crisis due

to the lack of work in farming. Brazil with a strong agrarian tradition, had in its farmers an important sector of society. Their influential powers before the crown were strong and the fact that the economy was based on them, assured them that their opinions would be of value to the emperor's ears. Each one of these abolitionist and slave groups, justified their positions in certain ways. For example, there was slave that advocated the preservation of slavery, because the rupture, that is, the sudden abolition, would cause the country to be diluted that the country would enter a process

of rupture and Brazil would become what became the Spanish colonies. Some abolitionists, liberals and conservatives said it was an absurd, since other countries had already abolished the slavery that Brazil maintained this infamy that tarnished the country's history. We must remember that in the 1860s, we had the American civil war. Which was caused mainly because of the dissent from the abolition of slaves. That is to say, the Brazilian leaders looking at the United States and thinking: "Well, we don´t want to destroy our country as occurred in the United States." So let's try to act prudently on

this issue. Let´s try to make a gradual reform to abolish slavery. That is, to speed up political processes, on the one hand can cause a breakdown of the social network. With a long process of negotiation with these political elites, that resulted in laws that promoted the transition until the abolition. Dom Pedro II was very ill. With his increasingly fragile health doctors recommended that he undergo treatment in Europe. Leaving in June, amid the warming greetings of the Population, just as his father had done years before, Pedro II left the future of Brazil in the hands of

a woman his daughter, Princess Isabel. Princess Isabel was a great abolitionist Everything she could do behind the scenes of politics, and publicly she did. For abolition to be a winning agenda. For several reasons. The first one is: Dom Pedro II was really getting old and it was one of his dreams to see this happen. Then she had an opportunity to try to show that the third reign it would be humanitarian. She had the posture of a Queen. And she would have to face, in case of signing a law, very strong sectors of the Brazilian social

organism. Some historians say that she had all the wisdom of Don John VI all the boldness of Dom Pedro I, all the wisdom of Dom Pedro II, and the faith of her mother, Dona Teresa Cristina. And it was Princess Isabel who said when they told her, you may be signing the abolition and the end of the monarchy. Then she said: "I pay any price to free these men." Whether you like it or not, and may the black movement try to remove her figure or not. If it wasn't for Princess Isabel, I don't know yet how

long it would take for abolition to actually come. Dom Pedro I and Dom Pedro II were reportedly abolitionists. Reportedly. Every single abolitionist laws including the law of the abolition of slavery were made under conservative offices. Because slavery, in addition to being immoral, is economically inefficient in the long run. The labour, when paid, is much more efficient. Then there were moral and ethical incentives, but there were also economic incentives. Slavery is the great Achilles heel of Brazilian history. And the way it´s been overcome is a source of pride. Law 3553 of May 13, 1888, article one,

is declared extinct slavery in Brazil. The news about the signing of the law by Princess Isabel, soon invaded the halls of the palace and infested the streets of the imperial capital. Captivating everyone. It was many days of celebration, not only one day, but a whole week of festivities, and speeches. The streets would soon be taken in a fraternization never seen before. It was the day of the birthday of Dom João VI, The one who turned this land into a nation. Someone who adored the tropical empire so much, that he cried at his departure without return.

On this day, by the hands of The Granddaughter of Dom João VI, an entire people redeemed themselves. It was a moment of unity, and festivity for all Brazilians. This time, not by war, but by the fraternization of a people who finally achieved the harmony of considering all equal before the law. What Boniface projected was fulfilled once again. At the 1823 constituency meetings, the old sage had already presented a project of gradual extinction of the slavery regime Warning about the economic and humanitarian benefits that the country would have by inserting slaves into a free labour system.

If he were alive, José Bonifácio would not miss the great party that took place in the four corners of the empire. In the same way Pedro I would not hesitate to congratulate his son and granddaughter for the great act The first emperor never hid his intention to abolish the nefarious system in his letters. And said he knew that his blood was the same color as that of black people. The city's newspapers spread the party proclamations that would last a week. Masses, dances, marches, and fireworks took over Rio de Janeiro for several days. Machado de Assis

whose paternal grandparents were slaves, stated in his column in the newspaper Gazeta de Notícias, that it was the only day of public delirium he remembered seeing. In fact it was the biggest event of the second reign. To gather an enormous number of people. You can even see in the photo, then you see the name, this and that, and that other, Machado de Assis, you find everyone. It is through the act of Isabel that great characters of the story met. The boys who grew up in Brazil now saw their apogee. The different paths and formations led

them to meet in glorious redemption. All the efforts that projected them into the world are overshadowed by being present in such solemn celebration. In recognition of the abolition, José do Patrocínio fund the so-called: Black Guard. A military group formed by former slaves to fight anti-monarchist activists, Isabel and the abolition. Carlos Gomes composed the great opera Lo Schiavo. In honour of Isabel, a great success at the time. Isabel was awarded The Golden Rose by Pope Leo XIII. Becoming the only Brazilian woman to receive the honour. When formed the Brazilian society against slavery in 1880, Joaquim Nabuco

along with José do Patrocínio and André Rebouças, Imbued himself with the moral duty to combat the great spot that clouded the Brazilian sun. The fate sealed by our men, didn´t do any justice to the mistakes from the past. But cleared the throat that now cried out... Freedom "If slavery is dead, if there is nothing that can resurrect it and if on the other hand what comes after it is abundance... and fertility, we must abbreviate as much as possible the terrible interregnum we are going through from slavery to freedom." Joaquim Nabuco At that time you already

brought together the owners of the large farms, that is, the centre of economy. The army, the church, and part of Freemasonry. There is no way... all Collapsed. The military returned from the War of Paraguay very resentful. With the low status they had in Brazilian society. And as public officials they were equated to the lower levels. Then they revolted, the slave owners revolted over liberation, so he managed to gather basically everyone against him. And then, from the mental point of view of philosophies, the ideas at stake... only gained space; positivism and federalism, the imitation of the

United States. So you have what; americanist theses and positivist theses circulating in the mental world of Brazil of the second reign. Positivism comes from France, with Auguste Comte, and enters Brazil, by the military, with this idea that we have to break, in a way, with monarchical traditions, etc... because we came from the Portuguese crown to a rational society planned by technocrats. Positivists they are basically, if they're not the first revisionists, as they don´t try to retell the past. They are at least the first to erase the past. They pass the rubber and say: "look, don't

look back anymore, now look just forward." You had a very strong influence from positivism at the Realengo Military School in Rio de Janeiro. In which there was literally positivist indoctrination with military youth. He attracts the military, and why? Because even though he is revolutionary, he is not revolutionary in the Marxist sense of class struggle. He is revolutionary in the sense that he wants to refound the society from a theoretical view, which came out almost literally from the head of a philosopher. Knowing that the ideas of positivism, they were impregnated in the heads of our military,

so deep, that in a way they are there to this day. The Brazilian army it is a positivist thing by definition. The people in general it is always manipulated by the interests of some. And at that time, there were people with interests in which the monarchy was replaced by another system. History is a large gallery of paintings, where there are few originals, and many copies. History ended up finding Brazil. A centenary symbol of the French revolution, the fate of a people would be redefined. The interests of a few hijacked the future of many. In the

early 19th century when the Portuguese royal family installed in Rio de Janeiro and founded the Brazilian Empire, a seed was planted. This seed was taken care of so that it would grow in fertile land to bear good fruit. Then grew, fruited and obtained unmatched vigor. However, the same cannot be said about the countries surrounding Brazil. That grew between stones, didn´t form roots or were kidnapped and lost their destiny. While Latin America was a conglomerate of republics with successive coups and dictators fighting for power, Brazil was a constitutional monarchy. The crown, parliament and justice were solid

institutions grounded on the rule of law. In constitutional principles and democratic practices. But at this point it was time for Brazil to have its seed stolen. The dissatisfactions of some sectors of society, would not in themselves be reasons for the fall of the monarchy. However vested interests would add these discontentment. And would commit an attack on the will of the people. Impregnated by the positivist mentality the republicans tried to disseminate their ideas at any cost. But without success. The idea of republic was not accepted by the Brazilian population. The candidates of the Republican Party, rarely

elected to any office. Given that the Republicans had no support from the population, the only way to take power would be through a military coup. The chances of success of that coup were minimal. Once the Brazilian navy was extremely loyal to the empire. The republicans' only hope was placed in Marechal Deodoro da Fonseca. Hero of the War of Paraguay but that was dissatisfied with the monarchy's disdain for the army. This task would not be easy. Since Deodoro was a personal friend of the emperor. When Major Solon Ribeiro put in place a trap to co-opt Deodoro.

Solon circulated an untruthful story that the government had ordered the arrest of Deodoro da Fonseca, along with Benjamin Constant and Solon Ribeiro himself. The rumours provoked the desired effect. Outraged, the troops rebelled in the barracks. It was when the chairman of the board of ministers, Viscount of Ouro Preto, tried to speak to military chiefs to appease the situation of the barracks. Being only, ignored. In the morning of the following day, Marechal Deodoro and his troops marched to the front of the headquarters, where the Viscount of Ouro Preto was. Under threat, Deodoro expelled the minister from

office. The armed army on the street, and with no popular appeal, about to warn the minister that he no longer holds the position, and don´t dare retaking it. About Dom Pedro II, we will see what to do. Although he was firmly in dismissing the ministry, the fall of the monarchy was not announced. Republicans feared that he could get along with the emperor and form a another office just to replace the one in Ouro Preto. If that happened, it would be the death of the republican ideal. It was necessary to act quickly. Positivists and then the

republican revolutionaries, thought that if they did not strike in a very short period, after the abolition of slavery, that they would lose their flags. And what were their flags: federalism, which was where the monarchy was already heading. And the end of slavery, which was abolished by the empire. Instead of going to the Imperial Palace in Petrópolis where Dom Pedro was, Deodoro returned to his home. He was sick and needed to rest from the events of that morning. Taking advantage of his weaknesses, Republicans saw an opportunity to carry out the coup. They then drafted the motion

of the proclamation of the republic in which Deodoro would be appointed head of the provisional government. The revolutionaries went to the Marechal's house to try to convince him to sign. To secure the signature, the Republicans had to tell one more lie. At dusk on the 15th, they went to tell Marechal Deodoro that the Emperor had invited him to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, to replace Viscount of Ouro Preto a "gaúcho" politician... Silveira Martins Deodoro got terrified and said, "Not him, absolutely no chance". Because when Deodoro was commander of The Square of Porto Alegre,

Deodoro had disputed with Silveira Martins the loves of the Barão do Triunfo´s daughter. Barão do Triunfo´s daughter, who was Adelaide preferred Silveira Martins. and when they said, "not with him" and they said, "not this one? Then sign it" "Sign here" and presented him with the document of Proclamation of the Republic He had the weakness to sign The Republic is a regime... that was born out of the dispute between two men over a woman. That's the reality. Later, they headed to the town hall where they proclaimed the Republic. In the impromptu ceremony, with the lack of

genuinely brazilian symbols representing the new regime It was necessary to improvise. Not coincidentally, the National Anthem of France was performed. Home of the French revolutionaries and was hoisted a flag that imitated the United States But replacing the original colours with green and yellow. In Petrópolis Dom Pedro received the telegram from Ouro Preto Reporting the events. Dom Pedro II, who is weakened in health, realizes that the situation is difficult. The next day the republicans decreed the expulsion of the royal family from Brazil. Determining a period of 24 hours for the emperor to leave the country. Dom

Pedro coldly accepted the ultimatum of the Republicans Fearing popular uprisings in support of Dom Pedro and the monarchy. The republican government decided to bring the imperial family on board as soon as possible. The imperial family was placed on a ship to be returned to Europe at 3 am because the military was very afraid of a popular revolt if the people knew what was really going on They ended up deporting the royal family and completely breaking the bonds they had with the Portuguese crown. The Republican regime was born then. In a hurry, hidden, in the midst

of cheating, lies, and without any support from the population. The republic I say was a poorly planned coup. Deep down, what happened was; a coup to overthrow the Ouro Preto ministry. The whole conspiracy was already being made by the positivist area, that is, the middle-ranking army that had actually already mobilized the troops so that the deposition of the Ouro Preto government would become the military coup. The manifesto that the provisional government released on that night announced that the army had declared the deposition of the imperial family, and the end of the monarchy. But at no

point did he mention the word republic. Benjamin Constant stated on the night of the 15th that at the appropriate time the nation would be consulted on the regime change. This promised consultation would happen only a century later. In April 1993. That is, 103 years after the 15th of November 1889. Brazilians were finally called upon to decide whether Brazil should be a monarchy or a republic. We've had 103 years of a temporary republic. Stability was a great mark of our monarchy A unique mark. It was born and died with the same constitution. The way it dies

was a dignified way. It dies with Dom Pedro II carrying Brazilian land in a pillowcase and dies with the abolition it dies with irreparable men in their personal conduct. Even in a manner compared to our own history... these are references to a particular conduct. They leave the scene with popular support. Such support was not justified only in the light of the elite Quite the contrary The popularity of Dom Pedro II stood out. Even the term itself: "Proclamation of the Republic" was an attack on a verbiage. There's no popular movement There is no fall from the

Brazilian bastille. Quite the contrary, people seeing, thus, perplexed. And if they had tried to mobilize in military terms a resistance, they would have achieved The navy for example was monarchical. They would have achieved. I understand that Dom Pedro II decides to accept exile, in 24 hours. He won't take the money they offer him. But he accepts exile precisely so as not to create a fratricidal war. Deodoro knew that Dom Pedro II had never stolen anything. And he knew that Don Pedro II would go into exile poor. Then he had an emissary offer Dom Pedro II

a very large sum. The emperor, with this offering, asked the emissary: "Where does that money come from?" From the national treasure. With whose order? Marechal Deodoro Was that voted on by parliament? No. Then I can't accept it. Don Pedro II was taken from us, our monarch, our sovereign. That even at that time, he was always regarded as the best monarch of his time of the world. The dearest for the people. The one who did better work for his country. The most open to science. He brought science to Brazil. In many things he was a pioneer,

in this scientific area. And they're going to take this man away, why? The American president at the time said: "The only democracy in South America is over." The American President He acknowledged that that providence was extinguishing the only democracy in South America because the rest was all tyrant land. Brazil began to leave four centuries of legacy All that has matured the country's thinking and political development both in its constitutional development, as well as in its great debates and all this maturity that was being gestated in the nineteenth century It was left behind, the light of

an expectation of a future that to this day has never arrived. Dom Pedro II died in Paris in 1891, two years after the coup. Exiled with his family, he lived his last lonely years. In his room was found a box with the message: "It is the land of my country. May it be put in my coffin if I die outside my homeland". Isabel died in Seine-Maritime, France in 1921, thirty-two years after the coup. After the exile, the Republican government abolished the pensions of the imperial family. Her only source of income. She received support from friends

in Europe where she lived the rest of her days. Machado de Assis died in Rio de Janeiro in 1908, nineteen years after the coup. He was one of the founders of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. His work is eternalized, being considered one of the great geniuses of the history of literature Carlos Gomes died in Belém in 1896, seven years after the coup. In very difficult financial conditions, he is invited to write the anthem of the republic. He refuses out of respect for his friend Dom Pedro II. Seen as a monarchist, he lost his prestige and

influence in Brazil. Joaquim Nabuco died in Washington in 1910, twenty-one years after the coup. He retired from public life and devoted himself to writing and representing Brazil in diplomatic missions. Serving as the country's ambassador to the United States. "God grant me these last wishes: peace and prosperity for Brazil." "God grant me these last wishes: peace and prosperity for Brazil." Dom Pedro II To be continued