How to Use Exercise to Improve Your Brain’s Health, Longevity & Performance

welcome to the huberman Lab podcast where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday [Music] life I'm Andrew huberman and I'm a professor of neurobiology and Opthalmology at Stanford school of medicine today we are discussing exercise and brain health which includes brain longevity and brain performance our ability to learn new information over long periods of time and indeed into old age today we are going to discuss how different forms of exercise resistance training cardiovascular training of both long medium and short duration can be used to improve the way that your brain functions acutely meaning immediately

in the minutes and hours and the day that you do that exercise as well as in the long term in the days weeks and months after you perform that exercise and of course if you're exercising regularly the effects of exercise on brain health and performance compound over time making you better able to learn things are able to retain information from the past and indeed to expand your brain's capacity to learn new types of information in new ways in researching today's episode I quickly came to realize that the number of studies that have explored the relationship

between exercise brain performance and brain health as well as the range of different types of exercise that have been explored in that context is extremely vast there are literally tens of thousands of studies on this topic as well as metaanalyses and reviews all of which point to positive effects of Doing exercise of various types on brain health and performance within those many many studies you'll find many many different exercise protocols that lead to improvements in brain performance and Longevity so the goal of today's episode is to synthesize that vast amount of information into a logical

framework that simplifies it and clarifies it and places it within the context of specific mechanisms both neurobiological mechanisms and endocrine based mechanisms that together can very well explain the data on how exercise impacts brain Health and Longevity such that by the end of today's episode you'll have both some specific recommendations about how to use exercise for sake of brain health and performance that I believe will be new to most of you as well as the ability to think about the mechanisms and The Logical framework that wraps around this incredibly large literature on exercise and brain

performance so that you can customize your exercise program on the basis of how much time you have available your specific age your health status and the specific types of brain changes that you might be seeking through the use of exercise and I should also say that by learning how exercise impacts brain performance and brain health you're also going to learn some of the incredible ways that your body communicates with your brain and your brain communicates with your body not just during exercise but all of the time so today you're going to learn a lot of

practical tools of course about exercise brain Health and Longevity it's based on Research that is incredibly interesting in in some cases surprising and in almost all cases actionable as some of you may already know I have a book coming out this year 2025 entitled protocols an operating manual for the human body I'm super excited about the book it includes protocols that is actionable steps that anyone can take to improve their sleep motivation creativity gut microbiome nutrition exercise stress modulation and much more now the book was originally scheduled to be released in April of 2025 however

to make sure that the book reflects the latest scientific research I've decided to expand on the yes already finished version of the book to make sure that the protocols are as upto-date as possible and reflect the most modern and best findings so the new release date for protocols is going to be September of 2025 I do apologize for the delay in release but I assure you that I will make it worth your wait to learn more about the book or to secure a copy by pre-sale go to protocols book.com there you'll find all the information

about the book and as well as the various languages that the book will be translated into before we begin I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford it is however part of my desire and effort to bring zero cost to Consumer information about science and science related tools to the general public in keeping with that theme I'd like to thank the sponsors of today's podcast our first sponsor is better help better help offers Professional Therapy with a licensed therapist carried out entirely online now I've been doing

weekly therapy for well over 30 years years therapy is an extremely important component to overall health in fact I consider doing regular therapy just as important as getting regular exercise now there are essentially three things that great therapy provides first it provides a good rapport with somebody that you can really trust and talk to about any and all issues that concern you second of all great therapy provides support in the form of emotional support but also directed Guidance the dos and the not todos and third expert therapy can help you arrive at useful insights that

you would not have arrived at otherwise insights that allow you to do better not just in your emotional life in your relationship life but also the relationship to yourself and your professional life and all sorts of career goals with better help they make it very easy to find an expert therapist with whom you can really resonate with and provide you with these three benefits that I described also because better help is carried out entirely online it's very time efficient and easy to fit into a busy schedule with no commuting to a therapist office or sitting

in a waiting room or looking for a parking spot so if you'd like to try better help go to betterhelp / huberman to get 10% off your first month again that's betterhelp.com huberman today's episode is also brought To Us by Helix sleep Helix sleep makes mattresses and pillows that are customized to your unique sleep needs now I've spoken many times before on this and other podcasts about the fact that getting a great night's sleep is the foundation of mental health physical health and performance now the mattress you sleep on makes a huge difference in the

quality of sleep that you get each night how soft that mattress is or or How firm it is how breathable it is all play into your comfort and need to be tailored to your unique sleep needs so if you go to the Helix website you can take a brief two-minute quiz that asks you questions such as do you sleep on your back your side or your stomach do you tend to run hot or cold during the night things of that sort maybe you know the answers to those questions maybe you don't either way Helix will

match you to the ideal mattress for you for me that turned out to be the dusk mattress the US I started sleeping on a dusk mattress about 3 and a half years ago and it's been Far and Away the best sleep that I've ever ever had so much so that when I travel to hotels and airbnbs I find I don't sleep as well I can't wait to get back to my dusk mattress so if you'd like to try Helix you can go to helixsleep.com huberman take that two-minute sleep quiz and Helix will match you to

a mattress that's customized for your unique sleep needs right now Helix is giving up to 25% off all mattress orders again that's helixsleep.com huberman to get up to 25% off okay let's talk about the relationship between exercise brain Health and Longevity and performance let's just take a couple of minutes and really clearly Define what we mean by exercise because most of us have a concept of what exercise is but for sake of understanding the relationship between exercise and brain performance most of the peer-reviewed studies focus on two general categories of exercise either cardiovascular exercise or

resistance training now of course cardiovascular exercise can be a very short duration high intensity so getting heart rates up way way way up or longer duration lower int intensity now typically the amount of time scales with that so the shorter intensity stuff tends to be quick bouts of either 30 second 60c sometimes 2 minute or even 4 minute allout effort with some period of rest afterwards or longer duration 20 30 45 or even 60 Minutes of cardiovascular training at a more steady state lower intensity and I should mention that within the tens of thousands of

studies that are out there exploring the relationship between exercise and brain Health and Longevity you will mostly see studies focused on cardiovascular exercise and most of those studies early on were focused on the longer duration lower intensity stuff so typically 30 to 60 Minutes of lower intensity yet still elevating the heart rate exercise nowadays there's more of a focus on the high-intensity interval training and today we're even going to hear about some studies that involve very very short bursts so-called Sprints of activity as short as 6 seconds long followed by a period of rest repeat

did for a number of times and exploring what the effect of that sort of I should say very very short intensity exercise is on immediate and long-term brain health and performance okay so cardiovascular training of different durations and intensities involving different durations of rest are one category that we're going to talk about today the other category of exercise we're going to talk about today is resistance training now most of the studies involving resistance training and their effects on the brain both brain longevity and brain performance focus on either compound so multi-joint movement so think squats

deadlifts bench press shoulder press dips Etc but very often and this is just a byproduct of how studies are done in the laboratory very often the exploration of the relationship between resistance training and brain Health and Longevity are single joint isolation exercises like a single leg leg extension even you might be thinking wait just one leg doing the leg extension yes the reason for that and I spoke to some of the scientists that do this sort of work is that when they have subjects do a say seated single leg leg extension as the form of

resistance training I know I and some of you are probably chuckling like really of all the things you could select to see if it impacts brain health you're going to have people kick up one knee yep you do that why well most people can do that type of movement it doesn't take any training or it just takes a little bit of direction as to how to do it so it can be done reasonably safely by many people including people that are non-athletes often older than 65 years old not that there aren't some very fit 65y

olds but just people who are older than 65 but don't have a lot of athletic background can sit down in a chair put the pin at the appropriate weight and move their knee or rather Elevate their foot while seated in a chair so-called single leg leg extension and also it gives the benefit of the opposite leg within subject control for comparison in terms of strength increases okay so set aside any kind of you know like eye rolls or Chuckles that you might have about single leg leg extensions as the total form of resistance training that's

being explored because yes those studies are still informative in fact they perhaps even identifi the lower threshold for the amount of resistance training and type of resistance training that could benefit the brain but we also see studies that involve compound exercises so having people do free weight squats or even weighted squats or deadlifts or you know bench press dip deadlift type combinations again when you look at the literature exploring exercise and brain health you're looking at studies that in the best cases are very tightly controlled that typically means having people do them in the laboratory

in a very specific way sometimes using untrained subjects meaning when the subjects arrive at the study they haven't done much exercise of that sort sometimes it's involving trained subjects both have their caveats of course but keep in mind that during today's discussion I'm going to be pooling at many times across all these studies exploring cardiovascular exercise of different duration and intensities resistance training of different types and sometimes different intensities as well but where there is a specific piece of knowledge that can be gleaned from understanding the exact type of exercise that was done and a

specific type of Brain Change especially in cases where it's been shown to be especially beneficial I will be sure to highlight that so as we proceed in today's discussion keep in mind exercises many things two general categories most of the studies focus on high-intensity or low intensity cardio most of the studies involve either single joint isolation exercises sometimes even single joint single leg isolation exercises or compound exercises and keep in mind that most of the studies exploring the relationship between exercise and brain health and performance are done to explore two types of changes either what

are called acute changes meaning immediate changes so they have people do the exercise and then they have them take a cognitive test or some other form of test that analyzes brain health and performance or they look at chronic effects which are what are the changes in brain performance and health over long periods of time meaning having people do a particular type of exercise anywhere from two to four times per week although typically it's three times per week and doing that for anywhere from 4 weeks to 6 months again all of this relates to the Practical

aspects of running controlled studies in the laboratory so if by now you're thinking this is really complicated how is it that we're supposed to teach out the best things to do given this huge ball of barbed wire of different types of studies variables Etc well I assure you we are going to make this very clear and very actionable and the thing to keep in mind is that fortunately most all of the studies yes most all of the studies that have explored the relationship between exercise brain Health and Longevity and performance find positive effects now for

some of you who are Skeptics you might be thinking well great so you can do any form of exercise well in some sense yes I'll actually tell you this right off the bat there are good data showing that if people do sixc Sprints Max allout sprints on a stationary bicycle followed by one minute rest and repeat that six times you see significant acute effects on brain performance so the brain performance could be a memory task sometimes it is a memory task it could be what's called a Stroop task which is a cognitive flexibility task where

you have to distinguish between the colors that words are written in and the content of the words okay so-called Stroop task I've talked about this on previous podcast I'll talk about it a little bit more later regardless of the cognitive test that's used that very short duration high-intensity training increases performance significantly as well 20 or 30 minutes of so-called steady state cardio you know figuring out how fast you can run or row or swim or stationary bike for 20 to 30 minutes at a steady state and then you analyze people's cognitive performance on a memory

task can be a working memory task so remembering a short string of numbers or it could be math problems it could be the Stroop task any number of different tasks reveal the same thing which is that the longer duration lower intensity cardio also significantly improves performance now does that mean that you can do six rounds of six seconds of sprinting with a minute in between or 20 minutes of cardiovascular exercise and get the same effect on brain performance well if you're just looking at overall improvements in performance so for instance the the percentage of information

that you learn if you do or you don't do the exercise or if you compare those two forms of exercise that I just mentioned in that sense yes it really doesn't make a difference which may have you scratching your head but in a few moments I'll explain why that is on the other hand different forms of exercise of course impact our bodily Health differently higher intensity shorter duration exercise of course impacts things like V2 Max and which circulating hormones and neuromodulators are going to be present very differently than longer duration lower intensity EX exercise so

too if you have people do single joint isolation resistance training exercises like a single leg leg extension or both legs leg extension versus 10 sets of 10 in a squat exercise you're going to see very different specific adaptations at the physical level at the bodily level but in every case where you explore the acute the immediate changes that occur in brain output and function after people do that sort of exercise you're going to see significant increases when one does physical exercise short duration high-intensity cardio or higher intensity resistance training single joint training compound training single

joint isolation exercises compound exercises one sees these increases in brain performance at least acutely in the immediate stage after the training so we have to ask ourselves why is it how is it that all these different forms of exercise are positively impacting brain performance and the answer is very simple and fortunately gives us tremendous leverage over our exercise and how to impact our brain health and the answer is arousal however the answer isn't entirely arousal meaning not all of the positive effects of exercise on brain health longevity and performance can be explained by arousal but

when I step back from the literature again an enormous literature tens of thousands of peer-reviewed papers many of which are done exceptionally well by the way as well as meta analyses and reviews I think it's fair to say that probably 60 to 70% of the effects of exercise on brain health performance and Longevity can be explained by the specific shifts in our physiology both bodily physiology and directly within the brain's physiology during those bouts of exercise which is this increase in so-called autonomic arousal which occurs during the exercise but also extends into a window after

the exercise is completed so we have to talk about this relationship between exercise arousal and acute brain performance meaning the improvements in brain performance that happen immediately after the exercise and then we'll shift our Focus to the effects of exercise that occur more chronically that is the effects of exercise on brain health and performance that occur in the hours days weeks and years after we exercise even if we are continuing to exercise every day or three times a week or whatever the frequency might be but this issue of arousing is extremely important and I assure

you it's not trivial in fact it will help you understand a number of things in the domains of deliberate cold exposure stress trauma and most importantly for today's discussion it will help you design an exercise program that's geared towards giving you the maximum bodily health effects and the maximum brain health effects okay in order to understand the relationship between exercise arousal and learning we have to really clarify the relationship between arousal and learning that's going to set the stage for pretty much everything else we're going to talk about for the next 10 minutes or so

and it's oh so cool it also gives me the opportunity to review a paper that I've long loved which comes from Larry kahill's group down at UC Irvine entitled enhanced memory consolidation with post-learning stress interaction with the degree of arousal at encoding this is just one of several papers from the kill Group which essentially identified the following there are a couple of different ways you can increase so-called autonomic arousal or levels of alertness sometimes it's called stress but autonomic arousal is simply an increase in the amount of activity in the so-called sympathetic arm of the

autonomic nervous system which is nerds speak for more alert more aroused wide-eyed ready to move higher heart rate higher blood pressure more alertness this is a great state to be in for learning material provided it's not too much alertness too much arousal turns out this paper shows it's also a great state to be in after you've been exposed to material that you want to learn and it's also the case that in this paper and in many many other papers from this and other Laboratories that you can increase levels of autonomic arousal by having people put

their arm into ice water for 1 to three minutes the so-called cold pressure test it's a very commonly used standard test this paper and many other papers show that it leads to very rapid and significant increases in circulating levels of cortisol which yes sometimes it's called a stress hormone but it's really just a hormone involved in the stress response but does a bunch of other things too so they use that as a tool after people have been exposed to certain types of information to ask does elevation in cortisol AKA autonomic arousal improve one's ability to

remember information and the answer is yes this study shows that several other studies from the kill and other laboratory show that sometimes those studies use people putting their arm into ice cold water other times they'll inject them with a drug that increases adrenaline also called epinephrine sometimes also increases cortisol the point being that elevations in autonomic arousal after one is exposed to information increases one's memory for that information and one's memory for the details of that information now in this particular study they compared emotionally Laden versus non- emotionally Laden information and a bunch of other

details which are interesting if you choose to puru this study but I should mention that other studies from this and other Laboratories have shown time and time again increases in autonomic arousal measured by increases is in cortisol or adrenaline also called epinephrine or norepinephrine which is the sort of analog within the brain that consistently leads to better memory for information that one has been exposed to better memory for the details of that information and oftentimes better ability to work with that information to come up with new ideas with that information or to think logically about

that information in new ways in other words increasing autonomic arousal improves learning in memory now it's also very important to understand that that increase in autonomic arousal can improve learning a memory if the autonomic arousal occurs after the exposure to the material most people find that a bit surprising I certainly did when I first read this paper it makes sense if you start to think about the Persistence of memories for things like traumas or bad events right bad event happens and there's this big spike in cortisol and adrenaline and those memories are hard to eradicate

there's certainly hard to remove the emotional content from and if you think about it in those instances the event happens and then comes the big increase in cortisol and adrenaline so that Maps very well onto the study that I'm describing here in addition however lots of Studies have shown that increasing autonomic arousal as measured by increases in Adrenaline or cortisol or both or any number of different measures of autonomic arousal that occurs during the exposure to the new material okay so this isn't trauma this is like new math material new history material new music material

new motor skill skill material that you're trying to learn increases an autonomic rousel that occur as you're trying to so-called encode the information you're being exposed to that new information also significantly improve learning and it's always through increases in arousal in other words whether or not you're measuring cortisol adrenaline heart rate blood pressure galvanic skin response how wide someone's pupils are or small someone's pupils are or any combination of those things or any other measures of autonomic arousal the consistent takeaway is increases in arousal during or after in particular after trying to learn a certain

material is going to improve significantly the amount of material that one learns the details of that material and the Persistence of that learning over time I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor ag1 ag1 is a vitamin mineral probiotic drink that also includes prebiotics and adaptogens as some body who's been involved in research science for almost three decades and in health and fitness for equally as long I'm constantly looking for the best tools to improve my mental health physical health and performance I discovered ag1 way back in 2012 long before I ever

had a podcast or even knew what a podcast was and I've been taking it every day since I find that ag1 greatly improves all aspects of my health I simply feel much better when I take it ag1 uses the highest quality ingredients in the right combinations and they're constantly improving their formulas without without increasing the cost in fact ag1 just launched their latest formula upgrade this new formula is based on exciting new research on the effects of probiotics on the gut microbiome and now includes several clinically studied probiotic strains shown to support both digestive health

and immune system Health as well as to improve bowel regularity and to reduce bloating whenever I'm asked if I could take Just One supplement what would that supplement be I always say ag1 if you'd like to try ag1 you can go to drink a1.com huberman to claim a special offer for this month only January 2025 ag1 is giving away 10 free travel packs and a year supply of vitamin D3 K2 again go to drink a1.com huberman to claim the 10 free travel packs and a year supply of vitamin D3 K2 today's episode is also brought

To Us by David David makes a protein bar unlike any other it has 28 g of protein only 150 calories and 0 g of sugar that's right 28 g of protein protein and 75% of its calories come from protein These Bars from David also taste amazing my favorite flavor is chocolate chip cookie dough but then again I also like the chocolate fudge flavored one and I also like the cake flavored one basically I like all the flavors they're incredibly delicious for me personally I strive to eat mostly Whole Foods however when I'm in a rush

or I'm away from home or I'm just looking for a quick afternoon snack I often find that I'm looking for a high quality protein source with David I'm able to get 28 grams of protein with the calories of a snack which makes it very easy to hit my protein goals of one gram of protein per pound of body weight each day and it allows me to do that without taking in excess calories I typically eat a David bar in the early afternoon or even midafternoon if I want to bridge that gap between lunch and dinner

I like that it's a little bit sweet so it tastes like a tasty snack but it's also giv me that 28 gram of very high quality protein with just 150 calories if you would like to try David you can go to david.com huberman again the link is David /u okay so now we've established the elevated levels of autonomic arousal either during or after and indeed also before about of learning the so-called encoding phase of learning when we're exposed to the new material that we want to learn and remember are all beneficial this is wonderful news

when we look out on the whole of the literature on the relationship between exercise and brain health and performance we see studies that incorporate exercise either before or after about of learning and we also find studies believe it or not that combine exercise with learning in real time literally exposing people to new material that they're expected to learn or trying to learn while they're walking on a treadmill or running on a treadmill or cycling or rowing yes those Studies have also been done although for practical reasons they're not as numerous as the studies exploring the

relationship between exercise and learning where the exercise is done before or after the bout of learning okay so what this means is wonderful what this means is that if you want to use exercise not just for enhancing your bodily Health but also for brain health and performance you can do that exercise before during or after bouts of learning that allows you to look at the constraints of your life for instance are you one of these people that can get up at 5 or 6 or 7: a.m. and exercise before everyone else gets up or before

your workday starts or your school day starts do a round of exercise and then get into your bouts of learning whatever that material may be or are you somebody who has to dive into the work day school day family obligations Etc in which case you might only be able to exercise later in the day but you're probably still somebody who would like to enhance their brain health and performance so in that case you might organize the thing that you're trying to learn the encoding or the exposure to the thing that you're trying to learn either

in written form so you're reading or you're listening to it or you're attending a class or classes and then exercising after you're exposed to that material in order to get that elevated levels of arousal not unlike the arrangement of the studies that I was talking about earlier which used the ice exposure in order to generate increases in arousal and thereby to improve learning and memory so in the show note captions for this episode we've batched a number of different references that have explored the relationship between exercise and cognitive performance and across those studies and the

ones that are referenced therein you'll find studies where the exercise bout was done before or the exercise bout was done during or the exercise bout was done after a round of learning or encoding of information and I should mention that different studies focus on different cognitive tasks so exercise and the arousal associated with exercise has been shown to acutely improve recall so just raw recall of material the details in material it's been shown to improve cognitive flexibility through things like the Stroop task and so in a very convenient way exercise has been shown to acutely

improve performance on all those sorts of brain and memory tasks which is greatly reassuring to all of us because what it means is that it probably doesn't matter so much when you do your exercise or what it is that you're trying to learn it's going to be beneficial as long as the thing that you're trying to learn and the exercise are positioned fairly closely in time now the one caveat to that is that several studies have explored the relationship between short duration high-intensity interval training and cognitive performance in particular executive function that cognitive prefrontal flexibility

that we were talking about a few moments ago and on the whole all of those studies point to improvements in executive control and function so that context dependent switching of knowledge and your ability to think about things in a in a very agile way if you will if people did a high-intensity interval training session just before they do that bout of cognitive flexibility learning however several studies have also looked at the effect of repeated bouts of high-intensity interval training and in some some cases looking at the mechanisms by which high-intensity interval training improveed cognitive performance

and the basic takeaway is the following and again I'll provide references to these in the show note captions that high-intensity interval training done before or believe it or not even during cognitive flexibility tasks a couple of Studies have actually explored that significantly improves performance on those tasks again we believe this is likely through enhanced levels of arousal although some data also point to the fact that it's also likely through enhanced cerebral blood flow simply more blood being delivered to the brain during or in particular after high-intensity interval training more blood more fuel and other molecules

being delivered to the brain during a cognitive task or cognitive flexibility task makes sense why that would improve cognitive function and yet when Studies have explored the consequence of doing multiple high-intensity interval training sessions and when I say high intensity I mean high intensity these are studies where lactate is elevated we'll talk more about lactate in a few minutes where typically people's heart rate is either close to or at their maximum heart rate for some period of time either 30 seconds 60 seconds 2 minutes or in some cases people are pushing really really hard for

four minutes then resting for four minutes then pushing really hard for four minutes then resting for four minutes four times over the so-called 4x4 program that I know a number of you have heard about if you haven't it's very intense so you can imagine all out for four minutes then rest all out for four minutes then rest doing that several times in a day okay so two bouts of 4x4 or two high-intensity interval training sessions of any kind has been shown to diminish cognitive performance if the cognitive task comes after the second high-intensity interval training

session now for most of us including me that makes sense you think well they're tired um you know people aren't able to focus as much because they're devoting all this energy to the exercise and indeed that's true although the mechanism is interesting the studies that have looked at this have actually found that cerebral blood flow during the two bouts of high-intensity interval training are more or less equal so it's not that the first session necessarily precludes high performance in the high-intensity interval training session of in the second session but then when you go on to

try and do a cognitive task that's demanding and also requires elevated levels of cerebral blood flow you find that performance drops and this is correlated with reductions in cerebral blood flow that come from doing too much high-intensity interval training now I have to acknowledge that most people aren't doing multiple high-intensity interval training sessions per day but this is a reminder an important reminder in fact that if you're using exercise to try and improve brain health and function or even if you're just somebody who's exercising but is also expected to use their brain to learn things

throughout the day as most of us are and to attend to things throughout the day you need to be cautious about not overdoing the high-intensity interval training sessions this is also true for resistance training you need to be aware that very high-intensity exercise yes increases cerebral blood flow and the Del delivery of all these fuels and other compounds to your brain during the exercise if you do that correctly and you don't overdo it you can capture some of that wave of blood flow fuel Etc as you enter the learning session but if you quote unquote

overdo it then you're going to arrive to that bout of learning with reduced cerebral blood flow and you're going to be in a state that it's very difficult to focus and learn new information so there is such a thing as too much arousal from exercise that leads to troughs in arousal that diminish cognitive performance and learning now all of this is focused of course on the relationship between exercise and brain function at the acute level the immediate level it's fair to say that all high-intensity exercise and resistance training is going to support brain function in

The Chronic sense in the long-term sense in fact the literature points to that and once again I've batched the references for this episode so that they're grouped together according to the specific topics and time stamps and the two studies that I recommend you look at if you're interested in this relationship between high-intensity training and cognitive function in particular executive function that cognitive flexibility I was talking about earlier such as in the Stroop task there's a wonderful article entitled executive function after exhaustive exercise that's one to look at and the other one which I think is

really nice and therefore I've placed there really points to the way that a single bout of exercise can acutely improve brain function in particular executive function and the title of that paper not surprisingly is a single bout of resistance exercise can enhance episodic memory performance here's a fun one as I continue to hammer on this thesis that so many of the positive effects of exercise on brain health and performance at least in the acute sense immediately after the exercise some cases during the exercise are due to arousal well then it should make sense why things

like so-called exercise snacks you know this idea that you know throughout the day you you know suddenly do 25 quick jumping jacks or you you know you jump up and down five times or you do 20 air squats you know we've heard about exercise snacks in different context such as you know adjusting blood glucose levels you hear a lot about that you know after meals you know take a walk or do some jumping jacks really quick or you know do 20 air squats throughout the day and people talk about the sort of outsize positive effects

of those well check this out when it comes to high-intensity interval training and positive effects on cognitive performance there's a study entitled the influence of acute Sprint interval training on cognitive performance in healthy younger adults and this study has people do 6C all out efforts you heard that right six seconds okay so six six seconds it always is tricky they always use the same number it's the you know four by4 by four okay six yes the number six 6C allout efforts sprinting on basically a stationary bike and then a period of rest of one minute

between those sixc allout efforts and they see a significant Improvement in cognitive performance so yes it's true that you can do very brief very intense bouts of exercise I mean just think about 6 seconds of sprinting one minute of just Cruis or rest 6 seconds and then just repeat for six Sprints total of six seconds each and experience an enhancement that is an acute or immediate enhancement in cognitive function and I can imagine no other mechanistic explanation for that aside from increased levels of autonomic arousal any other mechanism that you could envision you know igf1

Iris bdnf things that we'll talk about in a few minutes yes those might be deployed as well but in terms of seeing something so brief having such a fast action on cognitive performance and given what you now know about the relationship between arousal focus and cognitive performance I'd be willing to stake let's say six of my 10 fingers on the idea that it's all due to enhanced autonomic arousal okay let's talk for a few minutes about the mechanisms by which exercise improves brain health and performance and I realize when I say mechanism some of you

may say okay well I just want to know what to do I don't need to hear about the mechanisms but in this case understanding just a little bit about the pathways by which exercise impacts the brain can give you a ton of Leverage in designing the best exercise schedule for your brain health and performance and frankly for your exercise schedule generally to generate things like fat loss improvements and strength hypertrophy endurance and so on in fact let's do this mental experiment together if we were to ask ourselves how is it that exercise improves brain health

and performance based on what you know now you'd probably say Well it increases arousal the catacol amine so dopamine epinephrine nor epinephrine it probably increases heart rate so more blood pumping to the brain and so on and so forth and you would be correct about all of that but let's just think a little bit more deeply about how exercise actually impacts the brain in the short and long term and ask ourselves what are the different physical Pathways what are the different chemical Pathways by which the movement of our body changes the way that our brain

works in the short and long term so if we were to draw a stick figure of a human and of Orient ourselves to the different locations or organs in the body that contain potential sources of information for the brain one place that we could start would be of course the heart when you do cardiovascular exercise of any kind intense or not so intense short or long your heart rate increases your blood pressure increases likewise if you do resistance training there will be heart rate increases those heart rate increases will come down between sets but your

heart rate tends to increase when you exercise that's sort of a duh well when your heart rate increases there's actually both increased blood flow to the brain and the delivery of all the things that that blood carries but there are also neural Pathways that carry signals about that heart rate about those blood pressure changes to the brain in order to increase our levels of alertness and focus that we can leverage toward learning so the first location in the body that we know can communicate with the brain is the heart when our heart beats faster that's

communicated to our autonomic nervous system which resides in a number of different brain areas in fact it's a network of brain areas that act in concert to create what we call autonomic arousal we also have another pathway that goes back from the brain to the heart and other organs that we call the vagus nerve which is a two- directional pathway you know up from the body to the brain and from the brain back to the body we're going to talk a lot about the Vegas in fact let's talk about the Vegas now when we exercise

we release adrenaline which is also called epinephrine from our adrenal glands which are small glands that reside at top both of our kidneys that adrenaline or epinephrine as it's also called does many things in our body it's responsible for increasing our heart rate further it's responsible for a number of effects on the so-called endothelial cells that make up the vessels and capillar iies and it has impacts on the neurons in our body that create all sorts of changes in the way that blood flows how fast it flows and so on and so forth now here's

a key thing to understand adrenaline epinephrine does not cross the bloodb brain barrier so the adrenaline from our adrenals doesn't actually get into the brain to stimulate elevated levels of alertness rather it acts on receptors on the vagus nerve again the vagus nerve communicates with the brain and also in the vagus nerve certain brain areas communicate with the body so adrenaline has a lot of effects within the body but when it's released it also acts on so-called adrenergic receptors on the vagus nerve then the vagus nerve is activated in a way that stimulates the activity

of a brain area because remember the vagus goes from the body into the brain stimulates the so-called NST and because neuroanatomists like to argue about naming sometimes it'll also be called the NTS the nucleus of the solitary tract or the nucleus tractus solitus super annoying I know forget the acronym unless you want to know that it's sometimes NST and sometimes it's NTS don't ask me why neuro anatomists do this in any case the NST can then communicate with a really important brain area whose name you should remember which is the locus cerus the locus cerus

contains neurons that release among other things nor epinephrine which is similar in action to epinephrine but different neurons in the locus ceria send those little wires that we call axons into the brain in a very widespread manner it's almost as if they're positioned to sprinkler the brain with a neurochemical and that neurochemical is norepinephrine they also have the capacity to release other neurochemicals but right now we're concentrating on norepinephrine when norepinephrine is released from the locus cerus it has this tendency to elevate the levels of activity in other brain areas through this sort of sprinkling

like mechanism what that means is that other areas of the brain such as your prefrontal cortex such as your hippocampus such as different areas of the hypothalamus and indeed lots of brain circuits all have a a greater capacity to be engaged this is what we're talking about when we talk about autonomic arousal release of adrenaline from the adrenals that has action within the body elevated heart rate blood pressure Etc and then adrenaline also from the adrenals to the Vegas from the Vegas to the NST NST to Locus cerius and then Locus cerus sprinkl the brain

with this norepinephrine raising the levels of Baseline activity in all those brain areas and making them more likely to be engaged by things that we're trying to attend to more likely to engage say the neurons of the prefrontal cortex that can learn context dependent strategy switching such as an aou task or when we're trying to attend to information and we go okay here's something important I I need to pay attention to this we're able to do that because of that elevated level of norepinephrine it facilitates it's permissive for elevating our levels of attention and focus

it's also permissive for our hippocampus to encode new memories and for a bunch of other brain areas to do their thing so to speak so knowing these mechanisms is actually worthwhile if you've ever heard that exercise can give you energy this is the basis of that statement right many people in fact myself for many years thought okay I definitely have to sleep well in order to have energy and focus that's absolutely true still true will always be true I should maybe have some caffeine be hydrated you know well-nourished all this stuff in order to have

the energy to exercise but it's also true that exercise gives us energy and this is how it gives us energy when we move our body the adrenals release adrenaline and the adrenaline acts through two different so-called parallel Pathways within the body but again it doesn't cross the bloodb brain barrier so then there's a series of what we call signaling relays or circuit relays up to the locus culus and then a sort of analog it's different but an analog to epinephrine norepinephrine is released within the brain and lo and behold we have elevated levels of both

bodily energy and brain energy in Focus that we can devote to that exercise but also to the learning that comes after that exercise which explains pretty much everything that we've talked about up until now during the course of this podcast so the next time you're feeling a little tired and you don't want to work out remember exercise gives you energy through the pathways that I just described now anytime I talk about the adrenals people start talking about adrenal burnout they say you burn out your adrenals you know there are these crazy theories that you'll hear

out there you know coffee burns out your adrenals not true you'll hear that if you exercise too much it might burn out your energy or your adrenals look you have enough capacity within your adrenals to survive relatively long famines to survive long bouts of challenge stress of many many different kinds short challenges and so on you're not going to burn out your adrenals there is something called adrenal insufficiency syndrome which is a real syndrome there are diseases of the adrenals but that's not what we're referring to here you have plenty of adrenaline in your adrenals

that you can deploy through movement through exercise to get the elevation and arousal attention and so forth that we've been talking about in fact there's a a set of biological Pathways that were just recently discovered that will allow you to understand how to use movement in order to engage your adrenals so that then those adrenals can release adrenaline impact your vagus impact the organs of your body the locus cerus and elevate your levels of attention and focus and a lot of the core components of these pathways are highlighted in a paper that I absolutely love

another paper I absolutely love this is from Peter strick's laboratory at University of Pittsburgh which is entitled the mindbody problem circuits that link the cerebral cortex to the adrenal Medela the adrenal Medela are those adrenals that I've been referring to in the body and the question that Peter strick and colleagues asked was how is it that movement actually gets the adrenals to release adrenaline like what's the signal does it come from the muscles does it come from you know the skeleton it's perfectly reasonable to assume that there are signals that come from the muscles and

from the skeleton that cause the adrenals to release adrenaline when we exercise but what stri colleagues did was actually super clever they took some new tools that had just become available these are tools that allow the tracing of neural circuits from organs in the body all the way back up to the brain or from one brain structure to another brain structure and then to yet another brain structure we don't have time to go into all the technical details but this is a technique that perhaps I'll talk about on a future podcast it's one that my

laboratory used for a number of years to trace other neural Pathways what they discovered is that there are essentially three Cate categories of brain areas all of which communicate with the adrenals and can cause them to release adrenaline to create this elevation and arousal and attention those three brain areas include areas of the brain that are involved in thinking what we call cognition areas of the brain that are related to what are called effective states which is just kind of a more General category that includes emotions okay if you saw the hubman Lab podcast episode

that I did with Lisa Feldman Barrett she explains beautifully the distinction between affect States and emotions but these are brain areas that basically relate to what we are feeling or how we're perceiving our environment and how we're reacting to it these sorts of things and then there's a third category of brain areas that most robustly communicates with the adrenals and these are a collection of brain areas that are all involved with movement of particular areas of our body these areas are broadly referred to as the motor Network so these are areas of the so-called cerebral

cortex which are in the outer portion of the brain and they send these wires down the spinal cord there's a little relay in the spinal cord called the IML if you're interested in the anatomical details I'll put the link to this paper in the show note captions in any case these brain areas that are involved in motor movement send axons those wires down to the spinal cord then from the spinal cord they send a relay out via What's called the colonic preganglionic neurons basically what ends up happening is that acetylcholine which is a neurom modulator

is released from these neurons that originate in the spinal cord onto the adrenal Mela and then the adrenal Medela the so-called adrenals same thing adrenal Medela adrenals releases adrenaline that creates these effects in the body on the heart the muscles and other tissues and then as described before that adrenaline also acts on the vagus the Vagas up to the NST Locus culus and we have this elevation and alertness so this paper and papers that came subsequent to it really explain how it is that the move movement of our body AKA exercise allows us to have

this elevation in arousal and alertness it's a loop okay the adrenals release adrenaline they do these things by these two parallel Pathways I've been talking about but your decision to engage these motor areas to move particular areas of your body is what deploys that adrenaline now you might be thinking well duh okay when I exercise there's adrenaline release in order to exercise I need to move my body and these brain areas control the movement of my body but it's not a duh it's actually very profound because it turns out that the specific brain areas that

best activate the adrenals are the brain areas that control the muscles closest to the midline the core musculature and the Brain areas that are involved in generating the sorts of movements that we would call compound movements at least in the context of resistance training or that are responsible for moving multiple joints at the same time so what this means in the practical sense is if you are feeling sluggish you want energy or you're simply exercising both for bodily effects and for brain effects you need the deployment of adrenaline of epinephrine you need the deployment of

norepinephrine in the brain and by the way anytime you have a deployment of norepinephrine in the brain almost always there's a coordinated action of release of dopamine which most people have heard of by now dopamine is involved in motivation as well as movement Etc so the simple takeaway here is if you want to get the Al that comes from exercise in order to use that arousal to leverage it towards better cognition brain health Etc the key thing is to make sure that you're doing exercises that are compound exercises so that these would be the movements

you can look these up just say compound exercises you can put that anywhere and you'll see that that includes things like squats deadlifts you know bench presses dips pull-ups rows and yes of course you want to train your whole body so that you have you know symmetry of a function of strength and you want to offset any injuries and things of that sort or aesthetic reasons perhaps but the idea here is if you want energy from exercise you want Focus you need the deployment of the neurochemicals that we've been discussing most notably epinephrine and norepinephrine

and through the identification of this motor Network as well as the effective and cognitive networks that Converge on this area of the spinal cord and then send communication to the adrenal Medela you can essentially control the levels of arousal that your body and brain produces so in describing this my hope is that you'll no longer think about exercise as just elevating your heart rate or you no longer think about exercise just as moving your body but rather that the movement of your body is creating specific neurochemical outcomes both in the body and the brain that

create the arousal that initiates the improvements in focus and attention that allow you to learn better and that contribute generally to brain Health and Longevity and of course you ifado out there will remind me I'm sure but I'm going to beat you to the punch here yes your hypothalamus is also talking to your pituitary which releases certain chemicals into your bloodstream which also go to your adrenals to cause your adrenals to deploy both adrenaline epinephrine as well as cortisol that pathway is still intact okay but that's a slightly slower pathway here I'm focusing on the

neural Pathways some of which have only recently been discovered in the last 5 or 10 years that work very very fast to generate the sorts of arousal that are relevant to brain function and brain long ity okay nothing has changed in terms of the old story about how the brain impacts the adrenals that's all still there but here we're into the modern stuff and by the way for those of you that are interested in things like psychosomatic disorders trauma and how trauma can quote unquote be stored in the body and not so much stored in

the body but how it can impact the body and then how the body itself can impact the brain this paper has also been used as support for the idea that indeed those effective areas those emotional areas those cognitive areas have a route by which they can communicate with the adrenal Medela to cause the release of adrenaline when we have specific thoughts it was always known that if we have specific thoughts it can quote unquote stress us out our heart rate can go up Etc this paper also provides a reasonable anatomical substrate for that phenomenon you

know I never want to make too much of any one single paper or finding but I will say that after I read that paper from stricken colleagues and through some of the subsequent discussions about that paper that I overheard at meetings and so forth it really made me think differently about exercise and now anytime that I'm feeling tired provided that I'm not chronically sleep deprived or something of that sort I remind myself that if I start moving my body in particular if I engage core muscles was one of the key findings in that paper that

the areas of the brain that control the core muscles as well as do compound movements I move multiple joints I start you know warming up in a way that includes some you know maybe even just air squats or some running in place or jumping jacks things of that sort that the increase in energy that I'm perceiving is real it's based on the same neurochemical outputs that would occur had I gone into the gym or to the run or whatever workout with tons of energy it would just have increased the level of adrenaline further so this

idea that we can actually control our body with our mind and to some extent our mind with our body that's absolutely true and this is one of the tools that I find particularly useful anytime I want to overcome that wall of kind of resistance to not doing the physical exercise that I know I and basically all of us should be doing I'd like to take a quick break and thank one of our sponsors function I recently became a function member after searching for the most comprehensive approach to lab testing while I've long been a fan

of blood testing I really wanted to find a more in-depth program for analyzing blood urine and saliva to get a full picture of my heart health my hormone status my immune system regulation my metabolic function my vitamin and mineral status and other critical areas of my overall health and vitality function not only provides test of over 100 biomarkers key to physical and mental health but it also analyzes these results and provides insights from talk doctors on your results for example in one of my first tests with function I learned that I had two high levels

of mercury in my blood this was totally surprising to me I had no idea prior to taking the test function not only helped me detect this but offered medical doctor informed insights on how to best reduce those mercury levels which included limiting my tuna consumption because I'd been eating a lot of tuna while also making an effort to eat more leafy greens and supplementing with Knack and acetal cysteine both of which can support glutathione production and detoxification and worked to reduce my mercury levels comprehensive lab testing like this is so important for health and while

I've been doing it for years I've always found it to be overly complicated and expensive I've been so impressed by function both at the level of ease of use that is getting the test done as well as how comprehensive and how actionable the tests are that I recently joined their Advisory Board and I'm thrilled that they're sponsoring the podcast if you'd like to try function go to function health.com huberman function currently has a weight list of over 250,000 people but they're offering Early Access to huberman lab listeners again that's function health.com huberman to get early

access to function okay so let's think just a little bit more about how the body communicates with the brain shuring exercise both in order to understand the mechanisms by which exercise improves brain health and function but also ways that we can leverage that to improve brain health and function by using exercise one of the more interesting and powerful and indeed surprising ways that the body communicates with the brain during exercise to improve brain health and indeed our ability to remember things and to learn is the way that our bones our skeleton when they're under loads

okay when they experience mechanical stress not severe mechanical stress that would break them but but mechanical stress they release hormones in particular something called osteocalcin now you might be thinking wait the bones release hormones yes your bones release hormones one of which is called osteocalcin osteocalcin is an incredible molecule animal studies that were done mainly at Columbia school of medicine but later also at Columbia and elsewhere in humans have shown that osteocalcin is released from the bones during exercise both in mice and in humans travels to the brain so it can cross the bloodb brain

barrier and there it can encourage the growth of neurons and their connections within the hip hi a campus an area of the brain that's vitally important for the encoding of new memories and there are some data not a ton but there's some data which suggests that perhaps I want to highlight underscore and bold face perhaps can increase the number of neurons in the so-called dentate gyrus of the hippocampus to allow even better capacity for memory now osteocalcin is therefore a really interesting molecule Right comes from Bones travels to the brain improves functioning of the hippocampus

which is important for learning in memory that's amazing and it does so in part through the actions of something that most of you perhaps have heard of which is called bdnf or brain derived neutrophic Factor now it's very important for us to understand that anytime we hear about exercise increases a growth factor and by the way exercise increases brain derived neutrophic Factor it increases growth factors that cause the growth of endothelial cells so blood vessels we'll talk more about that in a moment and it increases nerve growth factor it's not just bdnf there are lots

of different growth factors a few of which ngf and bdnf act on neurons and other growth factors that act on endothelial cells vasculature it seems that a lot of the effects of bdnf on the brain that are caused by doing exercise and that benefit us in terms of short and long-term memory our ability to encode new things and remember them for long periods of time to resist age related degeneration because that's the case indeed that our hippocampus decreases in volume over time as we age just natur natur even in somebody that doesn't have Alzheimer's dementia

and exercise can adjust the slope of that decline significantly provided there's enough exercise and the appropriate exercise I don't think all but many of the effects of bdnf appear to be mediated by osteocalcin what this means is that any exercise program that's designed not just to benefit our body but also our brain health and performance should do something to load the skeleton in some sort of impactful way that causes the release of osteocalcin now unfortunately there has not been a systematic exploration of the specific types of exercise that best cause the release of osteocalcin in

humans but based on what we understand about how osteocalcin is made and released it seems reasonable to assume and reasonable to employ some exercise within your weekly exercise that involves jumping of some sort in particular jumping where you have to control the Ecentric or Landing portion of that jump now I'm certainly not the first to talk about this it's been discussed in a different context that is jumping and Landing has been discussed in a different context namely by Peter AA and others who have talked about the fact that as people age one of the primary

causes of mortality are the infections and the lack of Mobility caused by Falls that people generally have when they're going downstairs or down things stepping down is a common source of falls falls are are a common source of breaking things breaking things is a common source of inactivity and inactivity is a common source of infections and other things that lead to earlier mortality what this means for all of us young middle-aged and old is that we should include some form of jumping in our weekly exercise now you could imagine doing that within your high-intensity interval

training provided you can do it safely and not get injured but this is also a call for all of us to think about including say some jumping rope and if you're going to jump rope maybe not just jumping you know a centimeter off the ground to be able to just consistently Skip Skip Skip Skip Along but maybe doing some high knees maybe doing some double unders if you can do those um perhaps doing some box jumps so jumping off boxes of different heights again what you can do safely without getting injured no doubt is going

to provide load to the skeleton I guess unless you're doing it underwater in outer space it's hard to imagine how it wouldn't and that seems to me like the most direct way to employ this osteocalcin pathway this pathway from from the bones to the brain and neurogenesis in the hippocampus I do believe is likely to underly a lot of the enhancement of learning and memory that's seen in terms of the chronic effects of exercise on brain health and brain function over time that is not just the things that exercise does via arousal in the minutes

and hours after exercise but the way the exercise can improve literally the size and structure of one of the most critical structures in our brain that's responsible for learning a memory the hippocampus and of course there are a lot of other ways that the body communicates with the brain we definitely don't have time to go through all of them but it's worth thinking about a few of them logically just in terms of listing them off and thinking about how they might communicate with the brain to improve brain Health and Longevity when you exercise you utilize

fuel differently depending on whether or not you're relying on glycogen or fatty acids and of course it's going to depend on how long you've been exercising and the type of exercise and what you're using for fuel literally the foods you eat Etc we don't have time to go into all of that but get this turns out that there are liver to brain neural Pathways so your liver can communicate with neurons and other cells in your brain including the gal cells the cells that are important for regulating energy metabolism and a bunch of other things too

your liver can communicate to your brain both through neural Pathways and by releasing things into your bloodstream that then communicate to your brain oh the body is using a different source of fuel it's been using different sources or combinations of fuels for the last 20 minutes maybe you should adjust your brain state in order to be able to cope with that or in response to that and of course there are other organs in the body that are communicating with the brain also your diaphragm for instance is communicating with your brain through indirect Pathways about how

you're breathing during exercise and of course your brain is controlling your diaphragm too via a number of stations including the pathway that includes the frenic nerve which controls the diaphragm the point here is that once you start exercising of course that has an impact on the organs in your body they change the way that they're functioning your heart your liver your adrenals your skeleton literally your bones and of course your muscles and they are releasing things that impact brain function either directly or indirectly once you start thinking about exercise in that context even if we

don't parse each and every one of those Pathways individually you can start thinking about exercise as a mult factorial way of enhancing and changing brain activity so that it positions it to learn better in the subsequent hours and days as well as modifying areas of the brain like the hippocampus by making certain brain areas literally bigger more powerful at engaging the sorts of things that they do in the case of the hippocampus learning in the case of the prefrontal cortex context dependent decision-making updating strategies these sorts of things and generally speaking exercise causes the release

of things like bdnf bring der neutrophic factor and nerve growth factor that enhance the health and stability of existing neuron connections and something that is very rarely if ever discussed publicly not because it's some sort of secret that people want to keep but I just don't hear it discussed is that bdnf is an activity dependent molecule it's a molecule that can serve to stabilize and enhance the growth of neurons keep their connections in place grow new connections and it does so when neur neurons are active so the point is that bdnf has to be released

in order for that to happen but the release of bdnf itself is activity dependent and it acts best on neurons that are already active so if ever there was a mechanism that could explain why it is that people that exercise regularly seem to maintain healthier brains into later life it's that one it's that bdnf is activity dependent when I say Activity dependent I mean the electrical activity of neurons is what causes the release of bdnf and once bdnf is released it has the best opportunity to stabilize and enhance the growth of existing neurons if those

other neurons are already active now if we were to list off all the different Pathways and mechanisms by which exercise improves brain health and performance it would be a list of probably I don't know somewhere between 40 and 100 different molecular Pathways and probably I don't know somewhere between 12 and 20 different anatomical Pathways and we certainly don't have time for all that I don't think that's what you're interested in I've tried to just highlight some of the key ones today one additional one that I'd like to highlight is the lactate pathway or the impact

of lactate when we exercise this is getting discussed more and more these days on podcast and elsewhere one interesting finding for instance is that lactate is what's produced when we exercise intensely our muscles produce lactate and lactate is a very powerful appetite suppressant now some of you may be saying well and I exercise hard I get really really hungry well that may be true but it's also true that if you exercise really really hard and then you hydrate well and you wait a little while often times that hunger will subside I'm not saying that you

should starve yourself after exercise fuel as needed for you if you're an intermittent faster do that thing if you like to eat right after you exercise do that do what's best for you but understand that lactate has powerful effects on our appetite because why because lactate has powerful effects not just on our body body but on our brain and it is able to impact the activity of neurons in our so-called hypothalamus little marbleized region above the roof of our mouth that contains some of the neurons that control our appetite and our degree of satiety so

the point here is that lactate is a molecule produced in the body that can actually signal to the brain most of you perhaps have heard that lactate can be used as a fuel for neurons during exercise lactate is the preferred fuel for neurons under most circumstances especially under circum ances of intense exercise that spares glucose for other things including for cognitive work later on this is perhaps one of the reasons why when people do intense exercise provided it's not too long and too intense and then you go to learn something you have enhanced Focus it's

because of the arousal we've been talking about all along today but it's also because we believe that there's glucose there's fuel that's been spared that then can be used by the neurons because during the exercise you weren't using quite as much glucose you were using less lactate now lactate is also a stimulus for something called the blood brain barrier which is made up of endothelial cells specialized endothelial cells that act as a barrier so that certain things in particular large molecules can't cross from the body into the brain lactate stimulates the release of something called

vegf vgf which is basically an endothelial growth factor that promotes the stability and growth of the blood brain barrier this is very important in the context of brain Health and Longevity and longevity in particular because one of the major features of age related cognitive decline and one that's greatly exacerbated in Alzheimer's is a breakdown of the bloodb brain barrier so the Integrity the structure and function of the bloodb brain barrier is something that's very important and related to brain health and exercise that's intense enough to produce lactate causes the increase in vegf that acts on

and within the endothelial cells to improve the Integrity of the bloodb brain barrier and because I mentioned the asites earlier and because I did my postto with somebody that was sort of famous for popularizing the study of asites when no one else wanted to study the asites now everybody studies the asites but I have to mention something about asites which no they're not just a support cell certain types of cells in the brain are called Gia the Gia come in multiple forms oligodendrocytes in the periphery they're called Schwan cells but then you also have asites

and asites sit around the synapse they in sheath synapses remember synapses are the communication points between neurons and the astrocytes are beautifully positioned to read out the amount of activity that's occurring between neurons and produce fuel for those neurons so the astrocytes mainly use glucose for fuel but they can produce lactate so again we have this activity dependent phenomenon that is when certain neurons are very very active the asites are able to produce more lactate the neurons can use lactate spares glucose and a bunch of great things happen when I say great things happen I

mean in the context of the ways that exercise can improve brain function because those elevated levels of lactate in turn also increase bdnf we already talked about the blood brain barrier basically the muscles producing lactate is terrific but the asites producing lactate for the neurons to feed on is also terrific because lactate can be used as a fuel and it triggers all these Downstream or subsequent mechanisms including bdnf so basically what we're talking about is the lots and lots of ways that exercise improves brain health in the longterm bdnf brain plasticity stability of synapses and

so forth maybe even new neurons maybe not a lot of evidence for that in humans yet frankly but maybe and exercise can improve brain function in the short term through mechanisms of arousal but also through alternate fuel usage such as lactate from the body and from cells within the brain that we call the astrocytes and the release of all sorts of other things igf1 to promote more vasculature and on and on and on it's really quite beautiful the sort of wave front of molecules and neural Pathways that's initiated when we exercise provided we exercise intensely

enough so this is a you know double and triple call for including at least some high-intensity interval training V2 max type training each week as well as doing resistance training and of course the long duration cardiovascular training the sort of you know 30 or 45 or 60 Minute or maybe even 2our zone two type stuff you can look up zone two but it's basically a level of cardiovascular training that still allows you to talk but were you to go any more intensely you wouldn't be able to complete sentences that zone two training of course is

going to be very powerful for the health and integrity of the cardiovascular system that's going to allow for the delivery of all these molecules and of course the delivery of blood flow itself to the brain because cerebral blood flow is Central to brain function okay so if you're right at the threshold of about to be overwhelmed by the number of different mechanisms by which exercise improves brain function and health we're not going to add any more mechanisms we are however going to talk about the Practical steps that you can take to make sure that you're

getting the most brain benefits from your exercise based on what we've talked about so far as well as a broad survey of the literature and again it is a big literature here are the four things that I believe everyone should be doing every single week in terms of their exercise program now we've talked a lot about exercise on this podcast before can summarize the very very top Contour of what my takeaway is from the literature and from discussions with experts such as Dr Andy Galpin and others which is I believe that everybody should include both

resistance training could be body weight free weights machines some combination of those as well as cardiovascular training each week and that the cardiovascular training should include both high-intensity interval training at least once per week and some so-called long slow distance training or zone two type training each week so presumably most of you are doing some form of that so maybe you're doing more cardio than resistance training maybe you're doing more resistance training than cardio if you're interested in a zeroc cost program where you can you know start to sculpt out a idealized program for you

but you want to start with a kind of General template we have a newsletter that you can access at hubman lab.com zero cost you don't even have to sign up to access it although if you want to sign up for the newsletter that could be valuable to you too completely zero cost you can go to hubman lab.com go to newsletter scroll down to foundational Fitness protocol it describes the program that I've been following essentially for 30 plus years and again it's about three cardiovascular training sessions per week three resistance training sessions per week the cardiovascular

training ranges in time from about 12 minutes and then a longer 60 Minute session the resistance training is generally 45 to 75 minutes so on average about an hour and it might sound like a lot but but when you look at that foundational Fitness protocol what you realize is that some of the workouts are really really short some of them are a little bit longer none of them are longer than an hour so it's pretty reasonable to do and I certainly did it while working well to be frank extremely long hours for many many years

so provided your sleep is intact and other areas of your life are are dialed in with stress Etc should be doable for most everybody but modify it according to what you need or if you're doing something completely different more power to you I just want you to know that's available as a zero cost resource if you want to check it out with all of that said whatever exercise you happen to be doing or you happen to be planning I do believe it should include four things specifically to improve brain health and performance although these four

things will also benefit you at the level of your bodily health no doubt the first thing is to include at least one workout per week that is of a long slow distance nature so zone two type cardio maybe you get a little bit up into zone three but basically jogging swimming rowing any activity that you can carry out consistently for 45 to 75 minutes without getting injured right people always say well do I have to run no if you don't like running and running's too hard on your body or you'll get injured then do something

else maybe you do the rower maybe you ride a stationary bike maybe you ride a road bike for me it's jogging generally or hiking with a weight vest those are the things that I enjoy and that I can do without getting injured but for other people it's a different it's a different exercise but at least one one long slow distance training session per week is going to be very beneficial for brain health because of the way that it impacts cerebral blood flow and athal health and basically the way that cardiovascular health improves brain function at

the level of blood flow fuel delivery Etc the second thing is to include at least one workout per week that's of the so-called high-intensity interval training type now there are a lot of different types of high-intensity interval training out there in fact Dr Andy Galpin says you know we'll hear about say like the 4x4x4 protocol right four minutes of going as hard as you can for four minutes basically where there's no variation in the intensity through that whole four minutes you're going hard the whole four minutes but only as hard as you can for the

entire four minutes then resting four minutes and then repeating that 4x4 cycle four times so that's one way to do it but Dr Andy Galpin would be the first to tell you that probably also get great results from a 3X3 by4 type of workout or a 6 by6 by six type of workout although for many people that's going to be too much and too intense or if you're me and you prefer a high-intensity interval training session that is more like a two minutes on as hard as you can go for two minutes and then rest

for say three to four minutes and then repeat maybe four times maybe five times well then do that I have a high-intensity interval training session that I do when I'm very limited on time which involves getting on the airdine bike they sometimes called the assault bike there's a lot of resistance has that fan which always thought was to cool me off but then you know it's uh once I actually got on one and and and started riding I realized that that's to provide resistance so but basically if I'm limited on time I'll hop on there

I'll pedal for about a minute or two just kind of warm up and then I'll go all out for a minute rest for 30 seconds all out for a minute rest for 30 seconds the first three or four of those Cycles feeling pretty good by the seventh and eighth one I'm you know um I'm praying and generally when one finishes that type of workout your heart rate is very very elevated now I don't tend to track my heart rate during exercise perhaps I should but I don't like to get you know too weigh down with

technology when I exercise I like to go more on feel that's just me I find that my heart rate is extremely high right as I get off that thing but you know five minutes later it's back to Baseline and I certainly feel energized after doing that to go do some cognitive work to shower up and to head to work that sort of thing so pick a high-intensity interval training session that you can do at least once per week and that works for you and again it's really important to pick a form of exercise for the

high-intensity interval training that you can do without getting injured this is so important you know one way to really limit your brain health and bodily health is to get injured and to not be able to exercise in a few minutes I'll tell you about what happens when you don't exercise for a certain duration and how that negatively impacts your brain health and it's not that long before that starts to happen but in the meantime the first was long slow distance or so-called Zone 2 so what we could call that LSD not the Psychedelic but long

slow distance exercise second was high-intensity interval training or HIIT or hit the third would be Tut Tu time under ttention if you're doing resistance training and I do believe everybody should be doing resistance training there are a near infinite number of different ways to do resistance training as you well know you can move the weight ballistically you can control the Ecentric you can do any number of different things but some proportion of the exercises that you do during your resistance training during the week should include time under tension training where you're really emphasizing the contraction

of the muscles the slow lowering of the weight as well as the lifting of the weight Contracting the muscles as hard as you can and this is really to emphasize the nerve to muscle Pathways and the way that time under tension promotes the release of things from muscles into the bloodstream that can positively impact the brain as well as the way that focusing your brain on exercises such that you're isolating muscles or even if you're not doing a so-called isolation exercise maybe you're doing a compound exercise like a dip or a squat or a deadlift

but that really concentrating on the muscles that are supposed to be managing the work and not just moving the weight but challenging the muscles this very important think challenging the muscles using the weight not lifting weights or moving weights by focusing on time under tension you will of course get benefits as it relates to hypertrophy and strength increases in particular hypertrophy doing time under attention requires you to engage the what we call the upper motor neuron to lower motor neuron you have motor neurons in your cortex you also have motor neurons in your spinal cord

those Pathways that then go out to the muscles and control the muscles in very deliberate ways and time under tension training is very beneficial for the deployment of the molecules that work both within the body but also within the brain to support brain health and function both in the short term and most particularly in the long term I'd like to take a quick break and thank one of our sponsors mauii venison mauii venison is 100% wild harvested venison from the island of Maui and it is the most nutrient-dense and delicious red meat available I've spoken

before on this podcast about the fact that most of us should be consuming about one gram of quality protein per pound of body weight every day that protein provides critical building blocks for things like muscle repair and synthesis but it also promotes overall health given the importance of muscle tissue as an organ enough quality protein each day is also a terrific way to Stave off hunger one of the key things however is to make sure that you're getting enough quality protein without ingesting excess calories mauii venison has an extremely high quality protein per calorie ratio

so that getting one gram of quality protein per pound of body weight is both easy and doesn't cause you to ingest in excess of calories also Maui Nei venison is absolutely delicious they have venison steaks ground venison and venison bone broth I personally like all of those in fact I probably eat a Maui Nei venison Burger pretty much every day and occasionally I'll swap that for a Maui Nei steak and if you're traveling a lot or you're simply on the go they have Maui Nei venison sticks which have 10 grams of protein per stick at

just 55 calories and they're extremely convenient you can pretty much take them anywhere responsible population management of the axis deer on the island of Maui means they cannot go beyond a particular Harvest capacity signing up for a membership is therefore the best way to ensure access to their highquality meat if you'd like to try mauii venison you can go to mauii venison docomo to get 20% off your membership or first order again that's mauii venison docomo okay so we have long slow distance high-intensity interval training and some degree of time under tension training with resistance

training you might be asking how many sets What proportion that depends on your goals right if you're a powerlifter and you're trying to lift bigger weights or you simply want to get stronger not going to devote a lot of your training to time under tension most likely you're going to be focusing mostly on the performance of those lifts to move more weight but in my case what I do just for sake of example again this is just what I happen to do is I tend to make a full third of my resistance training just focused

on time under tension so if I do two exercises typically the first exercise is a compound exercise so if it's a shoulder press for instance I'll do a couple warm-up sets and then the work sets I try and move the weight and generally I tend to work pretty pretty heavy in the for me heavy for me in the 4 to8 repetition range I'll try and move the weight as quickly as I can on the concentric phase the lifting phase and then at least twice as slow on the lowering phase and then I pause while keeping

the muscles under tension I never really set the weight down at all during a set if I'm doing my job that is and then the second exercise that I do I really focus even more on time under tension so whether or not it's a compound exercise or an isolation exercise again compound exercise multiple joints mooving isolation exercise single joints moving I'll really concentrate on keeping the muscle under tension the entire time in fact I'll lift the weight off the stack if it's a machine or if it's a free weight just a little bit engage the

muscles that I'm trying to activate or train and then keep it under tension throughout the concentric the contraction and the lowering of that weight and then never actually set it down until the end of the set AKA increasing the time under tension and then the fourth category of exercise that I believe everybody should include in their existing workouts or add if you're not currently working out is some sort of explosive jumping and or Ecentric Landing now the explosive jumping with Ecentric Landing you could do on a mat right most people won't do it on concrete

because they're worried about impact that sort of thing but let's say you have some some mats or you're on a lawn or you're on dirt or you're you know jumping up onto a box as high as you can and then jumping down and controlling the Ecentric portion again pick something that you can do safely progress slowly right if you're going to jump up and off boxes you want to start with low boxes I know that many of you can jump quite High um and I'm not one of those people but if you can jump quite

high and then you're going to jump off that box and you're going to do this as a new thing you'll notice that anytime you add Ecentric training to your workout regimen it tends to increase soreness a lot and often people get injured by including a new form of movement in particular form of movement that you can fall and or not just falling but by including a lot of Ecentric movements that they hadn't been doing previously again be really safe about this but that loading of the skeleton through Ecentric movement and controlling The Descent super important

not just for your body not just to avoid Falls not just to improve coordination and a bunch of other great things but also to get that release of osteocalcin the improvements in bdnf brain performance brain health and so on and I'm guessing that most of you can probably incorp at these four things long slow distance high-intensity interval training some deliberate time under tension training during your resistance training again could be done with body weight doesn't have to even be done with machines or free weights as well as some explosive and Ecentric control training without adding

any time to your existing workout regimen simply by incorporating it into whatever workouts you happen to already be doing and the explosive Ecentric troll training could be done frankly at the end of a run you could do it at the end of your zone two day you could do it on the end of a hit day whenever you do it and however you do it just try not to get injured that's the most important thing why well it turns out if you get injured you can't exercise sometimes you can and it's good to continue exercising

provided you're not aggravating that injury but a lot of times you can't and there're actually studies of how quickly your brain starts to suffer if you don't exercise now most of these Studies have been done on very experienced athletes or people that are exercising a lot and then are forced to detrain or stop training completely and in some of these studies they've done this independent of anything else it's not like these people got sick from a you know a cold or flu and then had to stop training they'll just have them train a lot and

then stop training and then start to look at some of the effects that occur within the brain and the major thing that I was able to extract from that literature is that after about 10 days of not doing any training that is no cardiovascular training no resistance training you start to see significant decrements in brain oxygenation levels as well as some other markers that are indicative of brain health or that would be indicative of brain health if they were to continue so if you haven't been training at all for a long period of time your

brain is suffering the good news is you can start benefiting your brain very quickly by exercising check out the foundational Fitness protocol it involves a ramp up or warming kind of phase because you don't want to jump into something Whole Hog if you haven't been doing it at all if you haven't been exercising at all you know forget what you did in high school by the way folks anytime people tell you back in the day I was so fit this that that's not the way to think about it it's about today and what you're going

to do today and forward okay the past is great it tells you you had a capacity but you really just want to take where you are now and try and improve where you are now going forward okay the past is the past so how fit you were in high school or in junior high school or when you were in the kindergarten class you were the first one to make it around to get the blocks and the cookie and the milk first like awesome but if you're going to start up having not exercised in a long

long time think about what you can do now so you don't get injured because when you get injured you can't exercise when you don't exercise for 10 days or more that's when you start to see decrements in brain health so if you're not exercising now it's a great time to get to it if you are exercising now and you have to take a week off because of some sort of illness or injury or family event or stress look don't obsess over that don't miss out on some of the key things of life or make yourself

sicker by exercising and please please please don't come to the gym sick okay I did a whole episode on colds and flu and anytime people are coughing and sneezing and they tell you they're not contagious that's completely unsubstantiated by the scientific data please don't come to the gym sick so if you had to take a week off you'll be fine you'll be fine you'll probably come back stronger in the end take a couple of days and ramp back up but after about 10 days your brain health starts to suffer so that's an important number to

keep in mind okay so multiple times throughout today's discussion we've been talking about how exercise increases arousal arousal improves brain function that's true you know what's also true what's also true is that exercise improves brain health in the long term yes through the deployment of things like bdnf yes through the deployment of things like osteocalcin and on and on but it also does so by improving your sleep there are now many many studies showing that sleep is the thing that mediates many not all but many of the positive effects of exercise on brain performance and

long-term brain health so what this means is that you have to make sure that you're getting adequate amounts of sleep it's not sufficient just to exercise you need to get proper sleep and I've done multiple episodes on how to optimize your sleep how to improve your sleep how to deal with insomnia shift work if you want to learn about any and all of that either from podcast or from our newsletter go to hubman lab.com put sleep into the search function and it will take you to the episodes and the newsletters that discuss that in addition

if you have a specific issue with sleep like you're doing shift work or you're jet lagged or you are suffering from middle of the night waking or trouble shifting your schedule because you want to become an early riser put those terms into the search function it will take you to the specific timestamps in those episodes so that you don't have to listen to the entire episodes because I realize that some of them are quite long and of course there's the newsletter on sleep that lists off the various things that you should and can be doing

to improve your sleep no matter how well you happen to be sleeping now but tons and tons of zero cost resources there in PDF form in podcast form and on and on we also did the six episode series on sleep with Dr Matthew Walker one of the world's experts in sleep so that's also there so you can find all that there one question I get a lot is let's say I don't sleep that well should I exercise well the short answer is yes provided that it was just one night of poor sleep in fact there

are studies showing that if you're slightly sleep deprived meaning one night's poor sleep so most people need somewhere between six and nine hours of sleep varies by person varies by age varies by time of year and so on all discussed in that series with Matt Walker most people need six to9 hours but let's say you normally get eight or you normally get seven but you're down two hours on sleep for whatever reason should you exercise the next morning the short answer is yes provided it was just one night of poor sleep it turns out that

exercising after a poor night's sleep can help offset some of the negative effects of sleep deprivation on what on brain performance and health now you don't want to get into a habit of this you don't want to get into a habit of using exercise as a way to compensate for Sleep loss so if you don't sleep well for one night exercise is a great way to offset that sleep loss effect on the brain or that would otherwise affect the brain you can compensate for it by doing some exercise keep in mind you want to exercise

in a way that's not too intense because you can drive your immune system down and be more vulnerable to infections that's certainly the case after a poor night's sleep you also want to be really careful with what you do for that exercise in terms of your coordinated movement it's it's much easier to get injured when you're sleep deprived in fact there's a really nice set of studies lay Norton's talked about this elsewhere that the relationship between sleep or I should say sleep deprivation and injury is a strong one and the relationship between sleep loss and

pain and failure to recover from injury is also a strong one the direct point being if you're slightly sleep deprived sure go ahead and exercise that will actually help you offset some of the negative effects of that sleep deprivation but you want to be careful how you exercise so you don't get sick and you don't get inured so you can keep in mind that if you're having trouble sleeping or even if you're a great sleeper already getting exercise will further improve the architecture of your sleep in fact there's some evidence that doing high-intensity interval training

can improve the amount of deep slow wave sleep that you get and there's some additional data showing that if you do high-intensity training early in the day and that's combined with a bunch of other things that stimulate autonomic arousal so here we are again at autonomic arousal things like caffeine if that's in your program you don't have to drink caffeine things like getting bright light in your eyes early in the day definitely do that don't stare at the Sun or any light so bright that it's dangerous or painful to look at but certainly get bright

light in your eyes all those things that increase autonomic arousal early in the day can also help improve the amount and the quality of sleep that you get at night in particular rapid ey movement sleep which is so critical for learning and memory in fact there's something called the first night effect which is the amount and quality of Rapid ey movement sleep that you get on the first night after trying to learn something powerfully dictates whether or not you actually learn and remember that thing because as you recall learning and memory neuroplasticity is a two-step

process you need to be focused and alert during the encoding phase during the learning but it's in states of deep rest sleep in particular but also non-sleep deep rest but rapid eye movement sleep is the kind of king of reshaping your brain connections for the better unloading the emotional load of experiences that were troubling that happens during rapid eye movement sleep just a little bit of REM deprivation rapid eye movement sleep deprivation will make you more emotional and will make the painful experiences of recent and distant past also more painful get more rapid eye movement

sleep if you can it also consolidates learning of things that you want to remember again exercise early in the day in particular high-intensity exercise combined with some of the other things we just discussed terrific way to improve the amount and quality of sleep that you get at night and of course all of that geysers up to what better brain health and performance in the short term and in the long term okay so I listed off the four types of training that you absolutely want to include in your exercise regimen if improving your brain health and

performance is one of your goals and obviously that should be one of your goals your brain is your Central Command Center for your entire brain but also your body there's a fifth category of exercise that everyone should include if one's goal is to have a better and more resilient and indeed a better performing brain compared to your age match controls and to be direct that fifth category is the one that you absolutely don't want to do what do I mean by that well there's an absolutely beautiful literature about a brain area I've talked a little

bit about this before in our episode about tenacity and willpower I've talked about it on a few other podcasts as well it came up during the podcast episode that I did with the one and only David gogins and that brain area is the anterior mid singulate cortex the anterior mid singulate cortex very briefly is a brain area that is powerfully engaged when we lean into challenges including physical challenges but also mental challenges emotional challenges and we get that I'm going to push through tenacity and engaging our willpower now it's remarkable to think about this brain

area this is the brain area mind you that when my colleague at Stanford Joe parvey putting a little electrode into he was doing this for other reasons related to important neurosurgeries that patients needed and stimulated that particular brain area anterior mid singulate cortex people reported immediately feeling as if there was some impending challenge but that they were going to lean into that challenge remarkable this brain area has intense connectivity with many many other brain areas the dopaminergic system the so-called arousal system so multiple brain areas involved in arousal areas of the brain that are involved

in learning areas of the brain that are involved in stress areas of the brain that are involved in lots and lots of different things it's a major hub for inputs from other brain areas and outputs to other brain areas areas but here's what's most remarkable about the anterior mid singulate cortex there's a category of humans referred to as superagers superagers are people that defy the aging process at least at the level of cognition they maintain the volume of certain brain areas well into older age when their age match counterparts are losing the same brain areas

meaning people in their 60s 70s 80s 90s have brain areas that are shrinking even in cases where people don't have Alzheimer's dementia areas of the brain are shrinking superagers are people that maintain the healthy full volume of these brain areas and indeed in some cases the volume the size of these brain areas continues to increase into their later years one of the brain areas that maintains or increases volume in the superagers is the anterior mid singulate cortex and there aren't many other brain areas that do that the anterior mid singulate cortex is the main site

that can be tacked to this phenomenon of super aging now super aging and super agers is a bit of a misnomer because what's happening in these people is they're not just holding on to the volume of their anterior mid singulate cortex they're also maintaining healthy cognition which is flexible strategy context dependent learning their memory their working memory they're doing phenomenally well not just for their age but even compared to some much younger people so these super agers are really interesting both for sake of what they can do into their later years and because their anterior

mid singulate cortex is holding on to its size and in some cases increasing its size what can allow you to activate and increase the size of your anterior mid singulate cortex well it's very simple to do things that you don't want to do I should be very clear we're talking about things that can be done safely that aren't going to damage you physically or psychologically but we are talking about exercise or in some cases cognitive exercise but today we're talking about physical exercise that you would much rather not do so if you're like me and

you love resistance training it can be hard right some days I want to do it more than others and sometimes the workouts are much harder than others but I love it but if I want to maintain and increase the size of my anterior mid singulate cortex I absolutely have to find some form of physical exercise that I would much rather not do but as I mentioned before that's also safe physically and that's not going to damage me emotionally I don't know what kind of physical exercise would damage me emotionally but you get the point this

brain area has been explored in a number of different studies so successful dieters increase the size of their interor mid singulate cortex people that fail to reach a goal a diet goal or other goal experience a shrinking of their interor mid singulate cortex there's also examples of physical exercise increasing anterior mid singulate cortex skill challenges and on and on the important point is that the anterior mid singulate cortex is agnostic with respect to what you do except that it has to be something that you don't want to do if you want to build and maintain

its size and that building and maintaining of the anterior mid singulate cortex size size is strongly correlated it's not necessarily causal but it's strongly correlated with this super aging phenomenon there's a wonderful review about the anterior mid singulate cortex that was authored by none other than Lisa Feldman Barrett she came up earlier in this episode she's a world-class researcher on the topic of emotions and the basis of emotions Etc the title of this paper is the tenacious brain how the anterior mid singulate cortex contributes to achieving goals and there's one figure in this paper I

just want to summarize a couple of things from because it's just like a wow figure there aren't many figures like this I mean this is a review article so this figure includes panels pooling from a bunch of different studies but I'm going to just highlight a few of these by paraphrasing what's in the figure Legend okay so bear with me here I think you'll find this very interesting okay so you can't see the pictures because many people are listening to this on audio but you can certainly look up the paper we provide a link to

it in the show note captions but these points are worth paying attention to spontaneous anter mid singulate cortex activity predicts grit this psychological phenomenon that we refer to as grit now this is teased out in a study of grit grit is this ability to lean into Challenge and the mere spontaneous activity right not evoked activity there's spontaneous activity which is the activity that occurs sort of naturally as a consequence of engaging in a particular thought pattern or behavior and then there's evoked activity when you stimulate a brain area this is spontaneous activity spontaneous enter mid

singulate activity is associated with the psychological phenomenon the verb that we call grit and grit can be thought of as an adjective right somebody's really gritty but it should best be thought of as a verb it's the Leaning into to challenge greater anterior mid singulate cortex activity is associated with higher levels of persistence this again was teased out in a study of persistence so these aren't just philosophical statements or theoretical statements these are based on brain Imaging studies where people are being challenged with a particular set of challenges while they're in a so-called fmri functional

magnetic resonance imaging machine activation of the anterior mid singulate cortex is associated with grit and with persistence and anterior mid singulate signal is associated with willingness to exert more effort if people have to exert more effort and they're willing to do that boom anterior mid singulate cortex activity goes up also anterior mid singulate activity increases get this during effort magnitude estimation even when people are just trying to gauge how much effort something's going to take that starts to initiate activity of the anterior mid singulate cortex the oh boy this is going to be a big

one I got to do this and I'll explain how I engage my anid singulate cortex you'll have to decide if that's something that you hate enough so that you can use it too almost done here folks Anor mid singulate signal tracks the subjective value of effort exerted as people start to track how much effort they're exerting aner mid singulate cortex activity goes up and last but not least anterior mid singulate cortex stimulation so this is no longer spontaneous activity but stimulation increases the will to persevere incredible never before meaning never before reading this article and

learning about anid singulate cortex which again is largely the consequence of work done somewhere between the years of 2010 and now 2025 did we even understand what the anterior mid singulate cortex is there for and is doing it could do other things too but this is an extraordinary set of findings and an extraordinary brain structure that everyone should know about and that's why number five on that list if you want to improve brain function and brain health over time is to do something you really don't want to do something really challenging both psychologically challenging and

physically challenging at least once per week make sure it's safe psychologically and physically but do that thing for me I must confess it's deliberate cold exposure but it's deliberate cold exposure under particular conditions I'll be the first to say that I love getting into the ice bath or the cold plunge or taking a cold shower after I've been in a hot sauna for 20 or 30 minutes or after a long run where I'm sweating and I want to cool off or on a hot summer day but most of the time that's not the case meaning

most of the time when I do deliberate cold exposure and sometimes I'll do it by cold shower which by the way is zero cost it'll even save you on your heating bill so you don't need to buy any equipment or you could do a cold Plunge or an ice bath but you don't need one most of the time when I even think about getting into the cold plunge or taking a cold shower that is very likely increasing my anterior mid singulate cortex activity because I love love love the heat I love sauna I'm very heat

adapted I'm comfortable at very high temperatures in the sauna I don't hate the cold but I close to hate the cold so for me the First wall to get over the first bit of resistance that's really hard for me to get over is to walk towards the cold plunge then it's to take the lid off then it's to look at the thing then it's to get in but I force myself to do it I make sure that I do it safely and I make sure that I do it for about 1 to three minutes sometimes

longer but I do it because yes deliberate cold exposure increases release of the so-called catacol amines dopamine epinephrine nor epinephrine also yes I know that those catacol amines are going to make me feel much better after I get out of the Cal plunge for many many hours that's been established but I also do deliberate cold exposure by cold shower or by Cold immersion because I hate it and because I know that by doing it I'm going to be activating my will to persevere my grit my willpower now today's discussion is not about deliberate cold exposure

it's about exercise so what I've started doing in recent months and I'm certainly going to continue into 2025 is to start adding some form of exercise that I absolutely don't want to do in order to activate my interor mid singulate cortex now for me because my schedule is very full I'm already doing six workouts per week again some of them are shorter some of them are longer I don't have a lot of extra time to exercise I don't have a lot of time to start rolling Jiu-Jitsu for a couple hours a week which I wouldn't

loath but there's a big barrier for me to do that sort of thing so maybe it's perfect for activating amcc anterior mid singulate cortex rather what I've decided to do is to include the one thing that I've been putting off for years that frankly I may enjoy down the line but that I don't enjoy currently and that's to do some sort of really coordinated specific motor activity that has to be done precisely or very precisely before you can say that you've quote unquote done it right and for me the thing that I'm selecting because I

already like to jump rope and I can do a few different things with a jump rope I'm not super skilled but I can already jump rope is something that my friend Mark Bell exposed me to which is this rope flow Thing feel free to laugh if you want but this stuff is hard and it's really really cool the Rope flow involves just taking a rope okay there may be specific commercial brands of these but I was told I can just use a kind of thick rope that you buy at the hardware store or like a

dog leash type rope and you can look this up online we'll provide a link to it there's a specific pattern of moving the Rope where you're not actually jumping through it so it's not jumping rope but you're actually moving it in front of and behind your body and from side to side and involves a lot of different shifting from one limb to the other in very deliberate ways and as I'm discussing this I realized that I really don't want to do this but I know it's going to be very useful for me which is exactly

why I'm going to use it in 2025 to enhance my anterior mid singulate cortex activity the only fear being that I'm going to start to like it and then I'll have to find something else to engage my anterior mid singulate cortex and perhaps at that point I'll look to you guys in the comment sections to figure out what sorts of exercise I would hate the most in order to make sure that I'm getting my anterior mid singulate cortex activation because yes increased coordination is great who wouldn't want that but mainly because I want to improve

my brain performance and brain function both in the short term and over time so if you want in the comment section on YouTube because that's where I can see the comments best or perhaps on Spotify as well where they now have a comment section I guess apple has a comment section too YouTube apple or Spotify put in the comment section the form of exercise that both psychologically and physically safe for you to embrace but that you would loathe to do and that you're going to perhaps no not perhaps that you're going to commit to doing

in 2025 and then we can compare and contrast and we can all see which one ones we hate the most and then we can exchange which exercises we hate the most and everyone can laugh at us for doing these things that we hate and yet we'll be the ones laughing because our an mid singulate cores will be nice and plump well into our old ages and everybody else will be wondering where the comment section is thank you everybody for joining me for today's discussion all about how exercise can be leveraged to improve brain health and

brain performance if you're learning from Andor enjoying this podcast please subscribe to our YouTube channel that's a terrific zeroc costway to support us please also click follow for the podcast on both Spotify and apple and on both Spotify and apple you can leave us up to a five-star review please also check out the sponsors mentioned at the beginning and throughout today's episode that's the best way to support this podcast if you have questions for me or comments about the podcast or topics or guests that you'd like me to consider for the hubman Lab podcast please

put those in the comment section on YouTube I do read all the comments and if you're not already following me on social media I am huberman lab on all social media platforms so that's Instagram X formerly known as Twitter Facebook threads and Linkedin and on all those platforms I discuss science and science related tools some of which overlaps with the content of the hubman Lab podcast but much of which is distinct from the content on the huberman Lab podcast again that's hubman lab on all social media platforms and if you haven't already subscribed to our

neural network newsletter the neural network newsletter is a zeroc cost monthly newsletter that includes everything from podcast summaries to what we call protocols in the form of brief 1 to three-page PDFs that cover things like how to optimize your sleep how to regulate your dopamine we also have protocols related to deliberate cold exposure get a lot of questions about that deliberate heat exposure and on and on again all available at completely zero cost you simply go to huberman lab.com go to the menu tab in the top right corner scroll down to newsletter and enter your

email and I should mention that we do not share your email with anybody thank you once again for joining me for today's discussion all about exercise brain health and performance and last but certainly not least thank you for your interest in science [Music]