India-China Dispute Explained

As soon as the Chinese entered, they found Jats of 6 feet standing in front of them. 340 soldiers were dropped de*d there itself. Nobody can eye on even 1 inch of our land.

If China hasn't even taken 1 inch of India's land, then what are we fighting for? Nehru Ji, himself gave India's permanent seat in UN to China. Patrolling point number 5, 6, 17, 24, 51, 52 our access to all these points are blocked.

China who didn't even share its border with India, today it has entered our house. When we talk about Pakistan, we know about LOC but why does confusion arise in the case of China's LAC. Where is LAC actually present?

China didn't even shared borders with India. Then what happened in the past due to which China and Did Nehru Ji really gave away India's permanent Un seat to China? And when it is said that, China couldn't take even 1 inch of the land then how true it is factually?

And in total, where is the India-China border located? So, in this video I'll tell you in such a way that you'll know everything - that what is the actual reason behind all these. During the time of 625 AD, there were different empires in India & beside there was Tibetan Empire separately.

It was very huge. And if we talk about the current time, then India's Ladakh, Arunachal Pradesh area was also included in that. Now, after some time when year 842 arrives, then the king od Tibetan empire - Langdarma, di*s.

So, after his de*th who will take care of the Tibetan empire? Regarding this, the relatives of Langdarma start fighting among themselves. The entire family fights for a long time regarding this & then after being tired of all these one of the great-grandson's of Langdarma whose name was, Nyimagon.

He says that I don't want to rule the entire Tibetan Empire. You all handle that. The western part of the Tibetan Empire where nobody comes and goes & nobody even cares about it.

I'll go there, I'll handle this area & I don't care about all those things. Now, the main claimant of the family was separating with a small area. Nobody had problem with this and then Nyimagon takes the western area of Tibetan Empire & starts living there, by making a separate - Ngari Kingdom.

And I'll telling all this because, the western area of India-China border currently, which is disputed the entire area came under the Ngari Kingdom. Now, after some time when even Nyimagon di*s as well, then his eldest son - Lhachen extends the Ngari empire even more and then he makes it Maryul Kingdom. According to The Chronicles of Ladakh, the entire area that you're seeing, at that time, it was the part of this Maryul Kingdom.

So, it had extended a lot. And in as year 1460 arrived, people started calling this Maryul Kingdom as Ladakh Kingdom. Now, time passes on like this because the Ladakh Kingdom, which was being ruled by Nyimagon and then Ladakh Kingdom was being ruled by Namgyal dynasty.

And when Namgyal dynasty arrives, then from here Ladakh empire was rapidly increasing both its area & influence in this entire region. So, at this time when Ladakh's influence was increasing then Tibetan empire was neighbouring it. It saw this as a threat that they're increasing rapidly & in future, they'll trouble them.

So, Tibetan Empire attacks Ladakh under their 5th Dalai Lama. Now, Tibetan Empire was very strong & when this war takes place then Ladakh loses a lot of area to Tibetan Empire. Then Ladakh asked help from the Mughal empire, which was ruling India at that time, then only this war stops.

And when this war stops, then in year 1684 Tibet and Ladakh sign a treaty named - Treaty of Tingmosgang. Now, the treaty that was signed contained lot of things. But the main point was that, in between Tibet & Ladakh a border was decided.

This was the first time in this region, a border was decided on paper so that there isn't a war in future. These are the pointers of this treaty & this is its copy. Whenever you read about India-China then you'll surely get to read about this treaty because this was the start of this border & people quote this treaty even today.

Now, until now I've told lot of timelines & important events in this topic. But you'll remember very few things from it which is very normal. This happens even with me.

That's why earlier I used sticky notes for such important information but this problem of mine has been solved by Quizlet. In which I make flashcards related to the topic, so that I remember important dates & timelines. Like, I made these flashcards for Ind-China Video.

Quizlet is very helpful for students as well because they need to memorize everything for exams specially in history. So, these flashcards by Quizlet will help you in revision & learning. Quizlet is digital, so you can swipe left & right quickly anytime and revise anything.

And not only this, if you put your notes on Quizlet, then with AI technology - its study guide feature automatically makes flashcards. With learn mode, you can even practice MCQs. I've myself used it & do try as well.

And make learning a bit easy. Download the Quizlet app today link is in the description. So, coming back to the topic.

So, when this treaty was signed then at that particular time, this much area of Ladakh was remaining. Now, on this side Tibet & Ladakh were there so, these things were going on. But China's Qing Empire was beside it as well.

So, now in year 1720 China's Qing empire sent its military inside Tibet Empire instead of directly attacking and the ruler of Tibetan Empire - Dzungar - is removed & replaced by the 7th Dalai Lama - Kelzang. And from here, China's Qing empire started controlling Tibet indirectly. It kept Tibet under its power & its entire protection was now entirely the responsibility of China's Qing empire.

So, what I meant to say that after this incident, the Tibetan Empire was partially under China' Qing Empire. So, these things happened & if we talk about Ladakh then, it was neighboured by Sikb empire so, in year 1819 Sikb empire attacked Dogra empire (current date's Jammu & Kashmir) & took it under their control. It took under their control means the ruler of Dogra empire - Maharaja Gulab Singh was ruling Dogra empire but now Dogra empire was under Sikb empire.

When this happened, Dogra & Sikb empire attacked on Ladakh as well & took it under their control. So, what I mean to say that this Tibetan Empire was divided in 2 parts. The western part of Tibetan empire became Ladakh, which went under Sikb-Dogra empire & rest of the remaining Tibetan Empire was being rules indirectly by China.

Now, after this in year 1842 Dogra & Sikb empire which had already took Ladakh under their control started increasing Ladakh's area even more to take control over the trade route and as I told earlier that Tibet was being controlled by China indirectly, so in a way China also had a role in this war. So, after some time when huge loss is suffered & war goes on for a long time - it stops and Treaty of Chusul is signed in between Tibet & Dogra-Sikb on 17th September, 1842. And the treaty that was signed included China as a party as well.

So, the signatory of this treaty was Maharaj Gulab Singh Emperor of China & Lama Guru of Lbasa from Tibet. Lot of things are discussed in this treaty, regarding trade, who'll go where all of these are discussed but its main point, due to which we're discussing this treaty is that - in this treaty Ladakh & Tibet's border were demarked. The border is sealed - in which it was decided that earlier where Ladakh was situated the border it earlier had in the treaty that was signed before, the boundary would be returned.

And Tibet will return as well. A word was used - Old Establish frontiers. Frontiers mean - at that time borders didn't exist, the area in between was left out between 2 countries which was called frontiers.

So, what I mean to say is the Treaty of Tingmosgang that was signed earlier between Ladakh & Tibet where the borders were decided, again both the parties - Ladakh & Tibet go back to their original border. So, what important did the treaty of Chusul have? In this it was important that, China also became a party in it.

It signed as well. So, basically what I meant to say is - officially China accepted that Aksai Chin is a part of Ladakh and not China or Tibet. And this is the reason that until today's date when India-China's border dispute is discussed then the Treaty of Chusul is brought forward again & again that - you signed yourself that Aksai Chin is a part of Ladakh.

Due to Treaty of Chusul, India's claim on Aksai Chin becomes very strong. The Treaty of Chusul proves Ladakh being under control of Dogra rulers - which is part of Current India and China has signed it. The copy of this treaty & its translation cane be found in the description.

There were original stamps at that time, on which Tibet was mentioned. This stamp is still available. This is the copy of that original stamp.

After this, it was the time of year 1845 and Britishers were ruling India at that time and a war had broke out between Russia & Britishers - The Great Game. In this war, Britishers were scared that due to its expension policy Russia would make its influence in areas like Tibet & Dogra empire as it'll cause lot of problems for Britishers. So, from here Britishers decide that the northern boundary, i.

e. Ladakh's area - is very important to be secured. They need to make their own influence there otherwise Russia's influence will increase there.

Now, keeping this in mind on 11th December, 1845 Britishers attack on the Sikb empire, that was ruling Ladakh. And after attacking, they make them sign agreement according to themselves. They made sure everything was in their favour.

Now, from here Britishers had their influence in the entire area. Now, at the same time Gulab Singh gave Rs 75 lakhs to Britishers and bought the Kashmir area & he becomes the rule of Kashmir. And even the Britishers gave it easily because their interest was inclined more towards Ladakh.

And they had only one concern in Ladakh - that is - Russian Army shouldn't enter from the are of Aksai Chin. Now, Britishers had made their influence in this area but after few years around 10 years later, they realized that Aksai Chin area had many places from where Russian Army can enter. So, to deal with any of the threats from Russia Britishers started securing this area as well.

Britishers gave work to Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in year 1855 to survey the area of Ladakh and Tibet & the frontiers that were made observe the open areas and make a proper border. And this work was given to W H Johnson. He was a civil servant of Great Trigonometrical Survey of India.

Now, he surveyed this area for a long time. And after surveying, he proposed a border which is called Johnson line. The line that India believes in is the Johnson line.

The entire map of India is made by Johnson Line. When the Britishers made this border, they didn't ask from anyone they made border in the Ladakh area & all the strategical points were kept inside the border. And after doing all these, Tibet and China were sent a letter, which included a map consisting of boundaries.

At that time, China's response was that the territory has its ancient frontier. It was needless to establish any other. India's map that you see in current time, this area is entirely Johnson line.

Now, the western border consisting of Aksai Chin area was made by the Britishers but there were many places towards Sikkim where Russians could enter India. And those borders were left out for longer distances & undefined. So, on 17th March, 1890 Britishers called China and made a convention.

The line that goes from Gipmochi mountains to Nepal was officially secured together with China & even China agreed to it. So, the India-China border is divided in 3 sections. One is Aksai Chin, western border second is the Middle Sector and Third is - Eastern sector in which Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh is included.

So, if we look at these 3 sections then the western sector where Britishers made the Johnson line but China showed disagreement in it. The middle sector that you see, consisted of lot of mountains. So, naturally a boundary was there.

So, here not much problems were caused. And regarding the eastern sector, Britishers fixed borders of the Sikkim area together with China and rest of the area including Arunachal Pradesh - I'll tell about it more, further. So, China wasn't happy at all with the Johnson line that the Britishers made on the Aksai Chin.

Because strategically, all the points were under British India. But Britishers didn't wanted to make China angry in any way because at that time China was weak but it used to threaten in an unsaid communication that it'll join hands with Russia. So, Britishers didn't want China to join hands with Russians as well.

So, to deal with it Britishers make another strategy. The year was 1899 and at this time Britishers proposed a revised line to China in the western border consisting of Aksai Chin area. They keep all the strategical points with themselves & rest of all the Aksai Chin area is given to China.

So, what I meant to say is - Johnson Line was revised and another line, Macartney-MacDonald Line was proposed. So, this was Johnson Line & this green line is Macartney-MacDonald Line. This Macartney-MacDonald line proposed most of the areas of Aksai Chin to China.

And in today's date, the LOC is around this Macartney-MacDonald Line. I'm saying around because its a bit before the LAC & why is it before - I'll tell about it. So, when the Britishers proposed this Macartney-MacDonald Line then China didn't respond to it.

And from year 1908 or years before or whenever official British India map was shown then at many places Macartney-MacDonald Line was used but not after that. Actually, what happens is Britishers made the line but China had influence in Tibet & China wasn't agreeing to it & creating many problems. So, regarding this in year 1914 - Britishers called China and Tibet in Shimla & held a meeting which is also called Shimla Convention.

This Shimla Convention held by Britishers consisted of their main purpose was to create a buffer zone between British India & Tibet, which was indirectly controlled by China. So, for this they put forward a proposal that Tibet, which is indirectly controlled by China they proposed to divide Tibet in 2 parts. One - Inner Tibet and the other - Outer Tibet.

The side towards India was Outer Tibet & Inner Tibet was towards China. So, Britishers gave the Inner Tibet entirely to China & Outer Tibet was given under Dalai Lama and created a buffer zone. Because Britishers weren't much afraid of Tibet & MacMohan Line was introduced in the area of Arunachal Pradesh that this will be the border of Arunachal Pradesh with Tibet.

This is the line & by doing this Britishers got what they wanted. From here, China and India didn't share the borders. So, if I tell in short then Tibet was divided in 2 parts.

One of which was given to China and the other part was made into a buffer zone so that Tibet is present in between China & India. And the buffer zone, i. e.

Outer Tibet, Dalai Lama was made the ruler in it and Arunachal Pradesh's border was also fixed by making MacMohan Line and by doing this, in a way Britishers secured India's borders. Now, Britishers had done this but China refrained from agreeing to it. The Shimla Convention was signed on 24th & 25th March 1914 by the foreign secretary of British India, Henry MacMohan.

And from Tibet's side, senior officer of Tibetan Government - Lochen Shatra signed it. But China denied to sign it. China said that this won't be a buffer zone.

The entire Tibet is ours. We won't take half and the Britishers said that the boundary of Tibet will be decided by Tibet not China and Tibet had signed, so this agreement is valid whether China signs it or not. And when this happens, then be it any official document, be it showing map on national and international forum the Aksai Chin was shown under British India every where.

even China didn't show Aksai Chin in its official Map. Historian Ram Chandra Guha has a book - India After Gandhi even there its mentioned that China never showed Aksai Chin in its official maps. So, it goes on for a long time and then comes the year 1947 and our country becomes independent.

And after independence, Nehru Ji agreed with the official borders made by the Britishers as it is and then 2 years later in year 1949, Civil war starts in China. In which two groups fight among themselves & in this internal of war of China, Mao Zedong of the Communist party defeats the Nationalist KMP there and establishes People's Republic Of China, PRC. And he says that, whatever was going on before this wouldn't be valid.

In fact, the leadership before this who named China as Republic Of China - they don't term it as valid and it'll be called as - People's Republic of China And then a ceremony is conducted in which Mao Zedong becomes the leader of China & the leadership before this flees to Taiwan. And they're still in Taiwan. Along with it, Mao Zedong - deems the agreement signed by - The Republic of China as invalid.

He states that Tibet is entirely a part of China. And then a year later, in year 1950 - Mao Zedong attacks on Outer Tibet, which was made as a buffer zone by Britishers and takes under him. Dalai Lama of Tibet flees to India after some time, where he gets refuge.

And he stays in DharamShala in Himachal - even now as well. Now, the incident that took place in which the part of Outer Tibet that Mao took under him by force this was a huge threat to India. In this, India didn't even help Tibet, neither opposed verbally.

In fact, when the fight was going on that is, when China was attacking on Tibet then India even supplied rice to People's Republic of China & further these rice becomes the problem. And when all these things happened, then discussion started that who is the real China. Taiwan's China is real or the People's Republic of China is real.

And the membership of permanent security council in UN was acquired by past leadership - Republic of China - ROC. Now, that isn't there, as all of them went to Taiwan. So, what should be done with the membership?

At this time it was also stated that, US had offered this membership to India from backdoor. But India said that - we don't want this membership. You can give the seat of permanent security council in UN to new People's Republic of China - PRC - that has been made.

And for this unofficial thing, on 2nd August 1955 JawaharLal Nehru wrote a letter to the Chief Minister - this is the copy - just pause it and read once. This was made public due to which people started saying that Nehru Ji gave the seat of permanent security council in UN to China. Now, after 2 years China's Mao Zedong started showing his true colors.

He talked very nicely with India. Nehru Ji never felt that China could ever attack India even in dreams. The concept of Indian and Chinese are brothers was ruling.

Now, at this time on one hand China was talking nicely but on the other hand it was giving statements like - Tibet is China's palm & Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh are its fingers. But even after these statements, India couldn't understand China's intentions. And then after some time, China starts constructing Highway No.

G219 in Aksai Chin area without telling anyone or discussing. India doesn't know about it but IB Chief, B. N.

Mullik said that - India knew everything but it knowingly stayed quiet due to its situation. But when this road was made in Aksai Chin then India's foreign secretary, Subimal Dutt immediately wrote a letter to Nehru Ji in which he wrote and clearly told that Chinese are making G219 highway and it goes midway through India's Aksai Chin & the total length of the road is 180km So, at that time China showed it as a confusion but actually, China was preparing for an attack on India and it was making this road so that, when situation of war arises, then military and logistics could easy reach. So, in the beginning India ignored it but when this road incident took place then, India understood it.

The first thing India did was that, it released an official map & the entire area of Aksai Chin was shown in India in it. And in many places of Aksai Chin, it even posted armies as well. And when India released this map then for the first time, China said that this isn't right.

China's premiere Zhou EnLai sent 16 land points that this area, until here is China's part. The current LAC that is made, is around these land points. Regarding the matter of Aksai Chin, India & China exchanged a lot of notes.

Lot of discussions took place, letters were exchanged but China was doing all these to buy time. And when the date 28th October, 1962 arrives - on this date China attacks on India's both western and eastern borders. This was very unexpected for India.

This war goes on for many months. China enters on both sides - Arunachal Pradesh & Aksai Chin. China entered very deeply in Aksai Chin & Arunachal Pradesh.

China's plan was to use Arunachal Pradesh for negotiation and in exchange of Aksai Chin, it would return Arunachal Pradesh to India. When the war continues for many days & when China reaches to the place where it had thought of means until here in western sector of Aksai Chin & until here in Arunachal Pradesh. And when it enters inside till here then on 21st November, 1962 - the war stops.

And China steps back its army from the MacMohan Line in Arunachal Pradesh. But it doesn't back off at Aksai Chin and stops at around, the 16 land points that were sent by Chinese Minister Zhou. Now, Aksai Chin isn't a plain area.

Its a very complicated area. There're very complicated mountains as well. LAC isn't a straight line that on one side China is standing 7 on the other hand, India is there.

The boundaries of LAC is made up of many land points. And the weather is also very extreme here. India claims different land points & China claims its own.

So, this comes out to be an undefined & zig-zag area where, in 1962 - armies of both the countries had stayed. And this is called as LAC - Line of Actual control. Means India said that Aksai Chin is ours.

We claim the border made by Johnson line. But for now, we don't have control until there. So, the area where they've stayed and where we actually have control, we call this LAC.

But this doesn't mean that India has believed this LAC To be the border. India believes Johnson line to be the border. And as I told earlier as well that LAC is a vey complicated area so, according to India there's a different LAC.

And according to China, there's a different LAC. LAC that India believes is almost this blue line and China calls this red line as LAC. So, the area between the LACs that the 2 countries believe to be has been like a buffer zone.

Here the armies of both countries stay at different points, conducts patrolling they haven't made a military post here only the patrolling is conducted and sometimes, flags are shown. And the main war is fought inside this buffer zone because China wants to take this buffer zone under its control. The LOC that China itself calls it to be, it wants to capture that.

The Galwan war that was fought took place in this buffer zone. Now, after the war fought in 1962 India clearly knew about the real intentions of China. India started its planning as well but a year later, in 1963 Pakistan gifted the Shaksgam valley.

India opposed it a lot but nothing happened & then, India - China border there were small issues at any place of small land points, at any moment. So, India thought that - among the 3488 km India -China border - the 220 KM border of Sikkim area there's no issue in it. Even China agrees even we don't have issue.

So, India decided that Sikkim's border - atleast that should be marked on ground and fenced. So that no issue emerges in future. It was the time of September 1969 & India started fencing Sikkim's border now looking at this, China felt very bad.

China also started fencing around the same area at the same time. Now, the mountains in Sikkim area acts like natural border. They secure that border but there're some passes in between those mountains where China can enter.

Like, Nathu La, Jelep La, Chola La - India was securing these passes. So, looking at all these China also started fencing on the north of Nathu La. And looking at these India started fencing the south of Sikkim & when the issue fuels up largely, then on 11th September, 1967 by fraud Chinese soldiers arrived & started firing on Indian soldiers among which 88 soldiers were martyred.

Now, in the war of 1962 India wasn't prepared. At that time, India was running on the concept of - Indian and Chinese are brothers - China felt that India will back off again amdist the fear of war but this time India knew China's intentions, so as soon as the Chinese soldiers try to enter through Nathu La pass they find Jats of 6 feet standing in front of them from 2nd battalion of Grenadiers. 2nd battalion Granadiers & Rajputana Rifles k*lled 340 Chinese there itself.

The fencing that the Chinese were doing are all bom*ed. Chinese had to immediately retard back & this was seen as a revenge for the war that took place in 1962. Chinese wasn't much interested in Sikkim but to bring India at back-foot, China started creating problems in the eastern border as well.

Siliguri Corridor is very near to Sikkim which is also called as Chicken Neck. So, due to this China creates one problem or the other in Sikkim and try to increase its influence there. The war between India and China at Doklam consisted of these reasons so that in future, if war arises then India could be pressurised by keeping this Siliguri Corridor in control.

This is a very small corridor, if someone rules this then the entire northeast region of India will be cutoff that's why China shows a lot of interest in this region. This is Nathu La pass & this is DokLam and this is Siliguri Corridor. Even after this, India and China fought at many places.

At some places China showed aggression but now the aggression that China showed got a heavy back-answer from India. Because until this time, Indian Army had fought two big wars, it had proved himself in the sea war as well. So, China had also understood that, fighting India wouldn't be easy now.

So, to find a solution to this China explored peaceful options. Between the years 1933 and 1996, India & China, both countries focused on peaceful agreements instead of war. Because war caused lot of losses for both the countries.

In these agreements, the first thing was that both the countries decided that - Fine, according to both the countries their borders are different. But one thing can be done - that for now, where both the countries actually control atleast that should be recognized. So, due to this after mutual discussions both the countries LAC that was in Aksai Chin, was extended further to Arunachal Pradesh.

That for now, this is Line of Actual Control and further whatever things would happen - will be peacefully resolved. So, both the countries recognized the LAC at the middle sector & eastern sector but the western sector consisting of Aksai Chin still their perception of LAC was different but even after that both the countries talked peacefully & tried to find a solution. Second thing that both the countries did in the agreement was - it was decided that armies of both the countries wouldn't conduct bombardment or firing - whatever happens in LAC.

They wouldn't even gather any kinds of weapons. And they wouldn't do anything which could cause war like situation. This is the reason, even in today's date if you see any conflict between India & China always you'll find that fights include, sticks, steel spiked rods but no one would fire guns.

So, this is the agreement behind it. And if you see the case of Galwan then even at that time, they fought by hans and sticks. Guns weren't fired there as well.

So, when this agreement was signed by the two countries then for many years there was peace at LAC but after this, China started a new strategy. When there's a war between 2 countries, the country whose infrastructure i. e, roads,bridges, Air stripes, Railway lines is well maintained - in that area they have a huge advantage.

Weapons reach very quickly, including food & everything. The time in which 100 soldiers of the other army reaches, here their 1000 soldiers could reach in that time. So, the country which has a good infrastructure has a huge advantage.

If the infrastructure isn't good then, how good the army is, it collapses. As before fighting the war of 1962 China made a road and then fought the war. So, when 2 countries face each other, then near the border developing an infrastructure seems like a threat.

China signed these agreements, but after some time when China started growing economically, then near LAC started constructing roads, bridges, air strips, railways lines rapidly. This directly meant that China was preparing for war. On the other hand, India wasn't that strong economically.

So, at that time India's infrastructure near LAC couldn't develop and regarding this, India wasn't happy that when you're talking about peace then why're you developing infrastructure near LAC. And after some time, when China developed some of its infrastructure near LAC then China started 'Salami-Slicing' strategy. In this, instead of taking a bigger area altogether, China posts its army on very small places now, the country whose infra- hans't developed i.

e. India's infra- hadn't developed and economically, comparing its very less - so, it won't start a war for a small area. It'll avoid this.

Slowly, by doing this China entered far towards inside. As year 2007 arrived, China conducted 130 secret incursions. And when it was known through India's intelligence agencies then India wasn't ready for it.

After this, even in India it was discussed about developing infrastructure in India but whenever Infrastructure is developed in India near LAC, problems would arise. Like, firstly India is democratic it doesn't have one party system like China, so environmental NGOs would come in between. That you're developing infrastructure near LAC, this will harm the environment.

So, they would stop these projects they would file case, so that would delay projects. The second problem was, if India tried to construct any infrastructure then China would start huge aggression. It would start conflicts in different borders.

So, the ruling government in India avoids all these - that if they would construct infrastructure, then issue would arise. There would be one more problem on top and then opposition will again raise question on it. For this, the process of developing infrastructure near India's LAC has been very slow.

China took advantage of it & with its 'Salami- Slicing' strategy we've lost our presence in 26 patrolling points. As I told that, the area of Aksai Chin is complicated. There's no straight line.

India & China, both have perception LAC and in between there's undefined buffer zone. Due to this both sides have confusion and in these buffer zones, there're total 65 marked patrolling points. Where Indian & Chinese troops perform patrolling.

From Patrolling point 1 i. e. PP1 to PP3 Karakoram Pass - PP14 that consist of Galwan Valley.

Similarly, these are the patrolling points they're called PP points. Just pause and give it a look. 26 among these 65 patrolling points were taken by China by fraud under their control from India.

Where earlier, Indian army would easily patrol, like Patrolling point number - 5 to 17, 24-32, 37, 51, 42, 62 - China slowly removed our access from here. China does the same thing, it wouldn't control all the patrolling points altogether it'll capture one patrolling point. It'll be argued upon for many days, then diplomatic meeting would be called.

And then later it is decided that, this area should be made into buffer zone. So, earlier where India could freely venture, now it can't and this is done by China since centuries. Now, if you look at it closely then slowly, lands are slipping out of India's hand.

But none of the TV debates are focused on it. None of the political parties talk much on it because when they were in power these things were still persistent at that time. So, whichever the government be - they wouldn't let these things reach to the people.

India tried many times to draw an official map on the paper together with China & fix the border but China never lets this happen because more the border remains undefined, more the 'Salami-Slicing' strategy gets benefit. That's why the border is never fixed & by taking the advantage of this loophole China slowly changed the LAC's ground position according to itself with each passing year. Along with it China, started doing one more thing - China started posting villages near LAC.

Pangda Village, Xiaokang village - similarly, China settled more than 100 homes near LAC in which they're giving homes to their civilians for free. These villages are used in 2 ways. One is, civilians are living here and secondly, through villagers Chinese soldiers keeps an eye on India's posting & surveillance.

China is using these villages as a tool so that in future, even if India wants India can't attack on these areas. Because civilians would already be living here. If China is doing all these, then India has also started constructing infrastructure near LAC.

Daulat Beg Oldi Road that you're looking from here till here the work of constructing it near LAC has been started & even completed. So, as I told earlier that whenever India tried to construct an infrastructure, China starts aggression so that it can be stopped. India has stopped thinking about all these & started working rapidly on its infrastructure.

Now, as soon as India started to construct infrastructure near LAC rapidly specially when Daulat Beg Oldi road became functional then, China started showing aggression What China did was - this is India's LAC & this is India's LAC and this is Pangong Tso River. There're mountain peaks which are called fingers. There're total 8 fingers.

Indian soldiers used to do patrolling easily till finger 8. I'm saying 'they used to' because, now they aren't able to and why - I'll tell you now itself. So, on 5th May, 2020 - earlier Indian soldiers used to do patrolling, they were doing it usually and as soon as Indian Soldier reach at finger 4 - they see that Chinese soldiers had made their permanent posting and they blocked the Indian soldiers from patrolling.

Now, here according to the agreement this was totally wrong. China shouldn't have done this. But it did.

Now, when China did this then at the same place - Indian & Chinese soldiers started fighting with hands, stones, sticks. According to the agreement, firing couldn't be done but still soldiers of both sides were injured severely. Now, as soon as this incident happened.

The tension between both the countries increases and now Indian & Chinese soldiers start fighting in areas like Galwan valley, hot springs, Depsang Plains. And when situation starts to worsen, then like every time to deal with it major general level talk of both the countries is conducted in which when nothing could be finalised, then after some time i. e.

on 6th June again high level cops-commander meeting is arranged. India told China to back off its army & stop the infrastructure. Chinese commander agreed to it in the meeting that we'll back of and won't construct.

But he lied. Now everyone thought that the problem is solved but what happens is on 14th June Indian Soldiers were patrolling on each and every place if Chinese had backed off or not. And they were patrolling at different places.

Then similarly, next day on the night of 15th June, 2020 Colonel Santosh Babu went to look into the Galwan area if Chinese soldiers backed off or not. So, when Santosh Babu and his team reached there, they saw that Chinese soldiers hadn't backed off. They didn't remove their infrastructure as well & Chinese had already prepared they had already stopped the river water.

They had kept the iron rods ready with spikes and as soon as Indian soldiers told them to back off, Chinese soldiers attacked the Indian soldiers. They suddenly opened up the river water. Due to this 20 Indian soldiers were martyred.

More Indian soldiers immediately reached there. They k*lled 40 Chinese soldiers there itself. The statistics report it to be even more than this but in many of the articles 40 is mentioned, so I'll take it for 40.

China was thinking that like before, negotiation will be done but the 40 Chinese soldiers that were k*lled China had never expected it. And it wasn't like, the fight broke out suddenly Chinese were preparing since many days and constructing on in the entire area and were making posts in the entire area. The satellite images captured all of it as well.

On the right, is the satellite image of 9th June, 2020. and on the left, is the satellite image of 16th June, 2020. China has made so many posts in such less amount of time.

And even after this fight, the areas which were under our control means, where we could do patrolling our movement was restricted over there. In today's date, Indian soldiers aren't able to go beyond finger 4. who could earlier go up to finger 8.

So, in a way India lost land from its hand. So, whatever is being said that - not even a single inch of land is taken is wrong. And why am I saying this - I'll tell that as well.

On 31st August, 2020 The Hindu published a report in which an Indian government official, who denied of revealing his name he told all the details. He told that, 1000 sq. km of territory of India is under China's control after this incident among which, 900 sq.

km is in Depsang area, 20 sq. km in Galwan valley 12 sq. km in hot spring, 65 sq km in Pangong Tso area and 20 sq.

km in Chusul. Indian analyst, Manoj Joshi gave his estimate as well China had captured around 2000 km of area. And when satellite images of Depsang, Kugrang river valley, Galwan valley, Pangong Tso by Maxar technology & Planet Labs, then Chinese camps are still set up in Indian areas.

So, whatever is said that - our land hasn't been taken - is wrong. But yes, some experts stated that India is waiting for the right time & due to this, what has never happened in Indian history ever by investing double the price & very rapidly, India is increasing its infrastructure near LAC. And China is being surrounded from all 4 sides.

So, actually the pressure will be put at the right time and all the areas will be taken. Now, doing anything will lead to disaster. And its not like, the stand off between India & China is revolving here itself.

China is also trying to surround India in sea as well. You might know about String of Pearls. Plus it is also supplying weapons to Pakistan & tries to keep India in check.

As soon as India gets any advanced technology, China gives the same technology to Pakistan for free. So, experts believe that sooner or later China will surely have war with India & that too two front-wars will be fought. In today's date, both the countries are preparing right now.

At last, I would like to remind you about Quizlet in which you can even check some of the flashcards created by the name Nitish Rajput inodchina Link will be in the description. Thank you!