How India Got Independence?

Britishers knowingly created The Congress Party so that the situation would run according to them. There was a soldier named ....Pandey. He had eaten too much Bhang. Now if I see any Britisher, then I'll immediately shoot him. They crushed the Cow's bone and mixed it in flour The extremist leader of Congress get angry and the matter fuels up so much that in the middle of this session, they start throwing shoes at each other. 120 dead bodies were found just from the well there. And Netaji even manages to meet Hitler. Their candidates and the the votes both

will be Muslim. So, Jinnah doesn't resign from Congress but along with it, he joins Muslim League. Gandhi ji picks up a stack of salt and breaks the law of Britishers. Before this, in the video of East India we already discussed the reasons why a company made our country its slave. And in this video, we'll discuss the strategies & ways that were used due to which our country got the independence. These ways were such that, before this it wasn't used anywhere else in the entire world. The story of country's independence is very unique. And its such

a discussion that wherever you go in the world but if you're an Indian then this discussion comes in front of you for sure. So, in this one video you'll know everything that how did our country exactly got independence. So, from the year 1600-1837, we had already discussed that how a company named - East India company came and what type of tricks it played to rule us. And until the year 1837 arrived, directly or in-directly East India Company had captured entire India. Directly means - the state where East India company used to run everything according to

them. And indirectly means - the states where East India Company used to rule together with the key or Nizam. So, this was the map until year 1837. In this map, the pink area which is depicted were directly under the control of East India Company. And the yellow & green areas these were princely states which were indirectly ruling with East India company. Yellow means Hindu Kings were ruling. And green means Muslim Nizams were ruling. But if you look at the entire map, then East India company could rule in 50% area. Even now, there were lot of

areas where he couldn't rule entirely because king's involvement was present. And to prevent this, East India Company starts to play different tricks so that it gets the control of rest of the area. Britishers knew that to control everything they need to be very strong. So, they means East India Company continuously increased their army. To recruit so many Britishers into India for increasing the army wasn't possible. So, they started hiring local Indians in Army. It benefitted them a lot. India already dealing with hunger Indians joined British Army in very less money & they even used to

do more work. Secondly, Indians were familiar with the locations. Now, Britishers hire Indians for their benefit. But they didn't had trust in them. They didn't treated them equally or looked down on them. This was the reason that Indians were only hired until the post of soldier. And only Britishers were there in the officer ranks . So that Indians don't get much power in their hands but even after knowing all these Indians were easily joining the position if soldier because the position of soldier was thought to be a secure job. Because was increaisng rapidly. People faced

issue regarding food, on becoming a soldier the problem of food used to vanish. They used to get Rs7-8 separately. Now since it suited both East India Company & Indians so, there were more Indian envoys more than British envoys. The ratio was 6:1 and around 45,000 British soldiers were there and 2 lakh 38,000 native soldiers were there. When this data came to light then British Military officer, even warned the Governor general - Dalhousie that on one hand you're recruiting so many farmers in the Army & on the other hand by introducing land reforms you're capturng their

lands. So, if they ever get enraged then it'll be a huge problem. Keep one more thing in mind that from year 1600 to 1857, East India Company had ruled not the British government - British Raj. British government had to arrive in 1858 and why - I'll tell that in future. So, what happens is from year 1837 East India Company wanted entire control under itself. When it had to rule indirectly in some states, it didn't like it. So, the responsibility to solve it was given on 12th January 1848 to Lord Dalhousie. And as soon its given,

Lord Dalhousie gets to his work. Firstly, he researched about indirectly ruled states where he gets to know that at this time there are many such states where the king doesn't have a boy & at that particular time, if any king didn't have a boy then he used to adopt. After that, he used to be the king. So, Lord Dalhousie see this as an opportunity and in the same year, in 1848 he brings a rule called Doctrine of Lapse. It means that if a king doesn't have his own son, then after his death his entire state

will go to East India Company if he adopts someone then it doesn't matter. If he has adopted someone, then his personal property could be given to his adopted son. But his entire state if he doesn't have his own son then it'll entirely go into the hands of East India company. And it was implemented in the same year 1848. And as soon as its implemented, they take Satara under their rule. After this, Jaipur, Sambalpur and in the next year Chattisgarh which is also called Small Udaipur Nagpur, then Jhansi gets in line be captured. Now, in Jhansi

- there was Manikarnika who was named Maharani Lakshmi Bai after marriage. So, she was married with Maharaja Gangadhar Rao and she also had a son, who died 4 months later. So, they adopts their brother's son and when in 1853 Maharaja dies, then Lord Dalhousie implements his Doctrine of Lapse took Jhansi under his control. After which, they used to give Rani Lakshmi Bai the pension of Rs 60,000. So, at this particular time Rani Lakshmi Bai doesn't say anything but later she stirs problem, I'll tell you further. So, after this in 1856 - Awadh that is UP

in today's date - its Nawab, Wazir Ali Shah signed a subsidiary treaty alliance with Britishers due to which Nawab had to to give them a lot of money & when Nawab couldn't pay the money, then East India Company took Awadh under its control as well. And they were taking everything under them back-to-back. So, people couldn't resist much. The army of Britishers Army - the army of East India Company was very advanced. They had very good weapons and here people still used to fight with swords. That's why nobody could say much. Because they know that saying

means their defeat was destined. So, regarding this people had lot of anger stirred up inside and not only for this there were many other reasons. To increase their influence East India company it used to send missionaries in India earlier but they increase its speed so that their influence persists in entire India. So, in the same year they setup Baptist Missionary society in which William Carry rapidly promotes Christianity in India due to which people were in deep anger but to deal with this, local people without any fights found the solution to it. What they did was,

all those who converted were removed from society, they were banished from the property. Now, when Britishers got to know it then on 17th April, 1850. They bring Religious disability act in which if anyone converts then they'll have rights to the entire ancestral property. Now, people raised voice against it but nothing happened & here the Britishers don't stop. 6 years later, in year 1856 they brought Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856 and in the same year, General Service Enlistment Act in Hindu Act, the widows who were banned from marriage - Britishers said that now they can marry

and their right to property will also be given. In General Service Enlistment Act, Soldiers can be sent to other countries as well. Now, local people had problems with both of these things. Firstly, their rituals and rites are being interfered. Secondly, it was in their tradition that whoever crosses the sea, they said that he was untouchable. So, due to this Act they were enraged as well & even the soldiers because when they went to other country and came back then their society, their locality didn't accept them. With this, within less years hunger spread 12 times in

the entire India. So, people were in high rage against Britishers but after this, such incident takes place that Britishers lose their sleep and they suffer huge damage. So, what happens is Britishers used Brown Bess Rifle which was of 0.75 Caliber means, 0.75 inch of diameter which had KOYATA means knife was also fixed. But Britishers were very troubled from it. Because before loading the bullet, gunpowder was loaded, then it was set with a rod. It took lot of time & secondly, soldiers had to carry two bags. One for gunpowder and the other for bullet. Secondly, if

they didn't measure the bullet powder then it cause problem, followed by issue with rifle. So, from year 1855 Britishers were looking for its solution & then they talked to Royal Small Arms Factory - RSAF by British Government in UK ordered for a rifle of new pattern which was named - P 53 Enfield rifle. and as January 1857 neared, it was delivered to India as well. Now, the new rifle had different bullet system. Its bullet was made in a paper's cylindrical package in which gun powder and bullet was already set in a ratio, which was called

Cartridge. The outer surface of this cartridge was made of a wrapping paper, so it was feared of being torn so, the outer portion of this wrapping paper was greased with animal fat, so that it doesn't get torn. And when there's moisture and rain, it won't get ruined. Now, what happens is - in the same month that is in January 1857 there's an area, Dum-Dum, almost 8 kms away from north Kolkata. There was a Brahmin soldier who was carrying water in a container. And at that time, the castesim was at its limit in the society. So,

while he was going, on the way he meets a Khalasi who asks water from him & at that time it was believed that, they were from small caste. If he gives water to them, then he has to wash the entire container again. So, the brahmin tells him that he can't give the water because if I do, then I'll have to wash my container and I'll have to travel very far to wash it. That's why he denies to. So, Khalasi becomes little bit angry and says that you show all the tantrums to us and when you

go to work with Britishers, then you very easily corrupt your religion. There you very easily put cow and pig fat bullets in your mouth, where does your religion go then? Now, Brahmin becomes very tensed after hearing these lines. This cartridge - means bullet is the cartridge So, this cartridge was manufactured at Dum Dum & Khalasi belonged to this area as well. So, his doubt turns to surety that maybe he is right. Now, after hearing all these things the Brahmin soldier arrives at his battalion and tells in his group that, the bullets that you use through

your mouth is made from the fat of cow and pig. Now, after hearing these lines. Hindus and Muslims become very tensed. Because these were such things which were against their religious beliefs along with it, the society, the locality that they live in - they'll be even thrown out of it. That's why they decide that we can't do this and something should be done for it. So, their regiment was - 34th Bengal Regiment Native Infantry - which was 24 kms away from Calcutta in the barrackpore Cantonment. Now, after this they go to their officers and cause

a lot of chaos. Their commanding general at that time was - send letter to the higher ups that situation here is getting worse. So, all the British officers hold a meeting and decide that all the soldiers are in anger, so if we've to calm them then one thing can be done that we'll directly give them the cartridge they'll themself apply the grease, which will not make them suspicious. And things will be easily handled. And then on 27th January, 1857 this was applied in the entire regiment. But soldiers also had the doubt that Britshers are making

a plan in it. After this, they're also trained on how to apply grease and how to use it. But even after that these soldiers don't agree. They say that they paper on the cartridge is shining differently and some even tried burning it as well and said that it has a smell. So, they suspected that even now, the paper is coated with fats. And when these things started to happen then Britishers said that, you can do one thing that you can break it with hand & not with mouth. But even after that they say that, its

not our habit. So, we cannot touch it. Actually the soldiers, didn't trust Britishers at all they felt that - they're already trying to convert us since years & if even if we agree to them even then we'll be thrown out of the society. That's why they decide to voice against it. Now, after this comes the date, 29th March 1857. And Lt. Baugh was going towards 34th Bengal Native Infantry due to some work. But what happens there is, in the same infantry, there was a soldier named - Mungal Pandey was marching Left and right & telling

his friends to come forward as it's about your religion and if not today then you'll never wake up. So at that time, nobody goes with him. Then Mungal Pandey says that - if I see any Britisher then, I'll directly shoot him. And at that time, Lt. Baugh was coming in that direction. As soon as Mungal Pandey sees Lt. Baugh he instantly shoots him & the bullet hits his horse. And Lt. Baugh falls down. After falling, Lt. Baugh shoots at Mungal Pandey as well and then Mungal Pandey takes out his sword and aims at his neck

and hands. Then after that, other officers gather round. They order rest of the Indian Battalion to arrest Mungal Pandey but nobody comes forward. After that, if nobody comes forward and arrests Mungal Pandey then they'll shoot him. At that time, as soon as Mungal Pandey feels that he's going to be caught he tries to shoot himself as well but the bullet misses him. And the soldiers arrest Mungal Pandey, first he's taken to the hospital then to the prison. And then in future, on 8th April 1857. Mungal Pandey is sentenced to death. Mungal Pandey was India's first

Martyr who attacked on the Britishers alone. But Britishers didn't think of it as an attack. They say that there was a soldier named, Mungal Pandey who had heavily drugged himself, that's why he did that. Since the Indian soldiers didn't follow Britisher's orders to arrest Mungal Pandey so the entire battalion was filed a case against them. The entire 34th Bengal Native Infantry was suspended. Many freedom fighters like Mungal Pandey sacrificed their life for India's freedom. Like, the contribution of Subhash Chandra Bose's INA was huge in this struggle. I would like to suggest you a good audiobook

available on Kuku FM after listening to which you can know lot of things about Subhash Chandra Bose. This audiobook is - Azad Hind Sarkar:Dream of a warrior in the audiobook, its told that even before independence many miles away from India, how a government made its army, bank and own government. Audiobooks can be heard while doing any lesiurly activities like Cooking, travelling, gardening and other things. And this hobby helps you in decreasing your screen time. Kuku FM is India's largest audio learning platform. Where audiobooks and audio-shows of many genres like crime, thriller, biography are available. By

using my exclusive coupon code - NR50, you can enjoy the first month's subscription at 50% discount. That means, more than 10,000 audiobooks only at Rs 49. To download, sharing the link in the description. Quickly download it now. So coming back to the topic. When it happens & reach at their own state & tell the entire story, then it impacts entire India. And slowly, the story of the cartridge spreads everywhere. After that, in April the soldiers in Ambala refused to use the cartridge. Then few days later, the regiment of Lucknow said the same thing that, they

won't use cartridge. And even threatened that, if they're forced then they'll kill all the officers. And when Lucknow's regiment threatened in such a way, then Awadh's Chief commissioner - Henry Lawrence called an entire force & some people fled and others accepted defeat. So, somehow the situation of Lucknow was controlled. But, the situation was getting worse day by day. And in between, a rumor is spread that Britishers crush the bones of cow and are mixing it in flour. And even putting it in the well. Then the free flour that people used to get from the Britishers,

they even stopped using it. Now, few days later on 24th April, 1857 - British officer, George Michael in Meerut was training his Bengal regiment of 90 soldiers, with the new cartridges. But 85 soldiers out of 90 refused to use them because, the news had reached them as well. Looking at the situation, Britishers became very angry. So, for the solution - the people who were refusing to use the cartridge they were called in the field, they were court marshalled. Many Indians, Britishers and their friends were there. In front of everyone, their short is torn, weapons are

snatched and they're awarded 10 years of rigorous punishment and imprisoned. Now, all these things were seen by their friends. And even they were very angry. The entire event organized by the Britishers, was shown in such a way that it was a lesson so that, it won't take place again. But here they make a mistake, as here all the limits were crossed. Next day, 10th May 1857 was Sunday & most of the Britishers were in the Church during this time. So, friends of these soldiers who were imprisoned enter into the prison & release these 85 soldiers.

Along with them, other Indian prisoners, thieves are also released put the entire prison to fire. The British officers present there were beheaded and lot of rampage takes place. And all the gunpowder and bullets present there was taken by them, after which they leave. Now, they had done all these things but they knew that Britishers won't leave them. That's why after coming out of prison, instantly make a plan to march towards Delhi. At night, they process & next day that is, 11th May 1857, they reach Delhi. Now, after reaching Delhi Indian soldiers were already there. They

were on-duty. They tell the entire story to them. And tell them how they caused rampage. So, the soldiers of Delhi join them as well. And then they plan & attack on British officers on Delhi. And in Delhi, Britishers are heavily attacked. There was a place called the great Magazine, where all the gunpowder and guns were stored. All the things are looted. All the British officers had to flee from Delhi. And at this particular time, only the Indian Soldiers - revolutionaries - had control on Delhi. Now, after doing all these things. They immediately reach at the

Red Fort when they meet Bahadur Shah Zafar, who was aged. They were 82 years old. They meet him & tell him to be their leader. So, at first Bahadur Shah refuses to stand with Revolutionaries against Britishers but the soldiers force him and even show him the dreams of giving the title of - Shahenshah-e-Hindustan that the Flag of Mughal dynasty will be hosted again & tell him all the things. So, after hearing all these Bahadur Shah Zafar agrees to it. As soon as he agrees, Bahadur Shah writes letter to other rulers of India in which -

they says its time to fight against Britishers & everyone needs to join forces. And these were some reasons due to which soldiers were forcing Bahadur Shah to be their leader. Firstly, all the rulers of remaining states could be united. Secondly, after he becomes the leader the nature of this entire war changes. This was earlier called a small revolt. But as soon as he becomes the leader, it turns into a war against Britishers and these were the reasons that all the soldiers were behind Bahadur Shah the order given by Bahadur Shah wasn't obeyed by them. They

were leader just for name actual command was held by Subedar Bakt Khan he was in the British Army since 40 years & the war going in Delhi after hearing about it, he reaches Delhi from Bareilly and handles the entire command. Now, these things happen. After this until a week everything was calm. Firstly, twitter & social media didn't exist. So, it took lot of time for the news to reach. So, until a week everything was calm. But then after that, the real game begins. The news of entire incident that took place in India reached the rest

of the parts of India. So, people felt that Britishers aren't even that strong. They can be defeated and revolts take place at several places. Now, revolts at different places meant that - firstly, common people along with soldiers were indulged in this revolt. Means, common people would burn the offices & buildings of the Britishers. If a Britisher is going somewhere, they attack him. So, in this way - there were different incidents at various places. So, soldiers and common people were doing these things at various places and along with them, the rulers who were living on pension

due to Doctrine of Lapse join it as well. On 13th Map 1857, a small fight takes place in Ferozpur. Then next day, 14th May 1857 an incident takes place in Muzzafarpur. Then there's peace for some days then on 21st May 1857, a fight erupts in Naushera. And then in UP, like Ittawa, Mainpuri - at different paces fights begin to erupt. The main focus in these places of this entire revolt India's south & north-east area didn't have any revolt - it had very less impact. Now, after this Britishers understood that its getting out of control. So,

they immediately get into action & order re-enforcement from UK of 2000 soldiers. Britishers hand the responsibility of dealing with all these to Brigadier General - John Nicolson. Firstly, he targets UP & then he is given the responsibility that all the roots are present in Delhi Go to Delhi & end all of this. Brigadier general John Nicolsan march towards Delhi with his army & on 25th August 1857, on the way Najafgarh was present where, revolutionaries fight with Britishers for a very long time and Britishers even win it. After this, they reach Kashmiri Gate where Brigadier general

- John Nicolsan is shot and his junior William Hadson handles the situation. After reaching Delhi, Britishers shoots both the sons and a grandson of Bahadur Shah and on 21st September 1857, capture Delhi again. And Bahadur Shah Zafar is sentenced to life imprisonment. His wife - Zeenat Mehal is sent along with him to the prison of Rangoon. When all these things were taking place this side, then at the same time Jhansi where Britishers had their control - Rani Lakshmi Bai was given Pension, she didn't have control so at this time, some Indian revolutionaries capture the fort

of Jhansi & take control of the treasury after much negotiations, revolutionaries tell the Britishers to put down the weapons & don't retaliate. We won't kill you & your family but we'll leave them. But as soon as the Britishers put down the weapons revolutionaries break their promise and around 40-60 Britishers and their families are killed. Now, after this on June 1857 these revolutionaries who captured the fort and the treasury, takes all of it and flee from there. So, basically at that particular time Jhansi wasn't ruled by anyone. So, on 2nd July 1857 - Rani Lakshmi Bai

tells Major Erskine that, nobody is here. So, let me handle Jhansi. And Britishers agree to it but Rani of Jhansi takes entire control over the fort and places her people and when Britishers reach on 23rd March 1858 then Rani Lakshmi Bai attacks them. Tatya Tope, whom she knew since childhood. He supported Rani Lakshmi Bai and sent the army but Britishers had advanced weapons so, it was difficult to fight them & at mid-night Britishers enter the fort. And at mid-night, Rani Of Jhansi has to flee with her son Damodar & her horse, Badal. Some soldiers were

there who flee with her - these were the names. And this was the place where she rode on the horse and jumped. Now from here, on May 1858 - Lakshmi Bai reach Kalpi but even here Britishers attack on 22nd May 1858 defeat Lakshmi Bai. Then from here Rani Lakshmi Bai, Tatya Tope, The Nawab of Banda and along with Rao Sahab, she flees to Gwalior. But in 17th June 1858, Britishers attack there as well in which more than 5000 revolutionaries lose their lives. And Rani Lakshmi Bai passes away as well. Rani Lakshmi Bai fought the Britishers

in such a way that many Britishers even praised her. Now, from here slowly Britishers at Faizabad, Bareilly, Baghpat - every place where revolutionaries were present they were either killed or bribed them or captured them and would take that area under their control This entire 1857 revolt in which Britishers were at backfoot. The main reasons of defeat were - firstly, no proper leadership was there. Secondly, everyone was fighting differently. Nobody was together. There wasn't any plan of action & rulers of many states even supported Britishers for their own benefit. They only though about their own benefit.

They didn't participate in the revolt. These were the states whose rulers were away from revolt. Now when all these things end, then British government comes into action. This East Indian Company, which was controlled by many shareholders sitting in UK, called the Court of Directors. All the responsibility or the blame, was put on East India Company by the British government and itself takes the control over India. On 2nd August 1858, British Government - passes Government of India Act 1858 in UK's parliament. And from this day, East India Company is moved out of India & British government

controls India, also called British Raj. Now, the Britishers had stopped the revolt but this revolt had stirred them. So, to stop it from happening again and the anger of Indians - to make them happy, many legal, administrative & constitutional positive changes were made. And such rules which favored Britishers, were made light. Like, Doctrine of Lapse was ended. Positive reforms of land was done, but even after that Indians didn't believed. Their trust was broken from British Government. So, under Government of India Act of 1858 - the rules imposed by Britishers for Indians to believe that they're

talking about their favor, keep equality for this, on 1st November 1858, Lord Canning announces Queen Victoria's proclamation for the better Government of India. It meant that - Queen assures herself that now religious believes will be kept in mind, there'll be no discrimination and everyone will be equally treated in India. Everything be it constitution or law - will be followed fairly. Now, on paper everything was done. But it wasn't there on ground, Britishers who came to India, think Indians to be petty. Every Britisher didn't want to stay in India. They only meant that they'll come to

India, take their resources & transfer to UK. At this time, another issue was going on which creates problem in future. So, Britishers had kept planters - it was post in which they're appointed for farmers means planters will tell the type of crops to be grown. These planters literally, kept a stick - if anyone didn't listen to them, then they would beat with the stick. Now, in the market outside of India - Blue dye - Indigo which is used to color clothes was high in demand. And it used to bring in lot of money, so the

planters that Britishers appointed forced the farmers to grow Indigo. They used to pressurize them. They made such a rule that how much land a farmer has, 25% of its farming will be done for Indigo compulsorily. But farmers didn't want to grow it. Firstly, Britishers used to grow all the money to themselves. So, farmers didn't have any such benefit of money. Secondly, by farming Indigo the land loses its productivity. And Indigo is a cash crop. Means, it couldn't be eaten. Farmers used to focus more on Wheat so that they won't die of hunger. Now regarding this,

on February 1859 in the Nadia district of West Bengal, some farmers make a group. All these things that were being done - forcing for indigo farming they refuse it and the entire group that was revolting was led by Digambar Biswas & Bishnu Biswas. So by making a small group & doing a revolt - impacts a lot. Britishers beat them a lot but it doesn't effect much. And admitting defeat, Britishers remove this rule after sometime due to which farmers get a little relief. Now, in future when Gandhi JI enters then you'll understand that why did I

tell about this story here so now, just wait a little. Now, until this time Britishers taught English to people, so that they don't face problem in work. They provided education, communication, transport like Railways, Telegram - all these were implemented so that their work doesn't gets interfered & move forward rapidly. The process of circulation of news paper was increased so, the communication of people during this time was very fast. At this time, it wasn't like what is happening in one corner isn't known by the other corner. If there was any issue or planning to be done,

then people started working in well coordinated matter. If seminars are to be conducted, then it was easier for them. And at this time, many Indians who were from middle class had started studying they started going to UK for studies where they observed that the democracy in UK, the equality is very different from India. The Britishers in India understood Indians as small. So, this was the time when many educated Indians started to voice for equality, discrimination otherwise, before this Indians felt that somebody will rule them otherwise they won't be able to work. And the poor felt

that it was their mistake that it might be their mistake due to which they're poor. They didn't knew that democracy even existed. At that time, all the Indian Lawyers became very skilled, well educated. And they knew law about what Britishers did. That's why you'll notice that all the leaders of freedom fighters Nehru Ji, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Mahatma Gandhi all of them were lawyers. So, what I mean to say is - this was the time, where educated people mostly lawyers started to voice their opinions & equality, discrimination talk about all these matters & tell Britishers that

we should get equality. And they choose very different way to place their opinion. Through books, newspapers, seminars - they voice for inequality & many political organizations were also setup which could voice in front of Britishers Like Pune Sarvjanik Sabha - Indian Association - The Madras Mahajan Sabha - The Bombay Presidency Association so these political organizations were setup, but what happened was that all the organizations were entangled in local issue. At that time, India didn't have any national political organization who could voice together the matter of entire India in front of the Britishers. But all the

educated Indians wanted to have a national party in India. And all these things - regarding national party, criticizing Britishers all these things were done through news. And when the frequency of these things increased a lot then Britishers in year 1878 imposed the Vernacular Press Act of 1878 through this act Britishers controlled the freedom of Press. After this Act was imposed the open downgrading of Britishers in the newspaper was banned and then slowly, Britishers made things even more tight. They brought Arms Act, Ilbert bill which angered people a lot. Because all the laws & acts that

were brought in through this Britishers were decreasing the rights of common people. So, these things were going on & at this time, British government had a district officer named - A.O. Hume who wasn't in good terms with Viceroy - Lord Lytton. Both were antis of each other, so Lord Lytton demoted A.O. Hume. Now, due to this A.O. Hume was angry but even after that he didn't resign. He used to work there & after retirement as rest of the officers go back to UK A.O. Hume didn't go back to UK, instead while staying in India &

took the responsibility to make the situation better. In year 1883, he sent an open letter to the graduate of Calcutta University in which he invited all the big people of India - to form a national political party in India. So that, Indians can place their opinion in front of Britishers. Now, Indians like this a lot & in December 1884, A.O. Hume setup a meeting with total 17 political leaders from different areas of India and they decide on 28th December, 1885 in Pune - a conference will be held by adding few more people & there they'll

make a national party and announce its name as well. But at that in Pune, an epidemic was going on, so location was changed to Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Mumbai. 72 intellectual and educated people attend this meeting from all over India. Among which 69 were Indians and along with A.O. Hume, 2 more Britishers were there. So, to say on this day 28th December, 1885 - Indian National Congress party was formed & announced. Here, they say that this congress party will use PPP model that is - Prayer, Protest & Petition will voice their opinion while remaining in

the limits of constitution, and every year - in the last month at the end, that is December - it'll hold a session in which they'll fix that they need to talk on future matters. And this session will be held all over India. It won't just happen at one place. Sometimes it'll be held in East India, North India - it'll be held at different places. The place at which this session will be held, the session will be named after the place. Suppose, its taking place in Surat - then it'll be named Surat Session. So, with this

every year sessions started taking place in India. In fact, even in today's date Congress Party holds an annual session in december. And one more thing was decided in this meeting that they'll make a president in every session. Its not that there'll be one president & he'll be the president forever. Every year, a president will be appointed & who'll become one - will be decided through vote. Then next year a new president will be elected. So when this party was formed, in the beginning all the Congress leaders were called Moderate leaders because they believed that Britishers

weren't bad people but there's a difference of ethnicity. That's why problems of Indians isn't understood by them due to which a gap prevails. Once we'll explain them everything properly then they'll understand it & our problems will be solved. But the moderate leaders of Congress - their myth bursts down further I'll tell you about it. But there's another theory in it whatever I told you, there's another theory in it - where its said that A.O. Hume was made as a wrongful hero. And everything which was done - was a plot woven by Britishers. Lord Dufferin along

with A.O. Hume formed Congress party because Britishers knew that if Indians unite, they've so much capability that can throw them out of India. That's why Britishers wanted that before India forms a political party itself & create a problem for us we'll ourselves along with our people, form a party. And its benefit would be that Britishers will get to know everything. What is going on India's mind - it'll get all the idea. If they'll start any political movement then they'll know about that. Suppose, if there's a political movement which got out of control then by giving

it a small trust, it'll be stopped. And its also said in this theory that If Britishers wanted, then this national party that was formed - it could've stopped within 2 minutes. But they didn't do it. Lala Lajpat Rai in year 1916, wrote in his book that this Congress party that was formed was a safety Valve. Actually when pressure in Cooker increases then whistle blows. Then there's a safety Valve at its side, that if the whistle gets blocked then the pressure can be released through Safety Valve. So, that's why A.O. Hume along with Britishers formed a

Congress party. That if the pressure of Indians increases, then this Congress party that was formed will work as a safety valve. William Wederburn, who was the founding member along with Congress & two times 1889 & 1910 - he was the president of Congress. So, in year 1913 he wrote a book in which he said that, Britishers knowingly formed this Congress Party so that the situation runs according to them. Now, the time around 1888 - Gandhi Ji was of 19 years. And on 4th September, 1888 - Gandhi Ji far away from all this go to London

to study Law. And after thus, on 12th January 1891 he comes back. As a lawyer, he goes to Mumbai & practice law. And files petition but at that time, he doesn't get much success. But in year 1893. there was a Gujrati Businessman who was doing business in South Africa, so he calls Gandhi Ji so as to join their legal team. So, in April 1893 Gandhi Ji through the ways of sea, goes to South Africa & even there a lot of discrimination regarding Dark and fair was there. So, Gandhi ji voices himself whose experience, helps in

India in future. I'll tell about it. The congress party formed, consisted of Gopal Krishna Gokhale who was a moderate leader of congress Gandhi Ji used to idealize him & would walk on his path. From here, Gandhi Ji went to South Africa but in India, the moderate leaders of congress party start to voice their opinion from time to time but nothing happens. Britishers don't get impacted. Moderate leaders of Congress who talked of talking rights - on the opposite the rights which they already have were snatched away by imposing new laws & in from year 1896-1900 famine

spreads in which more than 90 lakh people dies. Now, all these things which were going on as there were some young leaders in Congress party like Lala Lajpat Rai said that whatever Congress leaders are doing - isn't wavering Britishers, so the way which is used is a flop way. So, such a group was formed in Congress which wasn't happy with the ways moderate leaders were applying. This group formed called their leaders extremist leaders. Its not that, they were shooting bullets. They just believed that while being in the limits of constitution whatever is being done wouldn't

impact anything. Aggression is also important. So, from this time two groups were formed in Congress, that you might've heard of Naram Dal & Garam Dal. Now this Naram Dal & Garam Dal had clashes going on in Congress - following few days later, Britishers take a step which wavers the entire Congress. What happens is - in year 1903 Viceroy Lord Curzon saw that, Indians are uniting. Many things are written in News. So, they started applying the formula of Divide and rule from that particular stage. So, they told the British Government to Partition Bengal the Muslim area

should be separated. Now, the reason given by Britishers to the public says - Good governance - they gave these reasons. But actually, they had to drive a wedge between Hindus & Muslims that's why this decision was taken. So, here this proposal is given & 2 years later which is 19th July, 1905 - the proposal of this partition was accepted. That now Bengal will be divided. & the Bengal at that time was very huge. It included Bihar, Orissa, Assam in today's date & even the population was great. At this particular time, the Hindu-Muslim wedge that was

driven you can still see its effect until today's date. This division had many issues. Bengalis in Bengal were the minority. So, people got very angry. So on 19th July, this division of Bengal is announced. Crowd & meetings start to be held in Bengal. On 7th August, 1905 - all the people gather in Calcutta Town Hall 7 decide that Britishers are doing very much now, we need to answer this. So, they decide that the life of Britishers, is in profit we'll attack in it. We'll boycott their things. Swadeshi Product in India, made by Indians only that

will be used. And this movement which started was named Swadeshi Movement. The clothes from Manchester was targeted. And even against it, people gather around Ganga River where they collectively shower. And while coming out, they sing the song - Vande Mataram. This song became the theme of this movement song on that day. At this time Rabindranath Tagore wrote Amar Sonar Bangla, even now the national anthem of Bangladesh is this. and even now, the politicians - those who wear Khadi - was the impact of the Swadeshi movement which runs until today. Now, this entire crowd were displaying

their opinion - doing Swadeshi Movement but on 16th October, 1905 Bengal is partitioned into two. Now, 1-1.5 years later in December Congress holds a session like every year. Now, in this session it was clear that this division of Bengal was to be talked about & what will be its future roadmap? And in this session, moderate leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale becomes the president so, when this session starts then firstly, Congress abuses by words. That partition of Bengal was wrong & then its decided that we'll put petition against it. And the matter of Bengal's Divide & Rule,

will be spread to every corner. But after hearing these, the second group of Congress the extremist leaders, which included Lala Lajpat Rai, Arvindo say that, the petition makes no difference. We need to show aggression in matter. And if we do the strike, it wouldn't be only in India that we need to voice these matters in entire India but the president of that time But that time's president were a moderate leader. So this thing is denied. Now it was the first time when Congress started to crack. And due to that, the Britishers were trying back to

back, to remain a divide anyhow between hindu and muslim. What they do is, next year, in October of 1906. 35 Indian muslims and their leader, Aga Khan, were brought to Shimla by Britishers. And have a meeting with Viceroy Lord Minto. In this meeting, there are talks of muslim's rights, and muslims say that our electorates should also be different. So that muslims can also join the government. In the meeting, the Viceroy says to Muslims. All of this will happen, but before that I would suggest you to make a different party. So that there can be talks

about muslim's rights separately. And this trick of Britishers worked really good. In December 1906, muslim leaders in Dhaka, do an All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference. And create a party named All-India Muslim League. And the first president for this is Aga Khan. In the same month, that is December 1906, Congress again has a session, and this time in the session, Mohammad Ali Jinnah also joins Congress. And work along with the moderate leaders. Now in the next year, that is in year 1907. Congress were to conduct a session, this time, the extremists leader of Congress, they were thinking

that someone from their group will become president. So these people could do things their way. But what happens is, the moderate leader intentionally keep the session of 1907 in Surat. Now according to Congress' rule, in whichever the session is held, that city's leader, cannot become leader in that particular year. And if the session were to be in Surat, then the moderates would have more chance of becoming president. That's why it was kept in Surat. And after this, voting happens, and the moderates group becomes the leader. Now from here, Congress' extremist leader, they become angry. And

the issue becomes so big, that during that session, both group throw table and chairs at each other. And throw shoes at each other. And in that particular time, the police had to be called. This becomes so big, that from here these groups get split. Now after all these things happened here. The year 1909 comes. In this, to increase hindu muslim defence more, Viceroy Lord Minto with Secretary John Morley, make Indian Council Act 1909 together. Which is also called Morley-Minto reform. In this, through separate electorates, muslim seats have been reserved. And the constituencies that were reserved

for muslims, the candidates from there would be muslims, and the ones who vote there, will also only be muslims. Now muslims got very happy with this. But in the coming two years, foreign boycott, Swadeshi movement, Swaraj, all of their demands put much pressure on the British. And in the year 1911, the Bengal partition is taken back by Britishers. Because Britishers got scared that if they don't that, then it can be like revolts of year 1857. Due to this decision, muslim league got very angry. And their trust on Britishers also broke. Now after this, in year

1930, the Muslim League people, they put pressure on Jinnah to join the Muslim League. So what Jinnah does is, he doesn't resign from Congress, along that also joins Muslim League. So in a way, he was an active member in both the parties at a time. But this gets advantageous. Because in December 1916, what Jinnah does in Lucknow is, both the parties, Congress and Muslim League. And also in Congress, extremists and moderate, taking both of them. They put them in one stage. And with a few conditions, make an agreement. Which is also called Lucknow pact. This

is signed, in which they would fight for self government, that is Swaraj, against the Britishers. See, even till now, there's no talk of independence. Swaraj, in which they would do self governance. They would be able to work for themselves properly. But the Britishers would stay. They would not be thrown out. After this, date is 9th of January, 1915. And on this date, entry of Gandhi ji happens in India. And Gandhiji immediately after coming, meets his mentor Gopal Krishna Gokhale. And say to him directly that he also wants to take part in India's freedom struggle. He

had already done a struggle in South Africa. So he wanted to use his experience in India. But Gopal Krishna Gokhale stops him. Says that first, travel the whole India, meet with people, understand their problem. And Gandhiji does as his mentor says. He starts to travel in India without any political activity. And during travel, just like a common wears clothes. The train, in which one takes third class ticket, he travels the same. Then Gandhiji, Bombay, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Delhi to Chennai, travels the whole country. And for two years, roams the whole of India. After this, date is

December, 1916. Like I said, at the end of every year, that is in December, Congress conducts its session. In which every leader would gather. So Gandhiji did not join Congress. But he did go to this conference. This conference goes for three days. In this, two farmers from Champaran, Raj Kumar Shukla and Sant Raut, meet Gandhiji. And tells him that Champaran which is in Bihar, Britishers are forcefully making them do Indigo farming. And they don't want this. This forceful Indigo farming was also called 'Tinkathia system'. The same Indigo thing that we discussed a bit earlier. So

after listening to all this, on 15th of April, 1917, Gandhiji reach Champaran with his team of lawyers. And there goes door to door, and takes written account of everything that was happening to the people and takes their thumb print. After that Gandhiji started going everywhere, meet people. When he goes, crowds used to gather a lot. People would listen to him. And when all these things come into Britisher's notice. Then on 16th of April, 1916, according to Section 144, district collector tells Gandhiji to go back. That he is disturbing peace there. Gandhiji completely denies that. That

he is not doing anything wrong. He is just meeting his people. Two days after this, on 18th of April 1917, he has a summon in Motihari court. And when this news spreads, then people surround the court from all the sides. There are sloganeering. Court bears it somehow for two days. So much crowd gathers, that court lets Gandhiji go. So what Gandhiji basically did here was, they told people to do satyagrah. That is, don't do any violence, just forbid from doing the farming. No matter if they beat you or anything else. See, satyagrah's literal meaning is

to hold firmly to truth. But here, satyagrah's meaning was a bit different. That meant civil disobedience, passive resistance. Let me explain an example. Assume you're working in a company. But you are not following the rules. Assume its the rule of punching which you are not following. So this is disobedience. Passive resistance means that you and your colleagues gather and do mass protest. Without any violence. And this satyagrah only had one rule, don't do violence. But speak out against the wrong that's happening. Make pressure against the Britishers. Do mass protest. Do hunger strike. And do all

these things and become fearless. Before this, the moderate leaders would follow rules. Extremist leaders had completely different methods. Normal people were not directly involved. But Mahatma Gandhi did something that was not done before. He also included common people. Where these people thought that common people are not educated, they don't know about any act. So what will they do. But Gandhiji did not think like that. He went to the normal person, explained to them, and gathered them. Due to which a lot of impact was created. So the thing is, Gandhiji gathered people in Champaran, kept the

satyagrah open. And when Britishers see that there's no effect of violence on people. Then they finally agree to the people. And from here, people got to the power of satyagrah for the first time. That Britishers were more effected from this than violence. Now in between this, Gandhiji was in Champaran, and a mill in Ahmedabad where plague was surrounded. So people were not going to the mill in order to save their lives. They were not going to work. So what meal owners did is, they announced a plague bonus. So that people would come to work for

that. After sometime, when plague is over, owners stopped giving the plague bonus. So workers get a little unhappy here. They say that wage has not been increased for so long. And due to the world war, prices are going high. So don't name it plague bonus, but do increase the percentage by some way. But do increase our money. But the mill owner does not agree. So after that, Gandhiji reaches here from Champaran. And understands all the things. Gandhiji again unites people. And does hunger strike. Due to which the mill's work stops. And the mill's owner gets

ready to do an increment of 30%. So in very less time, Gandhiji became a lot popular. People thought that if they get stubborn and do not fear violence and jail, then at the end Britishers would kneel. Now here Gandhiji was in Ahmedabad. And at the same time, along with the plague, there was also drought in some places. So there was a place called Kheda in Gujarat. Crops were destroyed due to drought. Now there was only one way to the farmer's earning, that was closed. And Britishers used to take tax from them. So in that case,

how would they give tax to Britishers. Now accordingly, there shouldn't be tax demanded here. But Britishers did one thing extra. They increased the tax by 23%. Now farmers were being tense a lot. They did not understand anything. So Gandhiji himself was in Ahmedabad. But he sends Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel to Gujarat. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was also a great lawyer. You will find all lawyers in India's freedom struggle. So Sardar Patel goes there, and submits people's petition. But all of them are rejected. Now after that, Gandhiji reaches there. And tells people to do satyagrah. Just don't do

violence. Besides, do satyagrah. And this satyagrah is on such a level, that even here Britishers had to kneel. After this, everyone was impressed with Gandhiji's methods. Here all of this was going on. And at this time what happens is, news spreads that some freedom fighters from India, at the front of which was Bagha Jatin. He was making a plan with British's enemy, Germany's people. In which it was decided that Germany would send weapons to India and throw out Britishers together. But one informer gave all this information to Britishers and they get to know everything. And

Britishers announce Bagha Jatin as traitor and on 10th of September 1915, have him martyred. And along that, Congress' extremists leaders' name came up in many thing. So to get rid of all that, committee of Justin Sidney Rowlatt comes with an act on 18th of March, 1919. Which is also called Rowlatt Act. There were mainly two points in this act, first is if any activist if found doing any of such things. Then they will be sent to jail directly for two years before going to court. Second was if there was any newspaper in your house which

says against the British government, then you will be considered a traitor and get you arrested. Now after this act, Madan Mohan Malviya and Jinnah resign from Imperial Legislative. Gandhiji also gets very angry. That is just rowdism. It was also stated in this, that if police is taking you then you can't even appeal with a lawyer or anything. When all of these things were going on, people said "No Appeal, No Vakil, No Dalil". So this was again a very big thing. So Gandhiji again started satyagrah against this. People did mass protests. Went hungry. Common people were

also involved in this. Like, farmers, labourers, all of them were getting involved for the first time in a national issue. Even in Punjab this was opposed at a very big level. So what Britishers did was calling military inside Punjab. They doubted that a lot of crowd is gathering in Punjab, many protests are happening, so nothing bad should happen. They were already preparing and place military in Punjab. And that military was led by General Dyer. Now on 8th of April, 1919, Gandhiji gets arrested for all this. But this satyagrah still continues, doesn't stop. Two Congress leaders

were in Punjab, Dr. Saifuddin and Dr. Satyapal. They were leading this satyagrah in Punjab. On 9th of April, General Dyer called Dr. Saifuddin and Dr. Satyapal saying that he wants to talk with them on this matter. But after meeting them, but fraudulently gets them arrested. Now every common person of that area gets angered, and seeing all this, everyone decides that, since it was also Baisakhi, everyone would meet in a place called Jaliawallan Bagh on 13th of April, 1919. And do our protest there. So this talk of meeting at Jalianwallah Bagh gets to General Dyer. What

he does is ban public gathering. There can't be any crowd gathering anywhere. But at that time, there was no social media so it takes time to spread the news. That's why no one got aware in such less time that there's any such ban. Then on 13th of April, around more than 10,000 people gathered at Jalianwalla Bagh to protest. Here General Dyer gets to know of this. And he reaches Jalianwala Bagh. See there was only one entry and exit in Jalianwala Bagh. And at that particular gate, General Dyer blocks it and stands with his team and

starts the firing. Now according to Britishers data, 400 people lost lives. But the people who were there, according to them 120 bodies were just in the well. In the whole country and even outside it, there was a lot of outrage. Gandhiji gets really downhearted hearing this. He withdrew the satyagrah on 18th of April, 1919. Although he did withdrew it but from here, Britishers bad time starts. There was a lot of pressure on Britishers from everywhere because of this. So for that, they even set up an enquiry. They make a hunter committe, which does whole enquiry

of this thing. And after completing the whole enquiry, there's no action taken on General Dyer. In fact, House of Lords which is British parliament, General Dyer is praised as a sign of patriotism. And some things were done, in which General Dyer was sent to UK removing him from his position. And it was said that he was sent because of his security. And the common people of there, raised a fund of 26,000 pound to give to General Dyer. So hearing all this, first of all, there was no justice. Hearing all this, everyone in India gets raged.

And at that time, Gandhiji talks to the muslim group. And also gets them to go against the Britishers. And says to do a non-cooperative movement with us. That is, there won't be any cooperation with Britishers, with their laws and all. Now after some days of starting the non-cooperative movement, Congress also joins it. And the Congress, both the moderate and extremists leader join it. This was the time, when everyone started uniting against Britishers in India. And Gandhiji was leading this whole non-cooperative movement. First demand of this non-cooperative movement was Swaraj. That is self rule. Even now

there were no talks of independence. There were talks of equality and making their own rules. There will be talks of independence later. And second, another aim of non-cooperative movement was to give punishment to the guilty. So in the movement that they started, on June 1920, they decide that all of British schools, colleges, law firms, the election that they are conducting, we will boycott all of them. And return the award given. Now if they boycott schools, then they even made it. Like Jamia Islamia, Kashi Vidyapith, Gujarat Vidyapith, all of them are made in that time. But

people started solving their issues in Panchayat rather than in courts. Foreign goods were boycotted and Gandhiji said use spinning wheel and make your own clothes. Many big people, like Jawaharlal Nehru, his father Motilal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad all of these lawyers left their job due to this movement. But Jinnah was not very happy in all this. Many of his things were not being completed. So seeing all this, Jinnah resigns from Congress. Now this non-cooperative movement's impact slowly increased. So when December 1921 came Britishers banned press and public meeting. So on 4th of February

1922, there was a placed in UP's Gorakhpur called Chauri Chaura where there were protests on non-cooperation movement. There were sloganeering against Britishers. Now the sub-inspector started charge against the people. And the crowd also started throwing stones. So police officers started to get inside the station, and the crowd sets the station on fire due to their rage. And 22 police offers lose their lives. Now seeing all this Gandhiji gets shocked. Because he always talked about no doing violence. He gets so disappointed that on 12th of February 1922, he stopped the non-cooperative movement, and what Britishers did

is sent Gandhiji to jail for 6 years because of all this. Seeing all this everyone thought that Swaraj and protest won't do anything. This just wastes time. So some red blooded revolutionists say that Britishers won't give anything if we just ask them because their intent is wrong. They will agree with us when we take up weapons. And this young group's main leader was Ram Prasad Bismil. Sachindra Nath Bakshi and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee. After this, they meet in Kanpur on October. And make a party named Hindustan Republic Association, HRA. After sometime, the socialist word also gets

added in this. The party then becomes HSRA. What this party does is to inspire the young Indians to take weapons against Britishers. And they started aggressive movements in many places. And Britishers were suffering a big loss. But they slowly realised that if real fight is to be fought then they need weapons and money. And where would money come from, since they didn't do any job. So they get news on 9th of August 1925, a train will go from Shahjahanpur to Lucknow. And the money collected from railway station will be in that train. Which will be

put in the British treasury. As soon as they get the news, what they do is start planning of stealing this money. The main objective was to buy weapons from this. These people make a team of 20-25 young revolutionists, and the main planning was done by Rajendra Nath Lahiri. In this team of 20-25 people, there was Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Roshan Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad. Sachindra Nath Sanyal. Now after this, date is 19th of August, 1925. And according to plan, these people pull the train's chain near Kakori station. Inside the train, there were 4601 rupees.

They steal it and during that one passenger gets shot and loses their life. And this incident was also called 'Kakori kand'. After this incident, there was uproar among Britishers. All of this matter was given to CID officer Harton. And after completing the enquiry, till September 1925, they arrest 40 revolutionists. And are able to catch Ashfaqulla Khan and Sachindra Nath Bakishi after a year. But are not able to catch Chandra Shekhar Azad. And later Chandra Shekhar Azad, later ran HRA, that is Hindustan Republic Association. After that on 1st of May 1926, they have trial in speical

sessions court, and the verdict is given on 6th of April, 1927. In which Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, Rajendra Nath Lahiri and Ashfaqulla Khan are given death sentence. And 16 people are given 3-6 years of jail sentence. And what two revolutionists do is become witness and save their lives. And the others are freed due to not enough evidence and being sick. Now from here things were getting out of control. And what British government does is call John Simon and tells him that Government of India act 1919 needs some reforms. Actually to control the unrest, all

of these things were being done. Now since John Simon was heading this whole comission. That's why the whole commission was called Simon commission and deliberatley not even one Indian is kept in it. Now seeing all this, Indian leaders gets enraged, that you are deciding Indian's future without consulting the Indians, what kind of justice is this for us. And at that time, it was December. So there were to be a Congress session. So it is decided in this session that there will be complete boycott of the Simon commission.