The ENTIRE History of Egypt | Ancient Civilizations Documentary

[Music] for Millennia the grand pyramids of Egypt have towered over the desert sands everything about the great ancient civilization that once sees the lands remained a mystery that is until July 19 1799. [Music] a French soldier discovers a large Stone about 35 miles east of Alexandria during Napoleon bonaparte's Egyptian Expedition unearthing a written language that had been dead for thousands of years the translations would prove to be the key to unlocking the secrets of an entire civilization [Music] Egypt is the gift of the Nile that's what Herodotus the father of History said since the Nile

is the lifeline as it provided Egypt with water for the cultivation of crops which led to the burgeoning of civilization all along the length of the Nile Valley the river strip that divided the Egyptian territory into two parts provided a favorable environment for the rise of civilization when the Nile Valley began in the miocene times cutting it into its current shape the various geographical resources effectively contributed to the state's Foundation as a result of the annual floods that spread the fertile soil to the east and west over the centuries mud deposits built up when the

water recedes and flows along its banks the agricultural year begins making Egypt one of the first agricultural communities that ever existed in human history at the end of the Paleolithic Era there was a widespread production of arrows harpoons corns sewed skins bone works and pottery carbon 14 tests on the other hand were used by researchers to demonstrate that corn was harvested in a Neolithic Silo on the edge of thiam between 4 600 and 4250 BC later people built shacks and Huts out of reeds in solid mud and sowed corn on the muddy soil of the

Nile marshes ancient Egypt was divided into two territories Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt Lower Egypt lay to the north where the Nile extended out with its several branches to form the Nile Delta Upper Egypt which stretched to Aswan was to the South the two kingdoms were United around 3000 BC by King Narmer but each retained its regalia the head jet or white crown for Upper Egypt and the dash red or Red Cross town for Lower Egypt as a result the Pharaohs were known as the rulers of the two lands and they were the shint a

double crown with each half denoting sovereignty of a different land [Music] oh [Music] my God [Music] the pre-dynastic period in ancient Egypt is the period preceding documented history encompassing around 6000 to 3150 BCE from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic age and on to the founding of the first dynasty while there are no written records from this period archaeological digs in Egypt have Unearthed items that convey their tale of the Nile River Valley's cultural history the pre-dynastic period is called by the regions or ancient city sites where these artifacts were discovered rather than the cultures that

lived there the health and culture the thrived Circa 30 000 BCE in the area between Egypt and Nubia giving birth to the Kaden and civilian cultures around 10 000 BCE and the harathon culture all of these cultures are hunter-gatherer societies that gradually grew more sedentary and settled into more permanent settlements based on agriculture the thiam Oasis is a natural Basin located southeast of the Giza Plateau that gave home to the fiam a civilization during 9000 to 6000 BCE these people lived in the vicinity of a vast Lake and made their living through agriculture hunting and

fishing the people of phiam constructed Reed homes with Subterranean basements for food storage cattle sheep and goats were domesticated and basketry and pottery production flourished during this period tribal Chieftains assumed positions of power which may have been passed down to the Next Generation in a family or tribal unit communities went from Tiny tribes traveling together to large groupings of diverse tribes living in the same region all the time the phiam a culture gave rise to the marim day during five thousand to four thousand BCE which was named from artifacts discovered at the location of that

name on the western side of the Nile Delta the majority of Egyptians were farmers and agriculture was the basis of the dynastic Egypt economy and Farmers relied on the annual summer floods to grow their crops we know that the first Egyptian farmers were hunter-gatherers they planted crops such as wheat lentils barley flax and peas in addition to herding animals according to what was found on a location in the western side of the Nile Delta the oldest levels of marim D Benny Salama that evolved between eight thousand and four thousand BC in addition to the fiambeesing

both dating back to the Neolithic era the Nile valleys convex terrain encourage the development of several basins which in ancient times were flooded with flood waters every year that brought silt and mud that fertilized the soil these basins of which 130 have been found served as the irrigation system's reservoirs in ancient Egypt granaries were made of clay jars or baskets that were buried up to their necks in the Earth the elomari culture about 4000 BCE developed on these achievements by building circular homes of higher complexity with plastered mud walls all of these cultures evolved and

flourished in Lower Egypt Northern Egypt closest to the Mediterranean Sea whereas Upper Egypt civilization formed later the inhabitants of the badarian culture lived in movable tents like their ancient forefathers but preferred fixed homes following the baderian period came the amratian period also known as Nakata the first which constructed more complex homes with Windows and hearths waddling dab walls and windbreaks around the main entryway the practice of mummification began around 3 500 BCE where burial items were still left with a deceased these developments were aided by the gersian culture also known as Nakata II 3500 to

3200 BCE which launched trading with other regions inspiring changes in culture and art the houses were built of sun-baked brick and the more opulent ones included Courtyards an addition that would become commonplace in Egyptian homes later the city of abados located north of Nakata became an important burial location and huge tombs were built forming a necropolis a city of the Dead these tombs were originally made of mud bricks but subsequently of huge needly hewn Limestone eventually this site would become the burial place for Egypt's rulers despite this evidence reveals that individuals from all across the

nation had their deceased buried at abidos and gave burial gifts to commemorate their memory by this time the cities of zois and hierarchopolis were considered ancient while thenis Nakata and nekin were rapidly developing the hieroglyphic alphabet which was invented around 3 400 to 3200 BCE was used for maintaining records although no entire sentences from this period have been discovered at this time the earliest Egyptian writing discovered so far originates from abados and was discovered on pottery clay seal imprints and Bone and ivory items complete sentences are not found in Egypt until the time of King

paribsin in the second Dynasty 500 years later this period led to the Nakata the third period from 3200 to 3150 BCE following Nakata III the early dynastic period and Egypt's recorded history began with Commerce communities expanded and flourished and the populations of both lower and upper Egypt increased small villages of brick dwellings and buildings evolved into bigger Urban centers that soon clashed most likely for trade products and Water Resources thinniss Nakata and nekin were the three principal city-states of Upper Egypt during the period thinness appears to have defeated Nakata before absorbing nekken these battles were

fought between the Scorpion Kings whose identity is unknown and others most likely Kaw and armor According to some researchers scorpion the first scorpion II and Ka were the final three rulers of the proto-dynastic period before King Narmer invaded and unified lower and upper Egypt and created the first dynasty [Music] one more dynastic period in Egypt began in the Years 3150 to 2613 BCE this marks the beginning of the country's historical era in which Upper Egypt the South and Lower Egypt to the north were unified as one country under centralized Authority during this time the Divine

rule of the Monarch started and a distinct Egyptian culture emerged including the development of writing Arts and Sciences minis the first king of Egypt was a ruler of Upper Egypt presumably from Phoenix or high rinkopolis who defeated the other city-states around him before conquering Lower Egypt around 3150 BCE Norma married the princess nathotep of Nakata in an arrangement to enhance the links between the two towns he undertook military operations in Lower Egypt to quell revolts and expand his territory into Canaan and Nubia he's sponsored massive construction projects and urbanization developed throughout his Reign horaha namer's

son is assumed to have succeeded him in 3100 BCE continuing his father's military expansion and increasing trade he was notably interested in religion and the concept of the afterlife and it was under his Reign that the mustaba tomb was built toraha was replaced by his son juror in 3050 BCE who followed in his Father's Footsteps his son Jett about 3 000 BCE married Princess merief and is considered to have taken leadership of the nation after his death it is uncertain whether she governed as a regent for her infant son Den or as Queen but her

Reign is notable for being the first time a woman is recorded governing in ancient Egypt then about 2990 BCE is regarded as the greatest Monarch of the first dynasty and reigned for 50 years his reputation as an efficient Monarch stemmed from his economic advances military conquests and the stability of his rule as proven by expensive construction projects and elaborate works of art then is the first Monarch to be represented wearing the crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt showing that he ruled over a unified Nation then was succeeded by two additional monarchs a nejib and later

samarakat both of whom had tough Reigns marked by Insurgency the dynasty ended with the cause rain during which his heirs struggled for the throne and were defeated by hotep sekemui who established the second Dynasty internal strife and a lack of or misunderstanding over records ruined the second Dynasty 2890-2670 BCE none of the second Dynasty monarchs have reliable dates and several of the king's names appear to be repeats of earlier rulers hotep sekemui which means two powerful ones at peace is a prime illustration of this issue because of his name it would seem that he came

to power after subduing the princes who fought for the throne after qua but his name is inscribed on the entrance to qua's tomb implying that he was the ruler responsible for burying Hua and he already had that name before the succession war broke out hotep's second Wii is credited with bringing peace to Egypt upon his Ascension to the throne although a brief one instability and Rebellion marked his Reign ranab also known as nibra was the first to link his name to that of the Gods and so create a bond between the Monarch and the Divine

there is no reasonable explanation for paribzin's decision early academics claimed he was the first monotheist who declared set to be the sole deity but evidence of his Reigns Devotion to various Gods disproved this because his name is only found in Upper Egypt it's possible that he opted to Ally with set for political reasons to distinguish himself from the Horus religion of Lower Egypt for whatever reason he is regarded as a good Monarch because Commerce the economy religious practice and the Arts all Thrive during his Reign for ribson was replaced by case kimwi probably his son

who continued his predecessors construction projects and is believed to have brought Egypt's two regions back under central control or at least reinforced unification his most famous Works include the statues at hierarchopolis and abidos as well as his role as the father of pharaoh joser [Music] thank you the Egyptian third Dynasty starts with King joser best known for his step pyramid at Sakara manito's timeline is hazy on Whose zenect was when he governed in the third Dynasty and given his name sanak's name is only known from the avidos Monarch list the Turin Papyrus and two release

discovered in the mustava Tomb number K2 at beat khalaf juicer erected so many monuments that historians have long assumed his tenure extended at least 20 years he started military campaigns to Sanai and kept Egyptian Unity resulting in the stability required for his construction projects and the growth of the Arts Joseph's step pyramid at Sakara is Egypt's first recognized pyramid which was designed by his architect in vizier imota imotep was a vizier Sage architect astrologer and chief minister under Jose the second pharaoh of Egypt's third Dynasty who was later deified and worshiped as the god of

medicine in Egypt and Greece where he was associated with the Greek deity of medicine ascleptius he is thought to have designed the step pyramid in memphis's Sakara necropolis this pyramid which has six steps is the world's oldest surviving stone monument an inscription carrying his name on a statue of Joseph uncovered near the Sakara pyramid site attest to imotep's high status in Joseph's Court the inscription includes titles such as the leader of the sculptures and the chief of the seers historical documents depicting Egyptian society and Medicine throughout the Old Kingdom demonstrate that the main Magician of

the pharaoh's Court frequently functioned as the nation's Chief physician the step pyramid started as a basic mustaba Monument with a flat top and sloping sides similar to many previous dynasties tombs the architect emotep on the other hand had bigger plans for his King's Eternal dwelling the step pyramid is a succession of mustavas piled on top of each other each step slightly smaller than the one beneath to create a pyramid shape earlier mastavas were made of clay bricks but the Step pyramid was made of stone slabs with carved motifs of trees and Reeds on them when

finished the step pyramid stood 62 meters tall making it the tallest building of its period two deter robbers and secure the king's corpse and burial Goods the real chambers of the tomb were dug beneath the foundation as a maze of passageways with rooms off the hallways however this strategy did not work because the tomb was robbed of all of its valuables including the king's corpse in Antiquity only his foot was discovered in the Tomb nonetheless the step pyramid's design and building a epitomize the genius and vision of the third Dynasty Builders who would later raise

the buried pyramid and the layer pyramid among many other structures and sanctuaries these early Visionaries established the foundations for the later true pyramids of the fourth Dynasty which have mesmerized and captivated people for millennia [Music] the Old Kingdom of Egypt is also known as the age of the pyramids or the age of the pyramid Builders because it contains the great fourth Dynasty during which king snefaru mastered the craft of pyramid construction and the Pyramids of Giza were built under the reins of Khufu kafri and mankar the historical documents of this time the fourth to sixth

dynasties of Egypt are sparse and historians consider the history of the era as literally written in stone and mainly architectural in that academics have been able to build a history through the statues and their inscriptions the pyramids themselves provide little information about their Architects but adjacent funerary shrines and stilet provide the King's names and other significant information in addition carvings in stone discovered elsewhere During the period document different events and the dates on which they happened lastly the mausoleum of the fifth Dynasty's last Monarch unas contained the first pyramid texts detailed drawings and writings inside

the tomb that cast light on the religious views of the period during the Old Kingdom of Egypt the elite standardized art and Figures were produced uniformly to reflect the tastes of Memphis the capital although other art forms such as painting and literature exhibit more skill in the Old Kingdom statues from the late early dynastic and early Old Kingdom periods are very comparable the old Kingdom's most famous works of art are the pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx of Giza both of which remain today although smaller structures were crafted with the same Precision in Beauty

in reality Egyptians placed great importance on Old Kingdom art and architecture in later ages although all levels of society may have shared the same religious systems social inequality persisted even after death the only significant impediment to reaching an afterlife was being buried outside of Egypt Egyptians thought that to be reborn they needed to be buried in Egypt if they died abroad the relatives went to tremendous pains to bring their bodies back for burial so those correct funerary rituals could be performed and they could be buried in their native land allowing them to enter the afterlife

to coordinate the labor force that constructed the pyramids at Giza and elsewhere during this time unprecedented bureaucratic efficiency was needed and this bureaucracy could only function under a powerful Central Authority at the top of the pyramid that it represented Egyptian Society the monarchs stood he he was granted ownership of all of Egypt by the gods at least in theory the literate and illiterate classes were divided in the Egyptian social structure the literate class was the ruling class Bieber a small fraction of the population but they were the main criteria for determining the character of ancient

Egyptian society and everything we knew about the civilization individuals were frequently more important than the positions they held as a result while the king established the scope of bureaucratic power effective Administration was ultimately dependent on the same pool of literal Aristocrats without whom the king could not govern and we'll State some of them as follows because an Egyptian king could not personally control every area of society the role of the vizier was established as early as the early dynastic period the vizier who can be assimilated into a form of prime minister assigned a response possibility

to other members of the Court sent Communications through scribes and manage the military Regional Governors activities Public Works projects and tax collections among other things uni the last king of the third dynasty was a long thought to have initiated the massive building projects of the Old Kingdom by constructing the midam pyramid but credit for the Madame pyramid goes to snefaru the first king of the fourth Dynasty who may have been huni's Son by one of his minor Queens snefaru began the old Kingdom's Golden Era with his most noteworthy achievements being the two pyramids constructed for

him at dashur snaferu started his work with the pyramid at Mida known as the false pyramid due to its shape it resembles a tower more than a pyramid and its exterior casing is surrounded by a massive mound of gravel the Pyramid of midam was Egypt's first real pyramid but it did not last this is because changes were made to imotep's initial pyramid design causing the exterior casing to sit on Sand rather than Rock causing it to fall The Crooked period And The Red Pyramid are snefaru structures at doshor or North pyramid the bent pyramid gets

its name from the fact that it rises at a 55 degree angle and then changes to a 43 degree angle of smaller stones giving the impression of bending in towards the summit the workers had finished the base and sides before recognizing that a 55 degree angle was too Steep and changing their plan to conclude the job as best they could snefaru appears to have grasped the issue and went on to construct his third pyramid so snefaru appears to have been a ruler unafraid of loss or sorrow when the Ben pyramid failed to satisfy his standards

Siege simply began Over The Red Pyramid named after the use of reddish limestone in its building was constructed on a firm foundation for better stability and arose at a 43 degree inclination The Red Pyramid 105 meters tall was Egypt's first effective real pyramid it was originally encased in white Limestone as were the other later pyramids which crumbled away over time and were collected by locals for other construction projects following in the footsteps of Jose's complex at Sakara snefaru had Mortuary temples and the other structures built around his pyramids with priests overseeing day-to-day activities once the

Red Pyramid was finished all of this points to the stability of his rule which he bequeathed to his son Khufu when he died the ancient Greek authors were referred to Khufu as chiops and he's best known for his great pyramid at Giza in their works the Greece portrayed him as a tyrant who oppressed the people and compelled them to labor for him against their will this perception may have been created by the tales contained in the west car Papyrus a compilation of four stories written about the kings of the fourth Dynasty and found by Henry

westcar in around 1824 CE the Papyrus contains four Tales recounted by khufu's sons including one in which king Khufu summons a sorcerer who claims to be able to reconnect a decapitated head to a body and some academics read his actions in requesting a demonstration as malicious or careless during the reign of Khufu Egypt became even wealthier as a result of his military battles against Nubia and Libya as well as his lucrative trade deals with cities such as biblos he also in invested in agricultural Innovations to improve the livelihoods of his people during his Reign the

world's first documented dam was constructed in Wadi jarawi a mountain range west of modern Hellman this Dam improved water availability for farms and others in the town the Great Pyramid of Giza is the final of the ancient seven wonders of the world and a distinguishing emblem of Egypt it is situated on the Giza Plateau near the modern city of Cairo and was constructed over 20 years during the rule of Khufu although many hypotheses exist regarding the pyramid's purpose the most generally acknowledged idea is that it was built as a tomb for the king however Howard

was constructed remains a mystery to this day historians continued to dispute the idea of ramps going around the outside of the building to move the blocks into position these theories persist despite a growing body of evidence proving that the pyramid was constructed by the ancient Egyptians using technical means that were most likely so common to them that they felt no need to document them nonetheless the complexity of the Interior passages shafts and Chambers as well as the nearby Osiris shaft encourages the Persistence of these Fringe theories as does the mystery of how the pyramid was

built at all and its orientation to cardinal points a prominent figure during that time called hemayunu was the vizier during the reign of Khufu in the fourth Dynasty and one of the king's relatives he was in charge of building his Great Pyramid and keeping an eye over its construction works and he was buried near khufu's pyramid the construction work of the pyramid was done by expert and unskilled laborers employed by the state for the job these in employees either offered to pay off a debt performed community service or were paid for their time the annual

inundation of the Nile River was important for Egyptian survival because it distributed rich soil from the riverbank all across the shores farmlands however it also made farming those lands impossible during the flood during these times the government supplied work for Farms by constructing large monuments these were the individuals who performed the real physical labor of moving Stones elevating obelisks constructing temples and constructing the pyramids that continue to amaze and motivate people today Khufu was replaced by a family member outside the legal line called jadephra after his death jadephra was khufu's son but he did not

appear to be his designated Heir some scholars believe jadephra built the Great Sphinx of Giza While others believe coffrey his sibling and successor built it the Sphinx is the world's biggest monolithic Monument showing a recumbent Lion's torso with a king's head and Visage historically this king's Visage has been identified as coffrey's but Dobrev and others believe it's khufus it appears to have been constructed by coffrey because it is exactly in line with this pyramid complex and the Sphinx's face resembles coffrey more than Khufu goffrey's pyramid is the second largest in Giza and his complex is

almost as big as his father's little is known about his rule according to Egyptian texts he continued his father's policies and Government Model by concentrating power in the hands of his closest family members and exerting strict control over policies and laws following Godfrey's demise succession was temporarily disrupted again when Baka jadefri's son took the throne he did not even rule for a year before men Curry coffrey's son took over his Monarch both the Greeks and the Egyptian writings praise men Curry men Curry like his father and Grandpa before him started construction on his Giza Pyramid

and Shrine complex menkeri's pyramid and complex are smaller than the other two which represent a significant development in the history of the Old Kingdom and one of the causes of its collapse the resources required to construct the Great Pyramid were no longer accessible during mencuri's period but he did his best to establish an everlasting residence on par with his fathers and grandfathers son and designated successor perished while this pyramid was being constructed upsetting the dynastic succession and Men Curry died before the pyramid complex was finished despite reigning for 30 years he was unable to finish

the work of his predecessors which many historians attribute to the dwindling resources at his disposal ship seskoff men career's successor finished men career structure at Giza but was buried in a relatively modest mustaba at Sakura as previously stated the monarchs diverted immense resources to their funerary structures and buildings but these temples and sanctuaries were increasingly utter the authority of the priests who manage them rather than the king although the Giza Plateau is now an old sandswept location on the outskirts of Cairo it was a city of the deceased inhabited by the living who tended to

it during men Curry's time Giza had priests houses shrines worker accommodations stores factories breweries and all the amenities of a small Metropolis the civilian life in ancient Egypt was very active the lowest social class consisted of peasant farmers who did not own the land on which they worked on or the houses in which they resided the Monarch members of the Court no marks and Priests owned the land to begin the day peasants would say let us work for the nobility peasants were virtually always Farmers regardless of what other trade they practiced they cultivated and harvested

their crops giving the majority to the landowner while keeping part for themselves most had private Gardens which the ladies maintained while the men worked in the fields the lowest stratum of society created the items utilized in Commerce allowing the civilization as a whole to survive these peasants were also part of the workforce that erected Egypt's pyramids and other monuments when the Nile Rivers Banks overflowed farming became difficult and the men and women went to work on the king's projects this labor was always rewarded and no literary or physical evidence supports the assertion that any of

Egypt's major monuments were erected by slave labor work building monuments like the pyramid and Associated burial complexes temples and obelisks provided the peasantry with the sole possibility of upward Mobility Guild painters and engravers in particular were in high demand in Egypt and were paid more than unskilled laborers who merely hauled the stones for the construction from one location to another peasant Farmers might also raise their status by learning a craft and producing the vases bowls plates and other ceramics that people need skilled Carpenters could make a fortune by making tables desks chairs beds and storage

chests while painters were needed to decorate upper-class dwellings castles tombs and monuments Brewers were likewise held in high regard and breweries were occasionally controlled by women they appear to have been operated on by females in early Egyptian history beer was the most popular beverage in ancient Egypt and it was commonly utilized as a kind of recompense three times a day workers on the Giza Plateau were given a beer ration the deity Osiris was said to have provided the drink to the people and Brewer were overseen by the goddess tenene marriages were more secular than religious

in ancient Egypt the parents planned the majority of weddings in any of the classes girls were often married at the age of 12 and boys at the age of 15. Royal Offspring were frequently promised to foreign monarchs as babies to seal treaties the ancient Egyptians lives were not all labor they found plenty of time to have fun by participating in sports board games and other activities hockey handball archery swimming tug of war gymnastics rowing and a sport known as water jousting which was a sea Battle played in small boats on the Nile River in which

a jouster tried to knock the other out of his boat while the second team member maneuvered the craft were all ancient Egyptian Sports the festivals of ancient Egypt were individually distinct in their own right depending on the nature of the occasion but they all had one thing in common drinking and feasting the Egyptian diet consisted mostly of grains wheat and vegetables the meat was incredibly expensive and only royalty could afford it the fourth Dynasty ended with shepsicov's brief Reign and the fifth started with much less hope the fifth Dynasty is known as the sun King's

Dynasty because so many of their titles contain the name of the deity raw usually given as re the first three of these rulers userkov sahur and kakai would later be memorialized as divinely chosen in the west car Papyrus Tale the birth of the Kings the dynasty starts with King userkov But A lady called can cause most likely a daughter of men car appears prominently in the Egyptian texts as mother of two kings of Upper and Lower Egypt though it's unclear who those monarchs were her Monument is the fourth Pyramid of Giza and she was a

significant person not much is known about her userkoff is best renowned for his work on the Temple of the Sun and abuser this structure represents a significant Divergence from the position of the Monarch at the beginning of the fourth Dynasty and the beginning of the end of Giza as the king's necropolis the sun deity raw was now venerated directly by the people through the priesthood and the King's position as the God's primary representative was reduced userkov's son sahir replaced him and constructed his funerary complex at abuser near the Temple of the sun sahira was a

capable Monarch who led the first Egyptian expedition to punt and arranged significant trade treaties with other countries punt on the other hand was one of his biggest accomplishments as it became an important source of many of Egypt's most valuable resources and in time was regarded as a legendary country of the Gods so here constructed his own Temple to the sun in abusir and was the first to use Palma form columns in the building which would later become the norm for columns throughout Egypt so here's War exploits and cautious Resource Management enriching the nation as demonstrated

by the intricate work done on his Mortuary complex and the inscriptions discovered his son nefarer care kakai succeeded him inscriptions suggest he was a good King and well-regarded but little is known of his tenure except that the priesthood got even more dominant during his control his son nefere Frey succeeded him but perished young possibly around the age of 20. he was followed by King shepsakar new Seer ini succeeds him and the priests of raw acquire even more Authority during his rule the bureaucracy of the temples and Mortuary buildings grew as well putting a burden on

Royal offers which paid for Sanctuary care and maintenance men kohor Caillou replaced him but little is known about his rule other than the fact that he was the last Monarch to construct a temple to the sun Jed karisi replaced him in the late 25th to mid-24th Century BC the roots of jedkarisi are unclear he's not regarded as men kahorakayu's son but he may be connected to keep the economy stable he reforms the administration and the clergy extensively during his rule jedkarisi refused the customary practice of erecting a shrine to the son deity and decreased the

number of clerics required to maintain funerary structures he also arranged this second punt Expedition which enriched Egypt and in reinforced relations with punt the most important element of jedkarisi's Reign however was the decentralization of the government in Memphis which gave local Authority 30s more Authority Jennifer isi was replaced by his son unas the reign of whom is a little documented Unis was the first Egyptian king to have the interior of his tomb decorated and inscribed with what became known as the pyramid texts these inscriptions depict the king in communion with raw and Osiris the position

of the King was already considerably reduced when the sixth Dynasty started local officials and bureaucrats built more elaborate tombs than Nobles during the rule of the first Monarch Teddy Teddy was killed by his bodyguards according to the 3rd Century BCE historian menetho an act that would have been inconceivable earlier he was replaced by usurkure who may have been involved in the assassination plan his Reign was brief and he was followed by merrier Pepe the first during whom the nomarks gained Authority by the end of the Old Kingdom the political power had fragmented and the system

was decentralized the restoration of central power was a lengthy process that lasted well into the 12th Dynasty because of the breakdown of central power political Authority passed into the hands of the no marks who took complete control this pattern persisted during the Reigns of Marin radnamed himself the first and never care Pepe II who ascended to the kingdom as a child and perished as an old man signifying an incredible rule of nearly a century during Pepe II's lengthy rule the Old Kingdom gradually crumble the increasing influence of provincial no marks and the clergy eroded the

central governments and King's Authority Pepe II was followed by Miranda nemtimsoft II with a very short Reign and the dynasty ended with naturecar who was identified by some Scholars and egyptologists as the queen natakris from herodotus's account of an Egyptian queen who avenges her brother's Murder by Drowning his killers at a banquet Pepe II had outlived any heirs to the throne and appears to have been a pretty ineffective Monarch in his final years when drought caused famine in the country there was no effective Central authority to react to it the Old Kingdom terminated with the

sixth Dynasty because no powerful ruler ascended to the throne to guide the people local authorities focused on their areas and lacked the means and motivation to assist the rest of the nation as the sixth Dynasty died out Egypt gradually descended into the first intermediate period thank you [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] the first intermediate period is marked primarily by a rise in the authority of provincial administrators of distinct areas and a decline in the power of the central government at Memphis the great structures of the Old Kingdom on the scale of giza's pyramids were no

longer constructed within the first intermediate period because there was no strong central Sovereign to order and pay for them and no Administration to coordinate the large Workforce the cultural image that comes from a study of historical data does not support a chaotic dark era but rather a different social and political model than what had come before there is some historical evidence for the claim of unrest and claimed disorder which stems from the absence of a single powerful central government the country's different regions were essentially self-governing the Darth of information about the kings of the seventh

and 8th dynasties attest to their ineffectiveness their identities and dates will be forgotten in Egyptian animals the ancient city of Memphis was abandoned at some time by rulers who saw themselves as The Heirs of the Old Kingdom Kings the rulers of the 9th and 10th dynasties then seized heracleopolis as their Center and declared themselves Egypt's real Kings in TEF a theban nomark Who Bore the customary epithets of great Overlord of The Gnome and overseer of priests came to prominence and Thebes around 2125 BC and opposed the authority of herakliopolitan Kings intuff the first established Egypt's

11th Dynasty and provided the push for the country's Unity during the Middle Kingdom he was known as intef The Mighty and a monument in his honor was erected in the Temple of Karnak and this was the way leading to the beginning of a new era which was the Middle Kingdom [Music] [Music] foreign [Music] II was known as the second Menace who United Egypt and ushered in the Middle Kingdom Period the road that Unity was laid out by in teth the first and his successors mentuhotep the first approximately 2115 BCE followed in TEF the First's path

and conquered the neighboring gnomes for thieves considerably increasing the city's stature and strength his initiatives were carried on by his predecessors mentuhotep II used these early victories to ultimately beat heracleopolis and then punish those gnomes who had stayed faithful to the Old Kings while rewarding those who had honored thieves menzuotep II devoted his time after the process of unity to the ruling military accomplishments and construction projects men to hotep's successor mentuhotep III reigned during 2010-1998 CE maintained and expanded his programs he dispatched an army to punt and strengthened the northern Delta's borders meantuhotep IV replaced

him his entire seven-year rule is silent but he most likely continued his predecessor's policies effectively because the nation is thriving when a minimat replaces him as Monarch when a minion mod was meant to hotep IV's vizier and was sent with his mission to Quarry stones for the king's project he had an inscription made of the extraordinary events he witnessed first a gazelle gave birth on the stone selected for the king's sarcophagus Tom indicating that the stone had been chosen correctly because it was endowed with the candidi in life second an unanticipated rainfall descended on the

celebration revealing a well big enough to water the entire gathering this inscription was later interpreted to mean that a minimat was chosen by the god odds to become king as the gods had allowed him to experience Miracles amenyumat the first abandoned Thebes for unknown reasons and established his seat in court in etitawi south of Memphis a menu mod the first successor sinneret the first 1971-1926 BCE improved the country's infrastructure and initiated the kinds of grand building projects that had characterized the Old Kingdom and represented the king's power including a temple to a moon at Karnak

which sparked the construction of the Great temple complex there amenyama the first that followed in the footsteps of intef II and men to hotep II by restricting the authority of local no marks and Priests and giving power only to those most trusted in the family sinneret the first continued the same strategy the administration of the 12th dynasty was so effective that unlike the Old Kingdom it kept wealth centralized with the Monarch while allowing for the development and prosperity of individual regions without allowing them to become too strong the king governed all of Egypt but specific

officers were rewarded for their devotion the Egyptians developed various Advanced ways of irrigation systems and to keep track of the water levels they built nylometers to gauge the height of the flood and to determine the taxes levels supposed to be paid canals were dug to provide water to different areas when Center at the second decided to turn the thiam area into an Agricultural Center he developed a specific irrigation system with a dike that transported water from Lake Morris which resulted in crop prosperity in the area he was also behind the construction of the White Chapel

a building important to historians and academics because it contains a record of all the Gnomes of the period Center it the first was followed by amenyamat II 1929-1895 BCE who may have governed alongside him the practice of co-regency was unique to the Middle Kingdom in which a younger man the monarchs selected air usually a sun would govern alongside the king to learn the position and guarantee a seamless transfer of power Scholars disagree on whether this practice was truly followed though there is no question that it was followed by a menu mod II and his successor

Center at the second 1897-1878 BCE double dates for two rulers on official cartouches indicate co-regency a minumont II's Reign is little known but cenerate II is noted for his excellent ties with the regional no marks an improved prosperity of the nation it's worth noting that during Center at the second's rule local officials throw arrived just as they had at the end of the Old Kingdom but this did not cause the kingdom the difficulties that it had previously cenerate II was followed by centerette III 1878-1860 BCE the most potent Monarch of the period whose Reign was

so prosperous that he was deified during his lifetime his rule is characterized by military advancement into Nubia as well as a rise in Egypt's riches and influence senerate III exemplified the Egyptian cultural value of military ability and quick action was the Pinnacle of the warrior king he was thought to be unbeatable at the helm of his troops his Expeditions in anubia widened Egypt's borders and the fortifications he erected along the boundary facilitated Commerce he also conducted an expedition into Palestine and as a result trade ties for that air area improved and to control flood and

direct irrigation Waters the ancient Egyptians built Earth and stone barrages and dams such as El lahandam which was erected during the reign of King amenyamot III who ruled in the 12th Dynasty following the reign of cineret III as he wanted to make good use of the flood waters for the irrigation system and to protect the state from destructive high levels of inundation water early November before the water had entirely left the basins was the time when preparations for planting season began before Fields were prepared for planting irrigation facilities were repaired or cleared and property lines

were re-evaluated and since ancient Egyptians were known to document every detail of their daily life we have seen the process of growing and harvesting the grain depicted in great detail in various tombs paintings various crops were planted widely which made food types plentiful in Egypt such as Amer wheat which was used to make bread and beer grapes for wine Palm dates Doom Palms figs Sycamore and Papyrus whose stems were used to make paper-like scrolls for writing and also was a great material to make sales chords and even mats various tools were used by the farmers

during the planting process such as a very interesting one called shattiff it's a hand operated device used to lift water from the river which consists of a long pole with a bucket hung on a rope from one end and the other end has a weight attached to it it was either used to fill jugs with water to transport them or even to run water in small canals along ditches however it's normal when people wonder how such a civilization in ancient times managed to erect huge buildings and move colossal statues without having the technology we have

in the current modern world some scenes from tombs of high officials have proof of how the whole process of moving huge statues was done jehoun Act was a no Mark of the 12th Dynasty he used to govern the 15th gnome of Upper Egypt he has a very interesting scene in his tomb of the transportation of a roughly 6.8 meter high Monument of him by 172 people using ropes in a slide in an Endeavor aided by The Dumping of water in front of the slide unfortunately no evidence of this Colossus has ever been discovered a menu

mod III boasted of no major military triumphs but constructed almost as many monuments as his father and was responsible for the vast Mortuary Sanctuary at hawara known as The Labyrinth aminyamat IV 1815-1807 BCE replaced him and maintained his policies he completed his father's construction tasks and began many of his own during his Reign Military and Commercial Expeditions were undertaken on numerous occasions and trade thrived with towns in the Levant particularly biblos and elsewhere the co-regency policy if it was implemented had guaranteed a seamless transfer of power from ruler to ruler but it failed in the

case of a minimat IV who had no male successor to prepare for Success after his demise the throne passed to his sister or probably wife sobonephro 1807-1802 BCE whose rule is little known unless the queen nidocrat natokris of the sixth dynasty of the Old Kingdom is accepted as real sobonephru was the first woman to govern Egypt since the early dynastic period the 12th Dynasty concluded when she perished without an heir and the 13th started with the reign of sobekotep the first 1802-1800 BCE the Middle Kingdom's 12th period was the most powerful and Wealthy the 13th

Dynasty would receive the riches and the policies but would be unable to put them to good use the 13th Dynasty appears to have maintained the policies of the 12th Dynasty monarchs and kept the nation United but none of them had the personal power of the previous Kings according to incomplete documents Lower Egypt started to develop its political groups foreign [Music] this era starts when the Egyptian rulers of the 13th Dynasty relocate the capital from ET to Y to Thebes the former capital of the late 11th Dynasty in Upper Egypt thereby weakening their grip on the

North a minimat the first 1991-1962 BCE established the tiny settlement of hudworth in the far north at the start of the 12th Dynasty which developed into a commercial hub with easy access to the Sea and Road paths to Sanai and the area of Palestine during the 13th Dynasty effective trade and immigration brought an increase of Semitic people to avarice who ultimately grew wealthy and powerful enough to wield governmental power in the nation these in individuals were known to the Egyptians as heca carset or hiksos the name of the hiksos remains unclear many hypotheses have been

proposed including the possibility that they were refugees Escaping The Aryan invasion of Asia the Nordic Invasion hypothesis has been debunked as has this assertion the Egyptians refer to them as Asians but this was a word used for anyone beyond the country's eastern boundary from the Levant to Mesopotamia during the late 13th Dynasty the Egyptian Monarch ceased supplying the Border fortifications located in Nubia and no additional soldiers were stationed there the troops who were already stationed at the forts were never returned to Egypt and the former garrisons became their permanent residence these troops served as commerce

intermediaries between the Egyptian city of Thebes and the kingdom of kush as the 13th Dynasty neglected matters to the South just as they were doing to the north the kingdom of cush developed into a centralized power with its capital at kurma some of the ancient Egyptian fortifications along the border were destroyed at some time presumably during an assault though this is unclear what is evident is that as Egyptian government and thieves disregarded kush's influence in the South kush's power increased and the boundary became more flexible the troops who had been left behind no longer saw

it as their duty to protect against invasions and had grown more acclimated to the role of traitors than military men by this point the monarchs documented for the latter portion of the 13th and 16th dynasties are non-egyptians or at the very least do not have Egyptian names and are considered hickso's rulers their timeline is muddled and some names are only known from ceremonial items while others are only known from pieces of King's lists making dating problematic the hixos achieved economic dominance of the Eastern Delta and then pushed North negotiating treaties and forging contracts with various

no marks governors of other districts in Lower Egypt until they had conquered a sizable amount of territory and could exert political Authority once established in avarice the hiksos elevated Egyptians to positions of power adopted Egyptian customs and attire and absorbed Egyptian deity worship into their own beliefs and ceremonies the hiksos monarchs established Egypt's 15th Dynasty but once they were evicted the invading thebans destroyed all traces of the hixos in Egypt only a few hiksos rulers are known by name thanks to the ruins of inscriptions and other texts discovered at avarice and elsewhere including the best

known a Pepe a Pepe was also known as Apophis and had an Egyptian name related to the giant snake Apophis or a pet the sun god Ra's Nemesis at the same time the hixos rose to prominence in Northern Egypt the Nubians Rose to power in the South the Middle Kingdom's 13th Dynasty like lower Egypts had forgotten to pay attention to its Southern frontier thieves remained upper Egypt's capital but instead of dominating the entire nation it was wedged between the hiksos and the North and the Nubians in the South according to Benito a Pepe of the

hixos wrote To The theban King sakin and ranta 15 adbce do away with a hippopotamus pool to the east of the city for it prevents me from sleeping day and night the message was most likely about the theban practice of hippopotamus hunting which would have been insulting to the hixos who worshiped set and included the hippo in their religious observances Tau rather than complying with the request saw it as a challenge to his autonomy and marched on avarice his mummy indicates that he was slain in battle and this together with the events that follow reveals

that the thebans were vanquished in this fight tawasan camos took up the cause lamenting bitterly in an inscription about having to pay the asiatic's taxes and dealing with Outsiders to the north and south of him and his kingdom he launched a huge attack on the hicksomes destroying avarice according to the narrative camos reports that his attack was so fast scary that it rendered the hixo's women Barren and that he destroyed the city to the ground following the Carnage this tale appears to be exaggerated as the hixo's retained control of Lower Egypt three years after kamosa's

Invasion and avarice remained the hickso stronghold camos was succeeded by his brother Amos who according to the inscriptions drove the hixos out of Egypt and destroyed their Metropolis of avarice these events are described in the Tomb inscriptions of another man ammo's son of Ibana a soldier who fought under King Amos who describes the devastation of avarice and the retreat of the remaining hiksos to sarawin and the Palestine region Amos then besieged this city for six years until the hixos fled again this time to Syria although what happened to them after that is unknown almost the

first not only established the 18th Dynasty but would also began the New Kingdom of Egypt the age of the Egyptian Empire the hiksos were responsible for the formation of a professional Egyptian Army of Conquest since almost the first and those who followed him sought to ensure that no foreign Nation ever gained such dominance in their land again the Triumph that would become the New Kingdom a period of unprecedented prosperity and success in Egypt is the legacy of the second intermediate period the 18th dynasty of Egypt established by Elmo's the first would build some of the

most renowned and memorable monuments since the old Kingdom's pyramids and expand Egypt's borders into a kingdom foreign [Music] [Music] almost the first realized that the hixos had been able to establish themselves so securely because previous Egyptian monarchs had permitted them too as a result he chose to establish protected areas around Egypt's boundaries and fortifying neglected settlements in strategic locations to protect the nation the Battle of Amos the first against the hixos brought him and his troops into touch with the areas of Palestine and Syria where he continued his operations while also conducting military excursions South

against the kingdom of kush and Nubia when he died he had protected the nation and Consolidated his authority leaving a steady political and economic situation for his replacement amenhotep the first 1541-1520 BCE inscriptions show that amenhotep the first followed his father's policies and modeled himself after him as a Warrior Monarch but he most likely only commanded battles in the Nubia there are no accounts of him conducting Expeditions in the Palestine or Syria but he may have done so because those areas stayed secure during his and his successor's Reigns foodmosa the first 1520-1492 BCE replaced him

and immediately started Wars to expand Egypt's reach foodmosa the first put down a Revolt in Nubia that erupted soon after assuming the throne personally murdering the Nubian Monarch and suspending his corpse from the prow of his ship as a caution to other Rebels he then extended Egypt's control over Nubia further south before shifting his Focus to Palestine and Syria he expanded thebe's famous temple of Karnak and built numerous other temples and structures throughout Egypt food most of the second 1492-1479 BCE succeeded him but little is known about his rule because he was quickly eclipsed by

his more potent half-sister at Shep suit had Shep suit 1479-1458 BCE was one of the most potent and effective New Kingdom rulers thudmosa II had one child with her and he had another with a minor Woman Food most of the third whom he named as a successor 1458-1425 BCE following through most of the second's death potchef suit was appointed Regent of Egypt and officially co-ruled with utmosa III but she had been the force behind her husband's tenure and continued to do so as she saw fit after his death hot Shep's suit is in charge of

numerous construction initiatives she conducted the most successful expedition to punt added her Works to the temple at Karnak and governed in harmony with to the South her construction undertakings were so beautiful and numerous that subsequent pharaohs claimed ownership of them they were able to do so because hotshepsut's name was taken from all of her structures including her magnificent complex at dire al-bari around 1458 BCE concerning the obelisks that were erected in the different temples they were symbols of the Sun God and many of them can be found everywhere in the whole world whether they were

real Egyptian ones or modern ones imitating the ancient Egyptian obelisks the process of carving one is and not a paradox as there is an unfinished one located in the quarries of granite and Aswan pachev suit commissioned its construction probably to accompany what became known as the lateran Obelisk which was originally at Karnak but was later brought to the lateran Palace in Rome food most of the inherited a wealthy and secure country in 1458 BCE and wasted no time in improving it include most of the third establishes the Egyptian Empire which his descendants would sustain he

defeated the neighboring countries and expanded Egypt's Dominion further than it had ever been before using the war Chariot acquired from the hiksos Ron's weaponry and better strategies over 20 years he led at least 17 separate military campaigns subduing kingdoms from Libya to Syria and extending Egypt's Authority in the south from the region around buen down to kyrgyz when hotshepsut died thudmosa III ascended to power believing him to be weak and inexperienced the king of the Syrian city of Kadesh instigated a Revolt in the Egyptian province of Canaan which swiftly gathered support from other places aiming

to Dethrone Egypt this Coalition met in the city of megiddo foodmosa III marched his army from Thebes to megiddo and Northern Canaan prudently choosing a narrow pass from the town of Aruna instead of the wider and easier routes to the city and surprised his enemies by entering the Kina Valley behind their defensive positions and driving them from the field food most of the third had to lay Siege to the city to seize it janetti who was through most of the thirds commander and Military scribe naturally accompanied his Monarch in war to put down the rebellion

and wrote a record describing the fight ludmosa III was so taken by Jenny's tale that he had sections of it written on the walls of the Great temple of Amman at Karnak and to a lesser extent elsewhere janetti Begins by describing whether writing on the Temple's walls exist he then goes on to explain the campaign and its motivations The Wretched adversary referenced on several occasions is the king of Kadesh who started the revolt and gathered the armies against Egypt but it is also used to refer to everyone who joined the Rebellion at times following the

Battle of megiddo food most of the third would subdue and punish those who took part capturing not just Kadesh but also all of Syria and the matani territories and Mesopotamia he was succeeded by his son amenotep II 1425-1400 BCE who inherited and built on his father's powerful and safe Kingdom he was not a warrior king but he did order many construction projects and signed peace treaties and commerce deals with other countries such as matani thudmosa IV 1400 to 1390 BCE his replacement carried on his programs based on readings of his renowned dream Stell which recounts

the tale of how he came to the Kingdom foodmosa IV is regarded as a usurper although he is the legal son of amanotep II he's best known as the king who rebuilt giza's Great Pyramid he is followed by a menotep III 1386-1353 BCE who is regarded as one of Egypt's most effective and Powerful rulers amenhotep III ruled Egypt at a time when it was at its artistic political and fiscal Apex his Reign was one of the most opulent in Egyptian history and he frequently used his riches to persuade other nations to do what he desired

he kept the nation unstable enlarged its boundaries and devoted himself to the Arts and construction initiatives many of Egypt's most impressive structures date from his rule during his Reign however the priests of almonds started to acquire increasing Fortune they possessed more proper than the monarch and used it to enrich themselves further a manhotep III attempted to contain their increasing influence by allying himself with a 10. A minor deity symbolized by a sun disc he appears to have believed that the authority of the Pharaoh behind the worship of a ten would Elevate the status of those

priests over those of Amman his scheme failed but it did Elevate the deity at 10 who would play an important role in the rule of a menotep's son and successor amenotep IV also known as Akhenaten was an Egyptian pharaoh renowned for establishing monotheism and banishing the ancient gods his rule became known as the armana period because the Egyptian Capital was relocated from Thebes to modern day armana he ascended to the kingdom as a menotep IV but changed his name to Akhenaten in the fourth or fifth year of his rule dissolved the old religion particularly the

worship of a man and raise the deity attend to the position of the one true God Only The Cult of a ten was recognized as a valid religious organization all other sanctuaries were shuttered and their veneration was prohibited he built a shrine to attend at karnak's Great temple of Amman which he also shuddered his wife was the famous Nefertiti best known for the Magnificent bust created by the sculptor Thutmose upon akhenaten's death he was succeeded by his young son to tankerton 1336-1327 BCE who quickly changed his name to tune common who took to the throne

at just nine years old the young leader relocated the capital to Memphis restored Thebes as a religious Center which also held political significance reopened the temples and restored Egypt's ancient religion all though he instituted significant changes that helped secure the nation he's best known for his magnificent tomb which Howard Carter found in 1922 suit and common was married to aung Sanam his half-sister until his demise at the age of about 18. aung Sanam May then have married the vizier a possibly 1324-1320 BCE who some experts believe replaced Tutankhamun or she may have attempted to Reign

on her own whatever part A played in the succession anksanaman vanished soon after Tutankhamun's death and the general harmhab took control devoting to return Egypt to its former Grandeur porum HEB 1320-1295 BCE when two great measures to erase the Armada period rulers from Egyptian history by burning all of a kenaton's statues and writings including completely demolishing his sanctuary defended traditional Egyptian religion and Customs relationships with other countries in Egypt's infrastructure were ignored during akhenaten's rule harm had returned Egypt to its previous Glory though he was unable to bring it back to the heights of amenhotep

III he perished without an heir and his vizier Paramus sees the kingdom as Ramses the first establishing the 19th Dynasty Ramses the first was an elderly man when he ascended to the kingdom and he swiftly named his son seti the first as a successor Ramses the first resumed hornhub's task of rebuilding Egypt's sanctuaries and shrines as well as adding to the vast Temple of almond at Karnak he gave seti the first the authority to lead military missions to reclaim areas lost during akkenaden's rule when he passed seti the first ascended to the throne and continued

Egypt reform and Revival adding his own touches to the big project at Karnak and grooming his successor for dominance his son Ramses II 1279-1213 BCE he is the most well-known pharaoh of Egypt today Ramses II governed Egypt for 67 years and the Magnificent temples and monuments he constructed in celebration of his conquests and accomplishments still stand as a testament to the wealth of his Reign there is hardly any ancient Egyptian site that does not mention Ramses II and the story of his Triumph in the Battle of Kardashian 1274 BC is legendary however one of his

greatest acts as Pharaoh was not one of battle but one of Peace the forging of the first peace treaty in history anatolia's Hittites had been gaining prominence since the second millennium MBC and by 1530 BC they had surpassed Babylonia as a notable nation and they were putting Egypt to the test letters of intent had been addressed to the 18th Dynasty's King Akhenaten but he had never responded or taken note of hit-eyed activities along his boundaries hormeheb had waged unsuccessfully against the Hittites who had grown even more Strong by the time of Tutankhamun akhenaten's successor and

were daring enough to Garrison districts on or near Egypt's borders when horm head became Pharaoh in 1320 BCE he initiated a more forceful campaign against the Hittites and secured Egypt's Frontiers although the problem of the hid-eyed invasions was never fully overcome seti the first had gained Palestine and Kadesh for Egypt but happy with the victory had made no plans for the city's defense now Ramses II of the 19th Dynasty had to cope with the problem of the hid-eyed invasion and gathered his forces at Pearl Ramses in 1274 BC to remove the Hittites from Kadesh and

weaken their army riding in his Chariot at the head of four divisions 20 000 soldiers Ramses II marched his first division so quickly that he soon out distanced the other three near Kadesh two Bedouins were apprehended and asked about the whereabouts of muvitali the second and his army to which they replied that the Army was nowhere near Kadesh and that muatali II feared Egypt and the young king the better ones however were hidite spies and muatali II had already fortified Kadesh with his chariots 3500 of them and troops 37 000 men waiting just over the

next Hill According to some combat accounts Ramses II caught several more spies who told the awful reality about his condition but the information arrived too late Ramses II had separated himself from the rest of his army in his haste to seize Kadesh and vinquish the hit-eyed ruler just as the hid-eyed Chariots slammed into his Camp he dispatched messages to the other three divisions the Todd division arrived in time to prevent an Egyptian Army defeat and Ramses II personally led the remaining Oman division into action many times pushing the hit-eyed soldiers back onto the orantas river

where many perished muatali II just only marched from kadesh's walls to trap Ramses II's forces between his army by the river and his advance but for unexplained reasons he chose to stay in the city and never committed his reserve men to fight Ramses II declared a great Triumph at Kadesh and had a scribe record his Narrative of the wonderful fight movotali II's version differed significantly most notably in claiming Kadesh is a hid-eyed victory while Ramses II did not capture the city he did break the hittite Army on the field and while movotali II kept possession

of Kadesh he did not destroy the Egyptians as he had intended marinta was Ramses II's twelfth son and not his designated successor he only became Pharaoh because all of his siblings had perished during their father's lengthy rule marinta soon adopted his father's image of a warrior Monarch defeating the libyans in combat and repelling an attack on the sea peoples his description of his exploits include the well-known marintostel which contains the first reference to the Israelites as a tribe going forth to the 20th Dynasty Ramses III was the new Kingdom's last powerful King after hormhead restored

the ancient Faith the priests of ammon's authority grew steadily drawing income and influence away from the monarchy throughout the Ramset era of the 20th Dynasty the condition deteriorated the concept of having a war was existing as the threat of the people was remarkably increasing which forced Ramses III to declare war over them the nationality of the sea peoples is unknown because the only records of their activities are from Egyptian sources that only describe them in the terms of battle such as the record from the tennis style which reads in part they came from the sea

in their warships and none could stand against them this is characteristic of Egyptian allusions to these enigmatic Invaders Ramses II his son and successor morenta and Ramses III are the three great pharaohs who Chronicle their struggles in triumphs against the sea peoples all claimed huge victory trees over their opponents and their inscriptions include the most extensive documentation of the sea peoples during the time of Pharaoh Ramses III the sea peoples invaded and destroyed the Egyptian Commerce Hub at Kadesh and then attempted to invade Egypt again they began their operations with swift attacks along the coast

before pushing toward the Delta an 1180 BC Ramses III subdued them but they returned in force Ramses III would have been aware of his predecessor's fights with these people and how violent they were he decided against the field engagement and instead employed Guerrilla tactics as a plan he set up ambushes around the coast and along the Nile Delta and his archers were especially efficient putting them camouflaged along the beach to shower down arrows on the ship set his signal the ships were set on fire with burning arrows once the crew was dead or drowning after

crushing the naval invasion Ramses III turned his Focus to what remained of the invading troops on land he used the same tactics as previously and an 1178 BC the sea peoples were defeated off the coast of zoys Egyptian anals once again depict a spectacular victory in which many sea peoples were slaughtered and others were captured and coerced into the Egyptian Army and Fleet or sold as slaves although Ramses III spared Egypt from Invasion the battle was so costly that the Royal treasury was depleted and the tomb Builders at Dire El Medina could not be paid

this resulted in the first documented labor strike in history in which workers walked off the job and refused to return until they were properly reimbursed and then the momentum of the Egyptian Empire started to fade Ramses III retained a powerful Central Authority secured the borders and kept Egypt prosperous but the kingdom was crumbling around him the office of the pharaoh of Egypt no longer held the same level of reverence it once did because the priests of Amen served as an intermediary between the Gods Ramses III was injured in an assassination attempt staged by one of

his lesser spouses and perished as a result of his injuries Ramses IV 1155-1149 BCE ascended to the throne only after his Elder siblings perished he attempted to imitate the great pharaohs of the past and did complete several construction projects while battling to keep the Empire's declining territory but he perished after a brief rule he was succeeded by his son Ramses V who fought to retain control against almonds priests and keep the kingdom together his successor Ramses VI carried on the fight with little success Ramses the seventh replaced him followed by Ramses VII about whom little

is known Ramses IX Ramses the 10th and Ramses the 11th all of these pharaohs fought to keep the kingdom together in the face of outside incursions and internal conflicts with almonds priests an incident related to these struggles though obscure involves a man called amenhotep high priest of Amen who was deposed by the vizier Pine hazy and forced to escape South to Nubia what we are sure about is that the priests of Amen retained huge power and reached the Throne of Egypt and ruled the country foreign [Music] smens 1077-1051 BCE a ruler of Lower Egypt who

governed from tennis entered Ramses XI following the Egyptian custom a monarch was buried by a successor and smenz asserted his legal right to govern by relocating the capital from per Ramses to Tanis however by this time the priests of Thebes had grown strong enough to assert their authority to rule and the nation was divided between tannis's control over Lower Egypt and thebes's rule over Upper Egypt contrary to popular belief this split did not end in civil conflict or internal strife smens was strong enough to be noticed but he only controlled Lower Egypt and not much

of it he governed around the same period of Thebes high priest herrer who range from around 1080 to 1074 BCE hero horror was a general of the troops as were all almonds High priests but he had little impact outside of Thieves this would be the dominant model for the majority of the third intermediate era individual no marks were strengthened at the cost of either part of the central government as in the first intermediate period and both Tannis and thieves failed to exercise any major influence over the nation as a whole the 22nd Dynasty which governed

publicly under Libyan titles was also Libyan show shank the first 943-922 BCE established it after unifying Egypt and embarking on war operations reminiscent of Egypt's Empire days shoshank the first reformed tennis's Administration and thieves's clergy the clergy would no longer be a hereditary post but rather one of nomination by the Monarch as would be the choice of God's wife of almond his military operations revitalized Egypt's economy and the nation started to approach the Egypt of the New Kingdom during his Reign ozarkin II descended to the throne in 872 BCE and kept the nation together but

after his rule Egypt split into distinct kingdoms governing from heracleopolis Tannis size Memphis and hermopolis in Lower Egypt and Thebes in Upper Egypt to the South the kushrad ruler kashta 750 BCE saw Egypt's vulnerability and moved to exploit it kashta adored Egyptian culture and had egyptianized this capital city of nepala and thus his entire territory he had strong trade connections with Thebes and was well-versed in the procedure of appointing priests and other high officials Pi 747-721 BCE his son strengthened Nubian dominance of Upper Egypt and when the kings of Lower Egypt protested he commanded a

large Army against them Pai conquered Lower Egypt capturing and subjugating all of the main towns before marching back to Napata Egypt was now legally under his rule but he allowed the lower Egyptian kings to regroup and re-establish their power these buffer zones diminished during the third intermediate period and Egypt lost its prior strength but there were still countries on its boundary such as Judah and Israel that served the same purpose the subjugation of those areas by shoshank the first pushed Egypt's boundary up against the Assyrians with no buffer in between moving forth to the 26th

Dynasty semiticus the first was a powerful ruler who instilled in his people the Grandeur of Egypt's past by restoring it through massive projects Renovations Restorations and Military Feats his son netro II 610-595 BCE continued his father's Legacy by conducting military battles ordering construction projects and expanding the military the Egyptians were never great seafarers and necho II recognized this by establishing a fleet of Greek mercenaries which proved quite successful necho II is a regularly portrayed as a great warrior and military commander who strengthened the nation he had inherited during the reign of amassus II he was

successful in reforming government spending while also stimulating the economy and directing War operations Egypt came together behind his leadership and thrived once more with a thriving economy secure boundaries and prosperous Commerce building projects temples and other works of art were finished and Egypt's reputation regained some of its lost lusters he was replaced by his son semiticus III 526 BCE who was a young and inexperienced King who was ill-prepared for the difficulties he faced campuses II the Persian Monarch had sent to amassus asking for one of his daughters as a bride but omasis not wanting to

obey but also trying to prevent confrontation sent a priest's daughter instead who was his predecessor this former Egyptian princess was profoundly offended by amassus's choice particularly since it had long been Egyptian policy not to transfer Noble women to foreign monarchs as wives when she arrived at canvases II's Palace she disclosed her true identity and canvases II vowed to Revenge hamasis's slander by sending him a fake bride [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] unlike canvases Darius wanted to govern Egypt in his absence he ascended to the throne of the achaemenid empire in 522 BCE and toured Egypt

at least twice though he favored Egypt from afar nonetheless he adored the culture and directed funds towards the Reconstruction of destroyed temples and the dedication of new ones in keeping with the Persian practice of religious tolerance Darius praised the Egyptian gods with presents and statues he is widely viewed as having a gentler hand with Egypt than canvases for the second Persian conquest of Greece in 480 BCE his son Xerxes the first 486-465 BCE relied on all the resources of the akamated Empire and including Egypt when the Persians were defeated at salamis in 480 BCE and

platia in 479 BCE Xerxes abandoned foreign affairs in favor of construction projects and different relationships with court ladies artaxerxes the first 465-424 BCE succeeded him and battled for six years to put down the first significant Egyptian rebellion led by inaros II the Libyan royal son of semtic V encouraged and assisted by Athens in 460-454 BCE while it is true that the Persians ruled Egypt during the 27th and 31st dynasties Egyptian culture was kept alive and the 30th dynasty of Egyptian rulers gave Egypt back a brief time of its former glory before the Persians invaded their

land again this era comprises the 27th to 31st dynasties of Egypt Egyptian resistance to Persian control on the other hand is visible throughout the area and Egypt thrived under Persian rule because the Persian Shahs respected the culture amarteus of the 28th Dynasty nectanebo the first and Nick tanabo II all governed the nation commanded troops and participated in construction projects in the manner of the great pharaohs of the past whoever was behind the revolts against Persian Authority Egypt's second Conquest did not last long Philip II of Macedon 359-336 BCE defeated the Greek city-states and Incorporated them

into Macedonian Authority when he was murdered in 336 BCE he was preparing a grand expedition to subjugate Persia he already had all of the means you would require for the conquest which he entrusted to his son Alexander the Pharaohs of the 30th Dynasty upheld Egyptians kingship's honor and left their impressive structures in the footsteps of those who came before them so while the late period may be considered the end of Egyptian sovereignty it should not be considered the end of Egyptian civilization even even a Egypt Egypt's rule accomplishments Inspire respect if not fear and remain

among the most popular and intriguing of the old world although times changed current modern Egypt and the 21st century might look like a coming forward version of ancient Egypt the Nile River is still secret to the Egyptian people and they still celebrate the same festivals of the ancient times such as the spring festivals the food is quite inspired by the authentic ancient food the Traditions are still there and even the last development form of the ancient language called the Coptic is still spoken in Egypt in Church's prayers and the middle of their Arabic dialect the

modern people are proud of the Legacy it was seen in the parades that were done in Cairo for the transportation of the mummies to the civilizations Museum and the reopening of the alley of the sphinxes and Luxor they're building new cities digging their way to improve Commerce with the highways dug in the middle of the mountains passing through the deserts they're almost opening the biggest Museum in the whole world excavations on Earth every day new discoveries which might lead soon to a discovery similar to that of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922 and this land

will always remain an attractive mystery dazzling and enchanting people from all over the world with its magic and history foreign