O que é VIDRO? Descubra como é feito o vidro: das origens antigas à tecnologia moderna

Do you know how glass is made? Hey Engineering Lovers, my name is Gustavo Pereira and today we're going to tell you how glass is made, from its ancient origins to modern technology, and what makes this material so versatile But before starting the video, I have a request for you . Many people who watch our videos do not subscribe to the channel, so it's cool, if you've already clicked on the video it's because you found the topic interesting and caught your attention.

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Glass is usually found as a clear plate, so it's easy to look past or through it. This material that is in the window of your house, in your car and can even be used as a floor in some architectures are just some of the many variations of glass. Glass can be clear or opaque, tinted or clear, thick or thin.

Every day we use them, whether it's drinking from a bottle, decorating our homes or touching the touch screens of our cell phones and tablets. Glass is everywhere, but it can be dangerous if you're not careful. When broken, it can form fragments that can cause serious injury, while in its ornamental form it is so delicate that an accident could mean that a priceless artifact shatters into thousands of pieces.

But how do we discover glass? It is believed that the discovery of glass took place around 3500 years before Christ, but there is no definitive consensus on the exact date. The first traces of glass were found in ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq.

Initially, glass was produced in a rudimentary way, using natural materials such as sand, soda and lime. The technique used was molding and blowing glass into different objects, amulets and small decorative pieces. This method of molding and blowing glass is known as blown glass and is still used today.

It involves manipulating molten glass to create hollow objects such as bottles, glasses, goblets and other containers. Over time, the production and technique of glass work has been improved. The Phoenicians, who were a people who lived in the region that today corresponds to the current countries of Lebanon, Syria and Israel during the Ancient Age, contributed significantly to the development of the glass industry in the Mediterranean, around the 13th century before Christ.

They were responsible for introducing and improving blown glass, allowing the creation of larger and more complex vessels. But how is glass made? The manufacture of glass involves a series of processes that can vary depending on the type of glass to be produced.

However, I will describe here the basic manufacturing process of common glass, known as silica glass or soda-lime glass. This type of glass is generally produced from three main raw materials: silica sand (SiO2), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). In addition, other ingredients can be added to impart special characteristics to the glass, such as metallic oxides for coloring.

These raw materials are mixed in specific amounts and placed in a melting furnace that works in a range of 1400 to 1600 degrees celsius. The intense heat of the oven melts the ingredients, forming a viscous mass called a "glass mass". This molten glassy mass can be shaped in a variety of ways, depending on the desired final product.

There are different molding techniques, such as blow molding which I already mentioned, press molding or float molding. Each method creates different shapes of glass products. Once molded, the glass is cooled in a controlled manner to ensure it becomes solid.

without developing internal tensions that could impair its quality or strength. After cooling, the glass may undergo additional processes to enhance its appearance and functionality, which may include cutting, grinding, polishing, heat treating or applying special coatings. It is important to highlight that there are different types of glass with specific manufacturing processes.

For example, tempered glass undergoes a controlled rapid cooling process to increase its strength, while laminated glass is made with layers of glass interspersed with safety films for added protection. Also, it's important to point out that different types of glass may require slightly different temperatures. For example, specialty glasses, such as borosilicate glass used in labware or high-strength glass used in industrial applications, may require higher melting temperatures.

And a curiosity is that at the atomic level, glass behaves surprisingly at room temperature. Although it looks solid, scientists have discovered that glass never reaches a fully solid stage. The reason glass doesn't appear to be completely liquid or solid is because it's structured more like a gel.

When the glass cools down from being a fiery orange inferno, instead of crystallizing and its atoms forming a lattice structure, it takes on a more random arrangement, creating a tight jam of particles. This makes the glass tough enough to look solid without carrying all the properties of a solid. However, once transformed from solid sand into glass, it cannot be converted back to its natural form, and this makes it difficult to recycle glass.

To reuse glass, it can be melted back into its molten form, added to a new batch, and remolded into a different glass product. Recycling glass is vital to limiting the natural resources humans use over time. If everyone put their glass bottles in the recycling bin, the glass that is already in circulation could be reused continuously without the need to exploit more raw material to make it.

In theory, this would mean having an eternal supply of glass, without having to use more raw materials from Earth. And you, did you know about these glass production steps? Have you ever visited any glass shop or any glassware production factory?

I have already visited a factory in the city of Poços de Caldas in Minas Gerais where I found the manufacturing process sensational. Leave it here in the comments that I want to know I'm going to leave two videos here on the side that you might like too and that's cool, it's worth checking out. If you liked the video, leave your like, subscribe to the channel and share this video with others.

That's it engineering lovers, a big hug and see you in the next video.